Kyrgyzstan
This chapter examines spending on social protection from a systemic and whole-of-government perspective. It locates social protection expenditure within the Government’s overall budget and examines spending trends across the different pillars of the social protection sector, as well as across individual programmes within this sector. It also analyses the composition of government revenues and the financing of social protection in particular, identifying the increasing subsidisation of the social insurance system by the Republican Budget as a major cause for concern. It concludes with a fiscal incidence analysis showing the overall system of taxes and transfers significantly reduces inequality but its impact on poverty is less clear.
This book presents the outcomes of a review of legal and institutional frameworks for fighting corruption in the Kyrgyz Republic, which was carried out in the framework of the Anti-Corruption Network for Transition Economies based at the OECD. The review examined national anti-corruption policy and institutions currently in place in the Kyrgyz Republic, national anti-corruption legislation, and preventive measures to ensure the integrity of civil service and effective financial control. This publication contains the recommendations as well as the full text of the self-assessment report provided by the government of the Kyrgyz Republic.
The spreadsheet-based Optimising Public Transport Investment Costs (OPTIC) Model is is a simple, easy-to-use decision support tool prepared by the OECD to support the Government of Kyrgyzstan in preparing and estimating the costs and environmental benefits of the Clean Public Transport (CPT) Programme. It was used in particular for costing the replacement of the old bus fleet in urban centres with modern buses equipped with engines that run on:
The government of the Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan) needs structural reforms to strengthen macroeconomic performance, reduce poverty and address challenges posed by human-made climate change. In recognition of these challenges, the government has set out the National Sustainable Development Strategy towards 2040. In addition, it has launched the Green Economy Program 2019-2023, which guides its transition towards an economy that is green and inclusive. Managing the COVID‑19 pandemic and its consequences presents the opportunity to accelerate this transition and embed principles to implement it into short and medium-term economic planning.
The transport sector is responsible for 28% of Kyrgyzstan’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and in cities like Bishkek, for 75% of air pollutants. Within the transport sector, almost all GHG and air pollutants emissions can be attributed to road transport – 99% and 100%, respectively. Most public transport vehicles are old and in need of replacement.
Social protection in Kyrgyzstan covers a broad range of risks, receives a significant proportion of government funding and plays a critical role in alleviating poverty. However, provision is unevenly distributed; expenditure on social insurance is approximately five times higher than spending on social assistance, while social services and labour market policies for vulnerable workers are extremely small. Moreover, important gaps in social protection coverage exist, particularly for the urban poor, young people and the significant numbers of workers employed abroad.
As part of the ongoing National Policy Dialogue (NPD) on water policy conducted in co-operation with the EU Water Initiative (EUWI), Kyrgyzstan has committed to enhance the use of economic instruments for water resources management to improve the management of surface and groundwater resources, including the quality of the resource. The reform would be very timely as by strengthening incentives for improving water use efficiency economic instruments could help to better balance growing demand for water (not least due to demand from export-led agriculture and tourism as key drivers of economic growth in Kyrgyzstan) with the available fresh water resources (the annual run-off will likely drop after 2050 due to negative impact of climate change) thus ensuring greater levels of security of water supply (presently, many farmers experience water shortages over the vegetation period). Also the reform could help to make the water sector more financially autonomous and less dependent on state support.
Education reforms have been a persistent element in the political and social development of the Kyrgyz Republic since the first years of its gaining independence in 1991. The effort to establish a new political structure, to cope with a changing economic environment, to build a new civic and social order is still underway, demanding much of the financial and human resources of the country and the attention of its policy makers.
Measuring the environmental efficiency of an investment implies calculating the unit cost of decreasing, for example, PM2.5 emissions. The unit cost should be calculated as the difference between PM2.5 emissions from old diesel buses and from new buses. The calculation should use real emission factors from the model.
The Ministry of Ecology and Emergency Situations (MEES) of the Kyrgyz Republic approached the OECD/EAP Task Force Secretariat with the request to assess the national system of environmental compliance assurance in light of good international practice and identify priority actions for its reform. In response to this request, which was also voiced during the 2003 REPIN meeting, the Network members supported the Kyrgyz Republic’s initiative to be the first country to test the Peer Review Scheme.
A peer review involves a systematic examination and assessment of the performance of a state by other states, with the ultimate goal of helping the reviewed country adopt best practices and comply with established standards and principles. The peer review mechanism is free of any threat of non-compliance sanctions arising from the findings of the review: its impact relies on the influence and persuasion exercised by “peers” (equal partners in the review process). The review serves the following purposes:
• To provide international peer support for institutional reform of enforcement authorities;
• To enhance their transparency, accountability, and visibility, at national and international level;
• To extend opportunities for inter-government policy dialogue and support capacity building.
Conveniently located near the world’s fastest growing energy markets, the resource-rich and transit countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia contribute significantly to world energy security. However, shared challenges across the region include aged infrastructure, high energy intensity, low energy efficiency, untapped alternative energy potential and poorly functioning regional energy markets.
This publication highlights the energy policies and sector developments of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan during 2013-14 and provides a summary of key recommendations for policy makers in the region.
Energy policy analysis is conducted in line with the INOGATE Programme’s four main pillars of energy development: energy market convergence, energy security, sustainable development and investment attraction. Started in 1996, the INOGATE Programme is one of the longest running energy technical assistance programmes funded by the European Union and works within the policy frameworks of the Baku Initiative and the Eastern Partnership. The INOGATE Programme co-operates with 11 Partner Countries to support reduction in their dependency on fossil fuels and imports, to improve the security of their energy supply and to mitigate overall climate change. It also supports the Eastern Partnership, a joint initiative between the European Union, EU Member States, and the Eastern European and Caucasus countries. Launched in 2009, the Eastern Partnership aims at advancing political association and economic integration.
This publication has been produced with European Union financial assistance provided through the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument.
This chapter summarises the economic analysis conducted to assess the viability of the deigned Clean Public Transport Programme. It begins with a general overview of clean technologies and fuels in the transport sector, as well as a specific review of the energy market in Kyrgyzstan. It then describes the economic aspects of purchasing and running buses, and finally assesses potential sources of government financing available for the programme.
The provision of early childhood education and care varies widely between rural and urban areas. This chapter looks at the issues concerning ECEC, pre- and inservice training and curriculum. It also gives an overview of donor assistance and offers recommendations.
This chapter discusses the State Educational Standards (SES), the teaching plans and the syllabuses as main elements of education content (curriculum) in Kyrgyzstan. It also examines the supply, financing, adequacy and development procedures for textbooks and learning materials. The reviewers identify a number of issues related to the structure, conceptual basis and content of the curriculum which seriously impede student achievement and the quality of teaching and learning. The chapter outlines a set of problems related also to textbooks and learning materials which are inadequate to support the curriculum, are in short supply and, where available, are often out of date. The chapter suggests ways to make the curriculum more flexible and coherent, and recommends improvements in the supply mechanisms of learning materials.
This chapter summarises the main findings of the report and the factors that the team considers to have led to the unsatisfactory PISA performance of Kyrgyz students. The chapter lists discreet recommendations with the aim of highlighting a number of overarching, strategic directions for reformative action. The focus should be on improving the quality of the education provided, and on ensuring that administrators and practitioners have the capacity to meet their responsibilities.