Kyrgyzstan
This chapter gives a thorough overview of initial and secondary professional and adult education in the Kyrgyz Republic. It discusses options for raising the efficiency of the sector and its quality, its responsiveness to the needs of the labour market, and its significance as a pathway which should be transparent and permeable to the education continuum for a growing number of youngsters and adults in Kyrgyzstan, ensuring lifelong professional and personal development.
This chapter summarises recommended scenarios in the form of a draft Action Plan. For each instrument, the scenarios are seen as a continuum (an opportunity for gradual development) and as options that can be implemented either in sequence or in combination. The chapter stresses that implementation of the Action Plan provides a range of opportunities for Kyrgyzstan: it will help mobilise additional financial resources for water resource management through increased fiscal and tariff revenues, confer a greater degree of financial autonomy to operators of WSS and the state irrigation systems, and reduce the amount of public subsidies needed for operating and maintaining water infrastructure. The latter will free up significant public funding to support capital investment in water infrastructure, and to strengthen social support mechanisms targeting vulnerable social groups thus addressing possible social impacts of proposed reforms.
Teaching as a career in the Kyrgyz Republic is experiencing major problems which, if not addressed, will undermine other efforts at educational reform. Teacher salaries are low, amounting to about only 60% of the average wage for the country: teaching is an ageing profession and an unattractive career choice for prospective students, and retention of good teachers, especially in subjects such as mathematics, sciences, IT, languages proves to be very difficult. The chapter also discusses teacher training, the quality of which is found to vary greatly. The review team recommends attributing teachers a high priority in the reform agenda, and suggests reform steps including a re-appraisal of teacher training in terms of provision, content, methodology, evaluation and staffing.
This chapter evaluates the effectiveness of the largest components of the social protection system according to their coverage rates, adequacy, equity and efficiency, using administrative and household survey data. It examines the Monthly Benefit for Poor Families with children (MBPF), the Monthly Social Benefit (MSB) and contributory pensions paid by the Social Fund, as well as the overall effectiveness of the pension and the health-care systems in responding to the population’s needs. It also analyses the impact of possible reforms to the state benefits for children.
The attractiveness of Kyrgyzstan for investors has always been considered from the point of view of foreign investment. For more than a decade now, our republic has dreamed of a shower of foreign investment. And for good reasons – only foreign investors have the wherewithal to bring in large volumes of capital, new technology and modern management methods.
This report analyses planned infrastructure projects, decision-making frameworks related to infrastructure development and strategic planning documents in eight countries in Central Asia and the Caucasus: Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. It compares current investment flows with countries' national development objectives to identify misalignments and provides policy-makers with recommendations to improve the integration of climate change and other environmental concerns into infrastucture development decision-making processes. The report presents a comprehensive overview of infrastructure investment, primarily in the transport and energy sectors, throughout the region and identifies the risks and opportunities emerging from current investment patterns.
Households were selected using sequential random sampling, which consists of the following stages:
The EU4Energy programme is a six-year initiative led and funded by the European Union. One of its key goals is to enable greater application of evidence-based energy policy and decision-making in participating countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. The International Energy Agency (IEA), the Energy Community and the Energy Charter support the project, with the IEA taking lead responsibility for the policy development dimensions. As part of this programme, the IEA has prepared this high-level policy roadmap to help inform and guide policy practitioners as they seek to develop and implement policies to strengthen power system security in Kyrgyzstan, with a focus on improving power system reliability and resilience during periods of water shortage.
The analysis and proposals advanced in this document provide an integrated approach incorporating a suite of practical regulatory, supply-side and demand-side measures that reflect international experience and best practices. It avoids detailed prescription, recognising that Kyrgyz policy practitioners are better placed to draw on their local knowledge and experience to address practical details as they emerge. Accordingly, the roadmap’s proposed measures and pathways are intended to inform and guide the development of effective policies and programmes to help strengthen power system reliability and resilience, especially during periods of water shortage.
This paper begins by discussing power system security concepts and principles, focusing on how power system security is managed during normal operating conditions and how this can change in hydro-dependent power systems during periods of sustained water shortage. A description of the policy context for power system security in Kyrgyzstan follows. It highlights the key challenges for strengthening power system security, and provides an overview of the policy, legal, regulatory and institutional arrangements governing power system security in Kyrgyzstan. Finally, an integrated high-level policy roadmap is presented, including proposed strategic goals and a range of practical policy measures to pursue power system security over the next decade.
This chapter charts the evolution of social protection in Kyrgyzstan. It outlines the economic, political and legislative context for social protection, which is still undergoing transition from a Soviet-era system predicated on full employment, to a system more appropriate for a market-based economy with chronic unemployment and long-term poverty. It inventories existing social protection schemes, analyses their key design features and scale of operation, and discusses how well they meet the present and future needs identified in Chapter 1.
Social protection is at the heart of Kyrgyzstan’s development and is a priority of public policy. Pension coverage among today’s elderly is universal and a large number of contributory and non-contributory programmes are in place to cover a wide range of risks. Kyrgyzstan has succeeded in maintaining the entitlements dating from the Soviet era while introducing programmes appropriate for its transition to a market economy. However, severe fiscal constraints have limited the coverage of these new arrangements and their capacity to adapt to challenges such as poverty, pervasive informality and emigration.
This chapter provides a brief overview of the main environmental issues facing Kyrgyzstan’s energy and transport sectors, to set the scene for the proposed Clean Public Transport Programme. It reviews the key policy documents and international environmental agreements to which the country is committed in order to adopt a greener development path, and outlines the structure of this report.
The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a highly influential instrument for monitoring the quality of education systems and provides a strong evidence base for informed policy making and education research. PISA also has a proven potential to trigger reforms and stimulate stakeholder involvement in the process.
Notwithstanding the importance of its ranking, the full strength of PISA unfolds when data it delivers is utilised in the national policy domain. Linking PISA outcomes and policy choices, and monitoring the impact on education quality is thereby a demanding task, which requires sound analytical capacity, and also knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of the respective education system. The OECD Directorate for Education addresses the demand of non-member economies for policy support in understanding and analysing PISA data in the broader context of education system management and policy formulation.
This report explains the reasons for the dramatically low performance of Kyrgyz students in the 2006 PISA survey, despite significant resources and efforts invested in education by schools, parents and government. The report reveals that a number of policy areas are in need of urgent attention and recommends ways to close the currently existing gap between aspirations and education reform achievement.
This OECD publication reviews the current state of education policies for children with special education needs and those with disabilities in Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan. It offers an overview of the respective country backgrounds, education systems and relevant legislation, and takes a critical look at access to education for what is considered to be the most vulnerable group of children in the countries reviewed. Particular attention is paid to inclusive education policies, to the processes of identification and assessment, to overall policy co-ordination for the provision of education services, to integration in mainstream education, as well as to good practices and the role of NGOs and the donor community.
This annual publication compiles comparable tax revenue statistics for Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, People’s Republic of China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Nauru, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Thailand, Tokelau, Vanuatu and Viet Nam. It also provides information on non-tax revenues for selected economies. Based on the OECD Global Revenue Statistics database, the publication applies the OECD methodology to Asian and Pacific economies to enable comparison of tax levels and tax structures on a consistent basis, both among the economies of the region and with other economies worldwide. This edition includes a special feature on strengthening tax revenues in developing Asia. The publication is jointly produced by the OECD’s Centre for Tax Policy and Administration and the OECD Development Centre, in co-operation with the Asian Development Bank, the Pacific Island Tax Administrators Association and the Pacific Community.
Five scenarios for reform of irrigation tariffs are assessed, and impacts of each scenario are synthesised in this chapter. Supporting and accompanying measures are proposed to facilitate implementation – these provide input to the draft Action Plan.
Three scenarios for reform of pollution fees are assessed, and impacts of each scenario are synthesised in this chapter.
This report presents recommendations on the reform of economic instruments for water resources management in Kyrgyzstan, specifically on tariffs for urban water supply and sanitation (WSS) and irrigation water, pollution charges, surface water abstraction charges for enterprises (consumptive and non-consumptive uses), specific land tax rates for the Issyk-Kul biosphere reserve, as well as taxes and customs duty on products contributing to water pollution. For each instrument, alternative reform options are identified and assessed, and preferred options put forward, with an action plan.