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The TBP Manual, issued in 1990, serves as a standard method for surveys and data collection for trade in disembodied technology between countries which continue to be difficult to compare because of differences in coverage and in the grouping of categories of data. It also makes a contribution to the methodological work forming part of the indicators framework of the Technology-Economy Programme (TEP).
Europe's transport links with its periphery are still inadequate while some more central areas are plagued with traffic congestion. Since new investment projects to maintain infrastructure and increase its capacity cannot always be entirely funded out of the public purse, the question of using private sector funds arises.
Round Table 81 takes stock of the problems and considers the contribution private capital could bring in funding transport infrastructure.
What are the main difficulties arising in connection with regional passenger transport? The drifting away of passengers, rising deficits and the deterioration of services offered are clearly matters of concern to the political bodies who would like to see such transport fulfilling its role as a public service.
Round Table 82 compares the experiences of a number of countries and seeks to determine what the prospects are for the development of regional transport.
The privatisation of the railways is a topical issue. Many countries are launching privatisation programmes
with a view to reducing the operating deficits of the railways, notably by making them more competitive.
However, at a time of high-speed trains, traffic congestion and concern over the environment, not everybody agrees on the merits of privatisation. This Round Table clarifies the issues, analyses a number of examples, and defines the potential obstacles to privatisation. It shows the difficulties inherent in such projects, and the scope for implementing them.
One priority of European transport policy is to develop combined transport, a mode that is seen as providing a solution to the problem of road congestion while at the same time protecting the environment. Such transport is not developing as swiftly as might be hoped, however, and obstacles are arising in terms of, among others, productivity in multimodal terminals, terminal hauls, saturation of rail infrastructure, standardization of equipment, and the cost of transhipment facilities.
Round Table 91 deals with these issues and also draws attention to the positive aspects of the growth of
combined transport. The analysis is based on factual data and conducted from the broader perspective of the
contribution that combined transport can make to sustainable economic development.
This volume, based on the proceedings of a symposium held at the OECD, provides a wide ranging analysis of what pay flexibility actually implies, how it is developing in different countries and different parts of the public sector, and what it is achieving. Bringing together contributions from public sector practitioners and from specialists in pay and industrial relations, the volume seeks to draw lessons from experience that will help to guide future developments in this important and sensitive area of public policy.
Is public support for international development failing? The question was examined in a number of contexts during a meeting of experts brought together in a joint enterprise by the OECD Development Assistance Committee and the OECD Development Centre. Views ranged widely but the overall consensus was that governments can and must do more to encourage public awareness of assistance activities and international co-operation for development, in order to encourage public support for these initiatives.
The Public Management Occasional Papers are specialised reports prepared for the work of the OECD's Public Management Committee. This publication focuses on the reform strategies used in Portugal. The success or failure of reforms depends largely on how the questions of "how to start" and "how to proceed" are addressed. Portugal offers a valuable example. Twenty years ago, a reform movement was launched to modernise the country and its public service. This publication describes that reform, which came to put service to the citizen first, underlines its innovative aspects, and draws some interesting lessons to the attention of practitioners in other countries.
The ability to determine the scale of innovation activities, the characteristics of innovating firms, and the internal and systemic factors that can influence innovation is a prerequisite for the pursuit and analysis of policies aimed at fostering technological innovation. The Oslo Manual, issued in 1997, is the foremost international source of guidelines for the collection and use of data on innovation activities in industry. This second edition has been updated to take account of the progress made in understanding the innovation process, the experience gained from the previous round of innovation surveys, the extension of the field of investigation to other sectors of industry and the latest revisions of international standard classifications.
One of the alternatives to traditional command-and-control regulation is the use of marketable permits and obligations. Based on the growing record of actual performance of these instruments, this paper provides practical insights into difficult design, implementation, and management issues. It presents a checklist to aid practitioners in assessing when these instruments are preferable to traditional regulatory practices.
Education and training systems propose differentiated and interconnected pathways, each of which can be broken down into a series of programmes. But what are the factors that explain participation of young people in VOTEC and the way it has developed over time? A number of answers have been formulated and are examined here in the light of ten national reports.