Germany has recently gone through a fundamental process of reform of its higher education system. The last 15 years have been characterised by significant changes in virtually all aspects of the system. The impacts of the Bologna Process have been far reaching. The reform of the governance and funding systems in higher education has also been highly influential.
This article reflects upon the increasing relevance of the concept of competition in higher education and how the realisation of more competitive elements was accomplished in a highly decentralised system of governance. The article also demonstrates the complex interplay between the public discourse regarding the need for more competitive approaches in higher education, legal reforms, changes in funding provisions for higher education and the transformation of rules for attracting human resources.
Concurrence, autonomie et nouveau courant de pensée : transformation de l’enseignement supérieur en Allemagne fédérale
Le système de l’enseignement supérieur allemand a récemment connu un processus de réformes fondamental. Ces 15 dernières années ont été marquées par des changements importants affectant quasiment tous les aspects du système. Les impacts du processus de Bologne ont été considérables. De la même manière, la réforme des systèmes de gouvernance et de financement dans l’enseignement supérieur a exercé une grande influence.
Cet article analyse l’intérêt croissant accordé à la notion de concurrence dans l’enseignement supérieur et la façon dont des éléments plus compétitifs ont été mis en place dans un système de gouvernance fortement décentralisé. L’article démontre l’existence d’interactions complexes entre le discours public sur les besoins d’une approche plus concurrentielle dans l’enseignement supérieur, les réformes légales, les changements apportés à l’attribution de financement et la transformation des règles visant à attirer les ressources humaines.
Asse II, une mine de sel dans la formation de sel du permien supérieur située près de Wolfenbüttel, a fait l’objet de débats passionnés en matière de droit et de politique environnementale en République fédérale d’Allemagne. Jusqu’en 1995, Asse II était utilisée comme installation de recherche pour le développement de techniques liées au stockage définitif des déchets de faible et moyenne activité. De la potasse et du sel gemme ont été produits dans cette installation entre 1909 et 1964, et après l’arrêt de la production de sel, elle a servi, entre 1967 et 1978, au stockage des déchets radioactifs.
Asse II, a salt mine in the salt formation of the Upper Permian near Wolfenbüttel, has been the subject of heated debates on environmental policy and law in the Federal Republic of Germany for some time. Until 1995, Asse II was used as a trial facility for the development of techniques for the final disposal of low and intermediate level radioactive waste. Potash and salt rock were produced in this facility from 1909 and 1964 and, after termination
Allemagne
Amendement à la Loi de 1986 relative aux mesures préventives destinées à protéger la population contre les dangers des rayonnements ionisants (2008)
Règlement relatif au transport international ferroviaire des marchandises dangereuses (2008)
Loi relative aux Protocoles de 2004 portant modification de la Convention de Paris et de la Convention complémentaire de Bruxelles ; Amendement à la Loi sur l’énergie atomique (2008)
République Du Bélarus
Loi relative à l’utilisation de l’énergie nucléaire (2008)
États-Unis
Stratégie de délivrance d’autorisation pour les centrales nucléaires de nouvelle génération (2008)
Santé publique et normes environnementales de protection contre les rayonnements pour le site de Yucca Mountain, Nevada (2008)
Ajustement de l’inflation sur la loi Price-Anderson (2008)
France
Guide de sûreté relative au stockage définitif des déchets radioactifs en formation géologique profonde (2008)
Décret relatif aux procédures applicables au traitement des combustibles usés et des déchets radioactifs provenant de l’étranger (2008)
Hongrie
Stratégie cadre de la Politique énergétique 2007-2020 (2008)
Indonésie
Règlement sur la délivrance d’autorisations des usages de sources de rayonnements ionisants et de matières nucléaires (2008)
Italie
Mise en oeuvre de la loi relative aux dispositions urgentes pour le développement économique etc. (2008)
Montenegro
Loi sur l’environnement (2008)
Cadre législatif et réglementaire au Monténégro
Roumanie
Décision relative à la structure de l’Agence nucléaire (2008)
Décision relative à la sélection des investisseurs pour les unités 3 et 4 de la centrale nucléaire de Cernavoda (2008)
Version consolidée de la Loi de Protection Civile (2008)
Stratégie nationale de prévention des situations d’urgence (2008)
Stratégie nationale pour le partage de l’information et la communication en cas de situation d’urgence (2008)
Fédération De Russie
Décret relatif à un transfert de responsabilités au Ministre des Ressources naturelles et de l’Écologie (2008)
République Slovaque
Transposition de la Directive du Conseil 2006/117/Euratom (2008)
Royaume-Uni
Nouveau Ministère de l’Énergie et du Changement Climatique (2008)
Ukraine
Décret instituant l’entreprise d’État « Combustible Nucléaire » (2008)
Amendement à la loi sur la gestion des déchets radioactifs (2008)
Allemagne
Jugement de la Cour Administrative Fédérale relatif aux supposées « Biblis-obligations » (2008)
Canada
La Cour du Banc de la Reine du Nouveau-Brunswick refuse la divulgation en vertu de la loi sur le droit à l’information de la province d’une étude de faisabilité sur l’énergie nucléaire (2008)
États-Unis
Jugement de la Cour fédérale relatif à l’interprétation du « Standard Contract » du Département de l’Énergie américain (2008)
Décision sommaire de la Cour d’Appel des États-Unis sur les demandes de révision des règlements de la Commission de la réglementation nucléaire (2008)
Belarus
Act on the Use of Atomic Energy (2008)
France
Safety guideline on final disposal of radioactive waste in a deep geological repository (2008)
Decree concerning the procedures applicable to foreign spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste reprocessing (2008)
Germany
Amendment to the 1986 Act on Preventive Protection of the Public Against Radiation (2008)
Order on the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Rail (2008)
Act on the 2004 Protocols to Amend the Paris Convention and the Brussels Supplementary Convention;
Act to Amend the Atomic Energy Act (2008)
Hungary
Energy Policy 2007-2020 Framework Strategy (2008)
Indonesia
Regulation on licensing of uses of ionizing radiation sources and nuclear materials (2008)
Italy
Implementing law on urgent provisions for economic development etc. (2008)
Montenegro
Law on the Environment (2008)
Romania
Decision on the organisational structure of the Nuclear Agency (2008)
Decision on the selection of the investors of Units 3 and 4 of Cernavoda NPP (2008)
Consolidated version the Civil Protection Law (2008)
National strategy for preventing emergency situations (2008)
National strategy for information sharing and communication in the event of an emergency (2008)
Russian Federation
Decree transferring responsibilities to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology (2008)
Slovak Republic
Transposition of Council Directive 2006/117/Euratom (2008)
Ukraine
Decree creating the state enterprise “Nuclear Fuel” (2008)
Amendment to the law on radioactive waste management (2008)
United Kingdom
New Ministry for Energy and Climate Change (2008)
United States
Next generation nuclear plant licensing strategy (2008)
Public health and environmental radiation protection standards for Yucca Mountain, Nevada (2008)
Inflation adjustment to the Price-Anderson Act (2008)
Canada
Brunswick News Inc. v Her Majesty the Queen in the Right of the Province of New Brunswick denying release of nuclear power feasibility study (2008)
Germany
Judgement of the Federal Administration Court on the so-called “Biblis-obligations” (2008)
United States
Judgement of the U.S. Court of Federal Claims on the interpretation of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Standard Contract (2008)
Summary Order of the U.S. Court of Appeals on petitions for revision of Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations (2008)
This paper provides descriptive data and an analytical overview of approaches to managing conflicts of interest in the public sector of nine European countries - six "old" EU members (France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom) and three "new" EU members (Hungary, Latvia and Poland). The paper also provides some conclusions that are worth taking into account when reforming policies and instruments to improve regulations and practices on conflict of interest.
This paper attempts to explain how the German higher education system strategically used quality assurance, through the new system of accreditation, to offer globally recognisable degrees such as the Bachelor's (Bakkalaureaus) and Master's (Magister) degrees. We also discuss the types of effects that this strategy has produced on the current structure of the German higher education system. In order to strengthen this discussion, the fundamental impacts of quality-related funding on the system's structure are scrutinised.
Par Masahiro Tanaka
The essential actors in co-ordinating fiscal discipline in Germany are the Federation and the 16 Länder. This article presents an overview of the legal basis of the budgetary process and how it is designed with respect to Federation-Länder relations. Developments since 1945 are also described, including the budget reform of 1969, German adherence to the European Economic and Monetary Union, and the work of the Federalism Commission (2003-04). Particular instruments for fiscal discipline in the German context include the Financial Planning Council and the national stability pact, and their roles are described as well as the procedures for submission of budget accounts and accounting control.
This article describes Algeria's Decree on Protection Against Ionising Radiation (2005), its Decree on Radioactive Waste Management (2005), and its Decree on Food Irradiation (2005). It also describes Armenia's Decree on Food Irradiation (2005), Belgium's Act Amending the 1994 Act on Protection of the Public and the Environment Against Radiation and Relating to the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (2005), Brazil's Decree on the National Defence Policy Including the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons (2005), Finland's Nuclear Liability Bill (2005), France's Order on Professional Activities Using Raw Materials Containing Natural Radionuclides not Used for Their Radioactive Properties (2005) and its Order on the Organisation of a National Network to Measure radioactivity in the Environment and on Criteria for the Certification of Laboratories (2005), Germany's Act on the Control of High-activity Sources (2005), its Ordinance on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail (2005), and its Ordinance on Establishing a Prohibition to Alter the Conditions of the Subsoil Within the Gorleben Salt Formation (2005), Hungary's Decree on the Procedures of the Hungarian Atomic Energy Authority in Nuclear Safety Regulatory Matters (2005), Israel's Amendment to the Pharmacists’ Regulations (Radioactive Elements and Their Products) (2005) and its Import and Export Order (Control of Chemical, Biological and Nuclear Exports) (2004), the Republic of Korea's Act on Physical Protection and Radiological Emergency (2004), Poland's Regulation on Ionising Radiation Dose Limits (2005) and its Regulation on Positions for Ensuring Nuclear Safety and Radiological Protection and on Radiological Protection Inspectors (2005), Portugal's Decree-Law Setting up the Independent Commission for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (2005) and its Decree-Law Establishing the Environmental Monitoring System of Radioactivity (2005), Romania's Order on Methodological Norms Regarding Planning, Organisation and Intervention in the Event of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (2005) and its Order Approving Generic Procedures for Data Collection, Validation and Response During a Radiological Emergency (2005) as well as its Order on the Norms Regarding the Release of Radioactive Effluents into the Environment (2005), Slovenia's Regulation on Requirements for Workers in Nuclear Installations and Radiation Facilities (2005) and its Regulations on Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials, Nuclear Installations and Radiation Facilities (2005), South Africa's recent regulatory developments in the nuclear field, Sweden's SKI Regulations on Physical Protection of Nuclear Facilities (2005) and Guidance for Geological Disposal of Nuclear Waste (2005), Switzerland's Draft Act on Nuclear Third Party Liability (2005), Ukraine's Regime of nuclear installations, and the United States' Energy Policy Act (2005) and its Amendments to the Price-Anderson Act (2005) on nuclear third party liability.
Germany's post-war competition law has been notably successful, and the enforcement body, the Bundeskartellamt, is widely respected. German institutions are now challenged to adapt to the modernised EU enforcement approach. Germany's institutional structure has supported competition well within its defined sphere; however, it may not be as well adapted to promoting competition in liberalising network sectors