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Nanotechnology is an emerging and promising field for advanced applications in industrial, commercial and medical sectors, and nanomaterials can be found today in sunscreens, deodorants and textiles. Yet these nanomaterials, which are increasing in number, are entering waste streams as part of end-of-life products along with conventional waste, without any real understanding of their environmental impacts or health risks on human beings and living organisms.
This report provides a literature review on four specific waste treatment processes (recycling, incineration, landfilling and wastewater treatment). While state-of-the-art waste treatment facilities may collect, divert or eliminate nanomaterials from these waste streams, the report concludes that knowledge gaps associated with their final disposal remain, underlining the need for further research in this area.
In early 2016 crude oil prices for WTI and Brent fell below $30/bbl for the first time since 2003, having halved in just a few months. In a departure from the past four decades, producers continue to produce and sell what they can, letting the market set the price. Low prices are a major short-term benefit to consumers and will provide a boost to demand growth. But if low prices persist, investments in new supply are cut back – as has been demonstrated recently by a succession of announcements from major companies. Unless the heavily oversupplied oil market can return to balance and high levels of stocks start to diminish, oil prices cannot rise to the levels necessary to support investments in the higher cost resources that must be developed to meet rising oil demand. The result could be a sharp rise in oil prices that risks curtailing economic growth.
In the 2016 edition of its Medium-Term Oil Market Report, the International Energy Agency analyses the key factors impacting the supply and demand for oil from today out to 2021. These include: high-cost supply resilience from light, tight oil producers in the United States; the lifting of nuclear sanctions on Iran; the impact on demand of lower oil prices – including recent subsidy changes in the Middle East; and the timing of the oil market’s return to balance. This report is published during one of the most fascinating periods in oil market history.
If the quality of an education system can never exceed the quality of its teachers, then countries need to do all they can to build a high-quality teaching force. Teaching Excellence through Professional Learning and Policy Reform: Lessons from around the World, the background report to the sixth International Summit on the Teaching Profession, describes the knowledge, skills and character qualities common to the most effective teachers. It examines the education policies and practices that help teachers to acquire these tools, including through induction and mentoring programmes, ongoing professional development activities, student assessments, and collaboration with colleagues. The publication also discusses the importance of involving all stakeholders – especially teachers – in the process of education reform.
This report looks at farm management practices with green growth potential, from farmer-led innovations (such as those directly linked to soil and water, Integrated Pest Management, organic farming) to science-led technologies (such as biotechnology and precision agriculture). Global food demand can only be met in a sustainable way if new forms of agricultural production and innovative technologies can be unlocked to increase the productivity, stability, and resilience of production systems with goals beyond just raising yields, including saving water and energy, reducing risk, improving product quality, protecting the environment and climate change mitigation.
Ce rapport fournit des données détaillées sur le volume, la provenance and les types d'aide et d'autres apports de ressources attribués à chacun d'environ 150 pays en voie de développement. Les données statistiques couvrent les apports d'aide publique au développement et les autres financements publics et privés fournis à chaque pays bénéficiaire par chacun des membres du Comité d'aide au développement de l'OCDE, par les organismes multilatéraux ainsi que par d'autres fournisseurs. Des indicateurs socio-économiques de base sont présentés pour mémoire.
The present report on Lithuania is the fourth of a new series on "Investing in Youth" which builds on the expertise of the OECD on youth employment, social support and skills. This series covers both OECD countries and countries in the process of accession to the OECD, as well as some emerging economies. The report provides a detailed diagnosis of the youth labour market and VET system in Lithuania from an international comparative perspective, and offers tailored recommendations to help improve school-to-work transitions. It also provides an opportunity for Lithuania to learn from the innovative measures that other countries have taken to strengthen the skills of youth and their employment outcomes, notably through the implementation of a Youth Guarantee.
Future economic development and the wellbeing of citizens in South East Europe (SEE) depend more than ever on greater economic competitiveness. To underpin the drive to improve competitiveness and foster private investment, an integrated policy approach is needed. This first edition of Competitiveness in South East Europe: A Policy Outlook seeks to help policy makers in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo, and Serbia assess their progress towards their growth goals and benchmark them against the good practices adopted by OECD countries and the performance of their regional peers.
This report addresses 15 policy dimensions critical to competitive economies that draw on the South East Europe 2020 Strategy (SEE 2020), a regional growth strategy drawn up by the Regional Cooperation Council and adopted by SEE governments in 2013. The qualitative assessments presented herein use scoring frameworks to enable regional comparisons. A participatory assessment process – that brings together regional policy networks and organisations, policy makers, independent experts and the private sector – ensures a balanced view of performance.
Going for Growth is the OECD’s regular report on structural reforms in policy areas that have been identified as priorities to boost incomes in OECD and selected non-OECD countries (Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Latvia, Russian Federation and South Africa). Policy priorities are updated every two years and presented in a full report, which includes individual country notes with detailed policy recommendations to address the priorities.The next full report will be published in 2017.
This interim report takes stock of the actions taken by governments over the past two years in the policy areas identified as priorities for growth. This stocktaking is supported by internationally comparable indicators that enable countries to assess their economic performance and structural policies in a wide range of areas.
Public investment, and particularly infrastructure investment, is important for sustainable economic growth and development as well as public service provision. However, it is also vulnerable to capture and corruption. This publication examines the direct and indirect benefits of public investment if carried out in a clean and efficient manner. It provides a Framework for Integrity in Public Investment, mapping out risks of corruption at each phase of the investment cycle. It also identifies tools and mechanisms to promote integrity in the public investment cycle and provides examples of their successful implementation in both the public and private sectors.
Les lois et les réglementations sont l’ensemble des textes qui régissent la vie quotidienne des entreprises et des particuliers. Il s’agit, pour les pouvoirs publics, d’un instrument essentiel au service de la croissance économique, de la protection sociale et de la préservation de l’environnement. Toutefois, la réglementation peut aussi s’avérer coûteuse et impuissante à atteindre ses objectifs. Ces Perspectives présentent la première analyse fondée sur des données probantes des progrès accomplis par les pays de l’OCDE en matière de « mieux légiférer ». À la lumière d’une enquête inédite réalisée auprès de l’ensemble des membres de l’OCDE, elles évaluent les progrès réalisés par les pays dans la mise en place des conditions favorables à une bonne réglementation. Cette publication apporte un éclairage unique sur l’organisation et les dispositifs institutionnels dont les pays se sont dotés pour concevoir, faire respecter et faire évoluer leur réglementation. Elle lève aussi le voile sur les aspects du cycle réglementaire qui mériteraient plus d’attention de la part des décideurs publics, et désigne les acteurs qui auraient un rôle important à jouer pour améliorer la conception, la mise en œuvre et l’évaluation des textes. Enfin, elle examine l’utilisation qui est faite de trois outils fondamentaux de la politique de la réglementation (l’analyse d’impact de la réglementation, la participation des parties prenantes et l’évaluation ex post) et propose des pistes pour les utiliser de façon plus stratégique pour l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de la réglementation.
Cette publication présente des données sous forme d'indicateurs et privilégie les comparaisons entre pays. L'objectif est de rendre les comptes nationaux plus accessibles et plus informatifs et dans un même temps de fournir les informations les plus pertinentes concernant les définitions et les problèmes de comparabilité inhérents à chaque indicateur.
L'éventail des indicateurs a volontairement été établi de façon assez large afin de refléter la richesse des Bases de données de l'OCDE sur les comptes nationaux. Cette large sélection a également pour objet d'inciter les utilisateurs à porter leur attention sur d'autres indicateurs que le célèbre PIB. Certains travaux récents ont joué un rôle déterminant dans le choix des indicateurs. Le rapport de la commission sur la mesure des performances économiques et du progrès social (Commission Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi) est un exemple particulièrement marquant.
Since the discovery of radiation at the end of the 19th century, the health effects of exposure to radiation have been studied more than almost any other factor with potential effects on human health. The NEA has long been involved in discussions on the effects of radiation exposure, releasing two reports in 1994 and 2007 on radiological protection science.
This report is the third in this state-of-the-art series, examining recent advances in the understanding of radiation risks and effects, particularly at low doses. It focuses on radiobiology and epidemiology, and also addresses the social science aspects of stakeholder involvement in radiological protection decision making. The report summarises the status of, and issues arising from, the application of the International System of Radiological Protection to different types of prevailing circumstances.
Cette publication est la neuvième édition de la version complète du Modèle de Convention fiscale concernant le revenu et la fortune publié par l’OCDE. Cette édition contient le texte intégral du Modèle de Convention fiscale concernant le revenu et la fortune tel qu’il se lisait le 15 juillet 2014, y compris les articles et les commentaires correspondants, les positions des économies non membres, la Recommandation du Conseil de l’OCDE, les notes historiques (remontant désormais jusqu’à 1963), la liste détaillée des conventions conclues entre les pays membres de l’OCDE et les rapports antérieurs.
The G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance help policy makers evaluate and improve the legal, regulatory, and institutional framework for corporate governance. They also provide guidance for stock exchanges, investors, corporations, and others that have a role in the process of developing good corporate governance. First issued in 1999, the Principles have become the international benchmark in corporate governance. They have been adopted as one of the Financial Stability Board’s Key Standards for Sound Financial Systems and endorsed by the G20.
This 2015 edition takes into account developments in both the financial and corporate sectors that may influence the efficiency and relevance of corporate governance policies and practices.
This 2016 OECD Economic Survey of the Netherlands examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects. The special chapters cover: Enhancing private investment and Boosting skills for all.
This document provides guidance on how to conduct terrestrial field dissipation studies to demonstrate the transformation, transport and fate of pesticides under representative actual use conditions when a pesticide product is used according to the label. These field studies can help to substantiate the physicochemical, mobility and transformation data from laboratory studies, and indeed, may be a standard regulatory requirement in some jurisdictions.
Pallier la pénurie d'entrepreneurs 2015 est la troisième publication de la série de rapports annuels qui fournissent des données et une analyse des politiques sur l’entreprenariat inclusif. L’entreprenariat inclusif comprend le marché des start-ups et le travail indépendant qui contribuent à l’inclusion sociale et aussi à la croissance économique, ainsi que les activités d'entrepreneuriat par les groupes sociaux tels que les jeunes, les femmes, les seniors, les immigrés et les chômeurs. Le rapport contient des données sur l'ampleur et la portée des activités d'entreprenariat et du travail indépendant dans les pays de l’Union européenne par les groupes sociaux ciblés, ainsi que les obstacles auxquels ils sont confrontés. Chaque chapitre thématique traite des problèmes et des défis politiques actuels, et fournit des recommandations pour les responsables politiques de l’Union européenne. Le rapport fournit également des exemples inspirants sur les pratiques de bonnes politiques de chacun des 28 membres de l’Union européenne.
This series helps countries to identify and overcome binding constraints to achieving higher levels of well-being and more equitable and sustainable growth. The Development Pathways are based on Multi-dimensional Country Reviews, which take into account policy interactions and the country-specific policy environment through three phases. The first phase comprises an initial assessment of the constraints to development. The second phase involves an in-depth analysis of the main issues resulting in detailed policy recommendations. The third phase is designed to move from paper to action and to support government efforts in developing strategies and implementing policy recommendations.