Browse by: "PRE-2007"
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Cet ouvrage présente des données sur l’approvisionnement et la consommation énergétique, exprimées en unité d'origine pour le charbon, le pétrole, le gaz, l'électricité, la chaleur, les énergies renouvelables et les déchets. Les tableaux historiques présentent une synthèse des données sur la production, les échanges et la consommation finale. On trouvera dans cet ouvrage des définitions des produits et des flux, ainsi que des notes explicatives sur les données de chaque pays. Dans les Bilans énergétiques des pays de l’OCDE 2001-2002, recueil publié parallèlement au présent document, les données sont présentées sous forme de bilans énergétiques complets exprimés en millions de tonnes d’équivalent pétrole.
The International Energy Agency's comprehensive review of France's energy policies and programmes for 2004. It finds that French energy policy – traditionally characterised by centralisation and strong government involvement – has been largely successful in achieving energy security, environmental protection and economic efficiency. The country must now adapt to a changing European energy context in which competition and an increased international scope will play important roles. Note : Les “Conclusions et recommandations-Synthèse” (9 pages) sont en français dans la publication.
The International Energy Agency's comprehensive review of the Netherland's energy policies and programmes for 2004. It finds that the Netherlands is to be commended for the pragmatism and innovativeness of its energy policy. It has provided the country with secure energy supply and economic benefits arising from competition but with due regard paid to environmental issues. The major challenges are the reorganisation of the gas market structure and curbing the growth of energy demand in the transport sector.
Swedish energy policy combines strong government involvement with the judicious use of market forces. This dual approach has generally worked well, giving Sweden a reliable, low-cost and environmentally sound energy supply.
Sweden must now resolve the future of its nuclear power plants, which provide nearly 50% of the country’s electricity. The government must work with stakeholders to find a credible solution.
A review of the experience of IEA countries after the oil crises in the 1970s, which initiated a surge of investments in renewables research and development. While use of renewables has grown rapidly, they still account for only a small portion of the IEA energy mix. This work examines policies and measures that have been introduced in IEA countries to increase the cost effective deployment of renewables, reviews the objectives behind these policies, and evaluates the results.
In the absence of strong government policies, the IEA projects that the worldwide use of oil in transport will nearly double between 2000 and 2030, leading to a similar increase in greenhouse gas emissions. Bio fuels, such as ethanol, bio diesel, and other liquid and gaseous fuels, could offer an important alternative to petroleum over this timeframe and help reduce atmospheric pollution. This book looks at recent trends in bio fuel production and considers what the future might hold if such alternatives were to displace petroleum in transport.
Volume II of the History of the International Energy Agency takes up the energy policies and actions of the Agency during its first twenty years, from 1974 to 1994 inclusive. While the weak institutional situation of the industrial countries in the 1973-1974 crisis period made it all but impossible for them to adopt decisive and effective responses, when the time for action came, the reasons for their vulnerability to the oil producer countries were perhaps less their underdeveloped institutions than their essentially optimistic and passive oil management policies during the years preceding the crisis. Other policy choices which might have prevented or softened the crisis were available to them, as Volume II shows.
Volume I of this History surveys at some length the institutional origins of the International Energy Agency in the 1973-1974 oil crisis, and examines the 1974 I.E.P. Agreement and other oil consumer actions which established the Agency as an operational intergovernmental institution. Volume I also considers the most important IEA relationships, the internal structure of the Agency, and the institutional arrangements which enabled the Agency to develop over the years into an effective instrument for energy policy co-operation among its Members.
The IEA’s basic institutional arrangements remain essentially as described in Volume I of The History, but this Supplement’s extensive treatment of budget and programme of work issues reflects significant changes in Agency practice, during a period when governments were engrossed in the management and financing of international organisations generally.
The International Energy Agency's 2003 comprehensive review of the energy policies and programmes of Finland. This edition finds that the most important development in the Finnish energy sector in recent years has been the construction of a new nuclear power plant. Scheduled to come on line in 2009 with a capacity between 1.0 and 1.6 GWe, the plant is expected to provide needed generating capacity with zero greenhouse gas emissions. The report suggests that the Finnish government should monitor the plant’s progress and stand ready to act should delay or other obstacles arise.
Finland uses international trade and other tools to lower energy costs and increase energy security. Greater international co-operation through Nordpool, in international transmission lines and plans for backup power, and efforts to diversify natural gas supply options would reinforce this policy.
While Finland’s light-handed approach to regulation has worked well, the report recommends areas of more proactive regulation, especially in the fields of electricity networks and district heating systems.
Finland has agreed to keep GHG emissions at 1990 levels during the first Kyoto commitment period, yet projections show a 15% increase in emissions under business-as-usual conditions. Actively integrating international measures such as emissions trading into domestic programmes and more market-based approaches to renewable energy will ease the path towards Kyoto compliance.
This publication examines how energy efficiency and other factors such as economic structure, income, lifestyle, prices, and fuel mix have shaped developments of energy use and CO2 emissions in IEA countries since the IEA was founded 30 years ago.
The study presents some challenging findings, e.g. that the rate of energy savings in IEA economies has slowed since 1990. It provides a rich set of data and insights that help to increase the understanding of how energy efficiency and lower-carbon fuels can be used to achieve a more sustainable future.
The papers in this book cover the experience of developing and transition countries with greenhouse gas emissions trading and project-based mechanisms and examine the use of tradeable permits in policy mixes and harmonisation of emissions trading schemes, as well as transition issues relating to greenhouse gas emissions trading markets.
This book presents a selection of papers presented in Paris, France, in March 2003, at the OECD Global Forum on Sustainable Development: Emissions Trading. The Forum was co-sponsored by the Concerted Action on Tradeable Emissions Permits (CATEP).
This volume contains an analysis of developments in energy policies and markets in the member countries of the International Energy Agency. It includes summaries of the in-depth reviews of Austria, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan and Switzerland conducted from October 2002 to June 2003. The full reviews are published separately. It also includes short reviews of policy developments in Australia, Belgium, the Czech Republic, New Zealand, Norway, Spain and Turkey as well as energy balances and key statistical data for all member countries and key energy statistics since 1973.
The overview section examines trends in energy markets, including an analysis of recent trends in energy demand, supply and the fuel prices. It highlights key issues related to energy security, which remains a major government preoccupation. It examines member countries’ progress in energy market reform, their actions to meet the Kyoto greenhouse gas emissions targets, their policies on energy efficiency and energy R&D. It contains a short study of developments in non-member countries, including China, India, South-East Asia, Latin America, Russia, Central and South-eastern Europe and Saudi Arabia.
Russia is rich not only in oil, gas and coal, but also in wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass and solar energy – the resources of renewable energy. However, fossil fuels dominate Russia’s current energy mix, while its abundant and diverse renewable energy resources play little role. What are the near- and medium-term opportunities for renewables in Russia?
This report demonstrates that renewable energy can offer a real means to address some of Russia’s energy and economic challenges.
Producing electricity from renewable energy sources has undeniable appeal, both for environmental reasons and for reducing our dependence on fossil fuels.
This book assesses the outlook for six leading renewable energy technologies: small hydro power, solar photovoltaic, concentrating solar power, bio power, geothermal power and wind power. It provides an update on current costs and analyses what future costs might be under different market scenarios. It also identifies key areas for further research and development.
Highly volatile electricity prices are becoming a more frequent and unwanted characteristic of modern electricity wholesale markets. But low demand elasticity, mainly the result of a lack of incentives and consumers’ inability to control demand, means that consumer behaviour is not reflected in the cost of energy.
This study analyses the impact of price-responsive demand and shows how pricing, policy and technology can be used to inform consumer behaviour and choice.
This report looks at how investors have responded to the need to internalise investment risk in power generation and how these responses have affected the organisation of the power sector and technology choices.
This study looks at several cases of volatile prices in IEA countries’ electricity markets, and finds that while market prices can be a sufficient incentive for new investment in peak capacity, government intervention into the market to limit prices may undermine such investment.
Nuclear power plays a key role in Japanese energy policy, but the government’s objective of increasing nuclear generation has been impeded by safety-related incidents in recent years. It is vital to restore public confidence, to clarify the role of nuclear power in the liberalised electricity market and to improve the performance of the existing nuclear units.
Japan has begun to reform its electricity and natural gas markets, but little competition has developed. The report finds helpful new government measures to further reform markets, but points out that the markets should be closely monitored. More effective measures may be necessary if competition does not develop.
This volume is a comprehensive reference book on current trends in the world coal market. It contains an in-depth analysis of the 2002 international coal market covering prices, demand, trade, supply and production capacity, as well as over 450 pages of country-specific statistics on OECD and key non-OECD coal producing and consuming countries. In addition to country-specific statistics, Coal Information has up-to-date data on coal-fired power stations in coal consuming countries and coal ports in exporting and importing countries. It also contains a summary of environmental policies as they affect coal consumption; including particulate, sulphur dioxide, and nitrous oxide emission limits for new and existing boilers in OECD countries.