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L'Italia ha superato bene le crisi recenti. Negli ultimi anni, la crescita è stata sostenuta da una forte risposta in materia di politica di bilancio, dal potenziamento della competitività e dal miglioramento dello stato di salute del settore bancario. Tuttavia, il debito pubblico rimane elevato e la spesa è sottoposta a notevoli pressioni legate all'invecchiamento demografico, all'incremento dei tassi di interesse e alle transizioni verde e digitale. Negli anni a venire occorrerà consolidare stabilmente le finanze pubbliche al fine di riportare il debito su un percorso più prudente. È necessario contenere l'aumento della spesa e, al contempo, tutelare gli investimenti pubblici effettuati nel quadro del Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza per ridurre al minimo gli effetti avversi sulla crescita. Le riforme in corso nel settore della giustizia civile e della Pubblica Amministrazione sosterranno la crescita favorendo l'aumento degli investimenti da parte delle imprese e agevolando l'attuazione dei piani pubblici di investimento. Inoltre, sarebbe opportuno eliminare le barriere normative alla concorrenza nel settore dei servizi. L'aumento dell'occupazione, anche mediante l'ampliamento dell'accesso alle strutture di cura della prima infanzia per abbattere le barriere esistenti alla partecipazione delle donne al mercato del lavoro, contribuirebbe a rendere la crescita più inclusiva. È altresì necessario che le politiche si concentrino maggiormente sull'accelerazione del ritmo di riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra e sull'adattamento ai cambiamenti climatici. Sono stati compiuti progressi nella generazione di energia da fonti rinnovabili, ma occorre semplificare gli iter autorizzativi che rallentano l'installazione di infrastrutture preposte a tale scopo.
CAPITOLO TEMATICO: REALIZZARE LA TRANSIZIONE ENERGETICA E CLIMATICA
Tratar las subvenciones del comercio mundial de manera constructiva es un elemento central del objetivo de los líderes del G20 de reformar y reforzar el sistema multilateral de comercio. La utilización cada vez mayor de subvenciones causantes de distorsión altera los flujos comerciales y de inversión, menoscaba el valor de las consolidaciones arancelarias y otros compromisos de acceso a los mercados y erosiona el apoyo público al libre comercio. Las pronunciadas diferencias en torno a las subvenciones están contribuyendo a las tensiones comerciales mundiales, que perjudican al crecimiento y los niveles de vida.
Dieser Bericht enthält Daten, internationale Praxisbeispiele und politikrelevante Erkenntnisse für die Gestaltung der Wohnungspolitik. Besonders im Fokus stehen dabei drei wichtige Aspekte: Teilhabe, Effizienz und Nachhaltigkeit. In vielen OECD-Ländern ist es zunehmend schwierig geworden, für alle Menschen ausreichend Wohnraum zur Verfügung zu stellen. Grund dafür sind vor allem die steigenden Wohnungspreise, die wiederum eine Folge des unzureichenden Angebots sind, das – gerade in städtischen Räumen mit zahlreichen Arbeitsplätzen – nicht mit der wachsenden Nachfrage Schritt halten konnte. Dies erklärt sich zwar z. T. aus geografischen Gegebenheiten, in vielen Städten beschränken aber auch Flächennutzungs- und Bebauungsvorschriften das Angebot. Zugleich behindern manche mietrechtlichen Bestimmungen die Entwicklung des Mietwohnungsmarkts, was die Mieten steigen lässt. Hinzu kommt, dass die Klimawende für den Wohngebäudesektor eine besondere Herausforderung darstellt, schließlich entfallen auf ihn 17 % der CO2-Emissionen und 37 % der Feinstaubemissionen weltweit. In fast zwei Dritteln der Länder weltweit fehlt es immer noch an energietechnischen Bauvorschriften. Angesichts der langen Lebensdauer von Wohngebäuden müssen die Klimaanstrengungen hier möglichst frühzeitig greifen. Gestützt auf solide Daten beschreibt dieser Bericht Optionen für konzertierte Maßnahmen, um diese Herausforderungen anzugehen und dabei Komplementäreffekten und Konflikten zwischen verschiedenen Zielen der Wohnungspolitik Rechnung zu tragen. Er ist Teil des „OECD Housing Toolkit“, das auch ein interaktives Online-Dashboard mit Indikatoren und Country-Snapshots enthält.
Dealing constructively with subsidies in global commerce is central to G20 leaders’ goal of reforming and strengthening the multilateral trading system. The growing use of distortive subsidies alters trade and investment flows, detracts from the value of tariff bindings and other market access commitments, and undercuts public support for open trade. Sharp differences over subsidies are contributing to global trade tensions that are harming growth and living standards.
This report seeks to highlight the potential benefits of closer cooperation and considers some areas where this might be pursued constructively by governments or other international organizations. This report aims to begin a discussion within the international community on how to develop and implement such an agenda.
L'economia italiana registra una ripresa costante dalla crisi COVID-19 grazie alla campagna di vaccinazione e al generoso sostegno fiscale alle famiglie e alle imprese. I rischi per le prospettive sono notevoli, tenuto conto anche delle varianti del virus e dell'andamento dei tassi di interesse a livello globale. Per portare la crescita e l'occupazione a livelli superiori a quelli pre-pandemia è imperativo migliorare la composizione della spesa pubblica e delle tasse. Tali miglioramenti, combinati all'attuazione del Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza che comprende riforme e investimenti strutturali imprescindibili, possono favorire una transizione più rapida a un'economia più verde e più digitalizzata. Per conseguire questi obiettivi saranno necessarie una serie di riforme amministrative e legislative. Il miglioramento della giustizia civile, dell'amministrazione fiscale e degli investimenti pubblici sarà essenziale per stimolare la crescita del reddito. Un uso più efficace delle informazioni sulla performance e delle revisioni di spesa può aiutare a riassegnare la spesa pubblica alle attività che favoriscono maggiormente la crescita. Il riesame delle norme esistenti e delle relative modalità di applicazione migliorerebbe il contesto imprenditoriale. Processi di assunzione più snelli e il miglioramento del sistema di valutazione, ricompensa e sostegno alla performance dei dipendenti pubblici colmerebbero le crescenti carenze di competenze che caratterizzano la forza lavoro del settore pubblico. Il consolidamento della cooperazione tra i diversi livelli del Governo italiano migliorerebbe l'erogazione di servizi pubblici quali l'assistenza all'infanzia e le politiche attive del mercato del lavoro.
CAPITOLO SPECIALE: RAFFORZARE L'EFFICACIA DEL SETTORE PUBBLICO ITALIANO
Many Emerging Asian countries have been refining macroprudential policies, particularly since the Global Financial Crisis. For instance, they have developed policies targeting housing markets and broadly transposed the Basel III requirements into their national legislation. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, policy makers now need to identify emerging vulnerabilities and their associated financial stability risks and respond with the appropriate macroprudential tools.
This publication provides a detailed overview of the current macroprudential policy situation in Emerging Asian countries and explores how the macroprudential policy toolkit has evolved. The report discusses some of the most pressing challenges to financial stability, including the interaction of macroprudential policy with other policies. It also devotes special attention to macroprudential policies for emerging priorities, such as achieving green goals and updating regulatory frameworks to reflect ongoing Fintech developments. Climate change will indeed create new challenges in financial markets, while Fintech developments bring about many economic opportunities and deepen financial systems, but present a variety of novel risks requiring rapid policy responses.
Adopting more sustainable ways of managing the ocean is a global priority: protecting its health will bring benefits to all. Developing countries face specific challenges, as many depend heavily on ocean-based industries and are overly exposed to the consequences of ocean degradation. Enhancing their access to science, policy advice and financing would allow them to tap better into the opportunities of a more sustainable ocean economy, including more decent jobs, cleaner energy, improved food security and enhanced resilience, while contributing to the protection of the world’s ocean.
This report provides policy makers in developing countries, as well as their development co-operation partners with a wealth of fresh evidence on (i) the latest trends in selected ocean-based industries; (ii) policy instruments, including economic incentives, to promote ocean sustainability in various contexts; (iii) the first review of development finance and development co-operation practices in support of more sustainable ocean economies, including a discussion of how development co-operation can help re-orient private finance towards sustainability.
We live in a period of profound systemic change, and as in similar periods in the past, there is bound to be considerable instability and uncertainty before the new society and economy take shape. We have to identify actions that will shape change for the better, and help to build resilience to the inevitable shocks inherent in, and generated by, the complex system of systems constituted by the economy, society and the environment. These challenges require updating the way policies are devised and implemented, and developing more realistic tools and techniques to design those policies on the basis of appropriate data. In Systemic Thinking for Policy Making world experts from the OECD and International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) pool their expertise and experience to propose new approaches to analysing the interconnected trends and issues shaping today’s and tomorrow’s world. The authors argue that to tackle planetary emergencies linked to the environment, the economy and socio-political systems, we have to understand their systemic properties, such as tipping points, interconnectedness and resilience. They give the reader a precise introduction to the tools and techniques needed to do so, and offer hope that we can overcome the challenges the world is facing.
Negli ultimi anni, l’economia italiana ha segnato una modesta ripresa, sostenuta dalle condizioni economiche globali, da una politica monetaria espansiva e dalle riforme strutturali. Tuttavia, recentemente, la ripresa è rallentata e l’Italia continua a subire le conseguenze di problemi sociali ed economici che perdurano. Il tenore di vita degli italiani è quasi pari al livello rilevato nel 2000 e i tassi di povertà dei giovani restano alti. Negli ultimi decenni, le grandi disparità regionali si sono ampliate. Un pacchetto di riforme completo volto ad aumentare la produttività e la crescita dell’occupazione è essenziale per una crescita e un’inclusione sociale più solide. Le prestazioni relative all'esercizio di un’attività professionale e un regime di reddito garantito moderato dovrebbero far crescere l’occupazione e ridurre la povertà, a condizione che tali strumenti siano sostenuti da migliori programmi di ricerca di lavoro e di formazione. L’azione volta a razionalizzare e a migliorare il coordinamento tra gli organi interessati dalle politiche di sviluppo regionale e il rafforzamento della capacità al livello delle amministrazioni locali aiuterebbero a promuovere la crescita e l’inclusione sociale nelle regioni meno sviluppate.
CAPITOLO SPECIALE: AFFRONTARE IL DIVARIO SOCIALE E REGIONALE DELL’ITALIA
“In 2018, OECD’s commitment and dedication to promoting “better policies for better lives” was stronger than ever. As we look ahead, we will uphold the common values that define our Organisation: global openness, international co-operation, economic integration, mutual respect and cultural tolerance. We will continue to advance a more inclusive and sustainable growth model that responds to people’s needs.” Angel Gurría, OECD Secretary-General.
The OECD works on finding evidence-based solutions to a range of social, economic and environmental challenges. The OECD Secretary-General's annual report to ministers covers the OECD’s 2018 activities and some 2019 highlights. It describes the OECD’s work on economics, employment, education, the environment, and many other fields in the context of a rapidly changing world. It includes the activities of the Secretary-General and his office, as well as those ofOECD directorates, agencies, special entities and advisory committees. With almost 60 years of experience and insights, the OECD is one of the world’s largest and most trusted sources of comparable statistical data and research. It is also a unique forum and knowledge hub for exchange of experiences, best-practice sharing, and advice on public policies and global standard-setting.
El presente informe mide el impacto en ciudadanos y empresas de las acciones de simplificación administrativa desarrolladas por el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Las cargas administrativas tienen un costo, medido en el tiempo que les lleva a los ciudadanos y las empresas completar formularios y esperar en fila para solicitar o entregar información al gobierno. Usando una adaptación del Modelo de Costeo Estándar, el informe encuentra que las cargas administrativas para los usuarios han disminuido en al menos un 25% gracias a la simplificación y digitalización de trámites. El informe también sugiere cómo el Instituto podría reducir aún más estas cargas. Al promover el uso de trámites en línea, las cargas podrían reducirse en un 11% adicional.
The OECD Secretary-General's annual report to ministers covers the OECD’s 2017 activities and some 2018 highlights. It includes the Secretary-General's activities and those of his office, the OECD’s horizontal programmes and directorate activities, as well as the activities of its agencies, special entities and advisory committees.
For more than 50 years, the OECD has sought to promote better policies for better lives in almost all areas of policy making and implementation through co-operation, dialogue, consensus and peer review. The OECD is one of the world’s largest and most trusted sources of comparable statistical data on economics, trade, employment, education, health, social issues, migration, the environment, and many other fields.
Raising skills is critical to Portugal’s economic success and social well-being. As globalisation and digitalisation are transforming how people work, how societies function and how individuals interact, Portugal needs to equip its entire population with strong skills so that they can benefit from new opportunities.
Portugal has put education and skills at the forefront of the political agenda for many years, but more than half of adults have not completed upper secondary education. With the population ageing rapidly and a growing skills divide between generations, Portugal needs to further strengthen its adult-learning system. To make change happen, Portugal will need a clear vision for the adult-learning system and a strong partnership between all stakeholders – all levels of government, education and training providers, employers, trade unions, the non-profit sector and learners.
This report outlines areas where the accessibility, flexibility and quality of the adult-learning system can be improved, where governance and financing mechanisms can be strengthened, and provides examples of international and national good practice to help achieve these objectives. The report provides a series of concrete actions to help Portugal improve the adult-learning system and in turn enhance economic growth and social cohesion.
SMEs and entrepreneurs play a key role in national economies around the world, generating employment and income, contributing to innovation and knowledge diffusion, responding to new or niched demands and social needs, and enhancing social inclusion. However, SMEs are often more affected by business environment conditions and structural policies than larger firms.
This report presents comparative evidence on SME performance and trends, and on a broad range of policy areas and business environment conditions that are important for small businesses. The analysis takes into account the multi-dimensionality of SME policy objectives and the significant heterogeneity of the SME population, within and across countries. Data and indicators on framework conditions are complemented with information on recent policy trends in OECD countries. This publication addresses a growing demand by governments for tools to monitor the business environment for small and medium-sized enterprises, and benchmark the effectiveness of policies in creating appropriate conditions for them to flourish and grow.
The MENA region registered relatively dynamic economic growth and investment rates during the first decade of the century, even during the global economic and financial crisis. This was helped by important reforms by many governments to increase economic openness, diversification, private sector development and institutional reform. The participation of Tunisia and Jordan in the Open Government Partnership, the massive investment in infrastructure by Morocco and Egypt to increase connectivity and improve participation in global trade, and the efforts of the United Arab Emirates to diversify its economy demonstrate the great potential of the region to achieve progress. However, recent political instability and security threats have considerably slowed economic prospects. Reforms have not succeeded in tackling deeper structural challenges, such as corruption, unemployment, uneven development and unequal opportunities, especially for disadvantaged regions, women and youth. Appropriate policy responses are needed to regain stability and lay the foundations for a more open economy and a more inclusive development model. While the MENA region is profoundly heterogeneous, there are significant common economic and institutional trends that support the need for more concerted action to exploit the immense potential of the region and ensure its fruitful integration into the global economy.
The MENA region registered relatively dynamic economic growth and investment rates during the first decade of the century, even during the global economic and financial crisis. This was helped by important reforms by many governments to increase economic openness, diversification, private sector development and institutional reform. The participation of Tunisia and Jordan in the Open Government Partnership, the massive investment in infrastructure by Morocco and Egypt to increase connectivity and improve participation in global trade, and the efforts of the United Arab Emirates to diversify its economy demonstrate the great potential of the region to achieve progress. However, recent political instability and security threats have considerably slowed economic prospects. Reforms have not succeeded in tackling deeper structural challenges, such as corruption, unemployment, uneven development and unequal opportunities, especially for disadvantaged regions, women and youth. Appropriate policy responses are needed to regain stability and lay the foundations for a more open economy and a more inclusive development model. While the MENA region is profoundly heterogeneous, there are significant common economic and institutional trends that support the need for more concerted action to exploit the immense potential of the region and ensure its fruitful integration into the global economy.
This review analyses public governance in the Slovak Republic and provides recommendations to support ongoing comprehensive public administration reform. The analysis is structured around five key areas: the centre of government’s capacity to steer and lead policy development and implementation; analytical and evaluation capacities; human resources management and civil service; e-government; transparency and integrity in the public administration. The review identifies two main themes running through these five areas: The first is the need for more effective whole-of-government co-ordination of strategy-setting and implementation, led by the centre of government. The second is the need to generate and use evidence more effectively when making decisions.
This review analyses public governance in the Slovak Republic and provides recommendations to support ongoing comprehensive public administration reform. The analysis is structured around five key areas: the centre of government’s capacity to steer and lead policy development and implementation; analytical and evaluation capacities; human resources management and civil service; e-government; transparency and integrity in the public administration. The review identifies two main themes running through these five areas: The first is the need for more effective whole-of-government co-ordination of strategy-setting and implementation, led by the centre of government. The second is the need to generate and use evidence more effectively when making decisions.