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This publication provides a detailed description of the Sources and Methods which were used in the compilation of the quantitative indicators published in the now discontinued quarterly Indicators of Industrial Activity, which was a unique source of short-term industrial statistics broken down by industrial sectors in OECD member countries. The indicators selected are indices of output, deliveries, new orders, unfilled orders, producer prices and employment. The statistics are classified according to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC).
This fifteenth edition of Industrial Structure Statistics is in two parts. Volume 1 provides official annual data for detailed industrial manufacturing and non-manufacturing sectors, covering such variables as production, value added, employment, investment, exports, imports, wages and salaries, number of establishments and hours worked. Ten years' data are shown. The series are derived from industrial surveys, foreign trade data or national accounts. Data are classified according to both versions of ISIC and are shown in two parts (105 tables in ISIC Revision 2 and 212 tables in ISIC Revision 3). An annex presents qualitative information on national sources and definitions. Volume 2 presents annual energy consumption data in manufacturing sectors. Over the last 25 years, energy consumption has become just as important as energy supply for policy makers. There is a need for energy efficiency indicators and data to monitor developments in energy consumption and energy efficiency trends as they affect the environment. In order to analyse energy use and energy efficiency, it is essential to have disaggregated industry level consumption data. The Information System on Industrial Structures (ISIS) Energy Data Programme provides such data. The energy data presented in Volume 2 were collected during the Pilot phase of the project. Time series of annual energy consumption are provided at the disaggregated manufacturing industry level for most of the OECD countries (and the Slovak Republic) from 1990 to 1997 where available. Please note that Volume 2 is in English only.
This report examines the impacts of ICT on business performance and the policies that can help seize its benefits. It argues that ICT remains an important technology for the years ahead, as ICT networks have now spread throughout the economy. What counts now is how the technology should be made to work.
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Most countries have suffered from inflation within recent memory and countries in Latin America and the former Soviet Union have lived with very high rates of inflation for several years. Under inflation, national accounts at current as well as at constant prices will be seriously distorted unless special adjustment techniques are applied. By explaining these in a systematic fashion, the author brings new insights into the definition and measurement of income as well as the calculation and interpretation of price indices.
China has experienced spectacular economic growth since 1978, averaging 8 to 9% per year. As a result, on average, people’s standard of living is far higher than ever before in China’s history. However, economic disparities have also widened very significantly during this period, raising questions about the appropriateness and sustainability of existing policies. This book includes the papers from a seminar held in Paris on 20-21 October 2003 to explore the causes of China's growing economic disparities. The seminar was organised by the OECD and the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) of China. The papers by Chinese and OECD experts look at the driving forces behind these trends and discuss possible policy responses. The collection presents many comparisons with income inequality trends in OECD countries, including geographic disparities, and looks at ways to improve Chinese data on income distribution.
Energy, transport, water and telecommunications all are essential to future development and growth. However, infrastructure investment requirements over the coming decades will be massive, running into trillions of dollars. How will the needed investments be financed, given that OECD populations are ageing fast and public finances tightening? How will such factors as urbanisation, climate change and globalisation affect the development of infrastructures in OECD countries? And how will the role of the public sector and private actors evolve over time? These are just some of the questions this OECD report addresses in this long-term assessment of the future of infrastructures in both OECD and non-OECD countries.
¿Las políticas de desarrollo de recursos humanos en los países en desarrollo son instrumentos para atraer no sólo inversión extranjera sino también para mantener un círculo virtuoso en el cual las empresas contribuyan al desarrollo de habilidades laborales y a la transferencia de tecnología? Considerando que la transferencia de tecnología depende no solamente de las actividades de las empresas multinacionales para difundir habilidades y talentos, sino también de los esfuerzos locales tales como el desarrollo de recursos humanos y las actividades de investigación y desarrollo de las empresas locales ¿qué papel pueden jugar las políticas para incentivar a los agentes interesados a invertir lo necesario? Los capítulos de este libro abordan estas preguntas basándose en la experiencia de los países latinoamericanos y asiáticos en desarrollo.
Se muestra que las políticas gubernamentales tienen un papel importante por desempeñar, no solamente creando un clima atractivo de inversión para las empresas multinacionales de alto valor agregado, sino además incentivando a empresas locales y extranjeras a invertir en desarrollo de recursos humanos y en investigación y en desarrollo, lo cual facilitaría transferencias de tecnología y elevaría más el atractivo del país como lugar de inversiones. El libro identifica cinco líneas de política relevantes: a) políticas de desarrollo humano sensibles a la demanda, b) políticas bien apuntadas al tipo de inversión extranjera directa conveniente, c) coherencia entre la política de educación inicial y las políticas de educación continua y capacitación, d) políticas que expanden la capacidad de absorción local, y e) políticas que abordan las fallas del mercado de inversión en desarrollo de recursos humanos.
Los responsables de las políticas, los tomadores de decisiones de las empresas multinacionales y nacionales, y los académicos pueden encontrar ideas e información de valioso interés en Inversión extranjera directa, tecnología y recursos humanos en los países en desarrollo.
"The OECD is a major source for insightful analyses of current trade issues. It also plays a role in disseminating skilfully the results of less accessible writings on trade. This short book is a valuable addition to the latter endeavour and should be on the shelf of policy makers."
-Jagdish Bhagwati, Columbia University
Der internationale Handel hat Auswirkungen auf den Preis und die Verfügbarkeit von fast allem, was wir kaufen. Zudem hat er Einfluss auf eine Vielzahl anderer Bereiche wie Beschäftigung, Umwelt und Armutsbekämpfung. Und er wird seinerseits von einer Fülle verschiedener Faktoren beeinflusst, von der natürlichen Ressourcenausstattung bis hin zu Modetrends.
Die OECD ist eine führende Quelle für Daten, Analysen und Politikempfehlungen in Handelsfragen. Gestützt auf dieses umfassende Fachwissen wird in OECD Insights: Internationaler Handel deutlich gemacht, dass es ohne Handel – wenn überhaupt – nur selten gelungen ist, Wohlstand zu erreichen oder zu sichern. Handel allein ist jedoch nicht genug. Es bedarf darüber hinaus Maßnahmen in Bereichen wie Beschäftigung, Bildung oder Gesundheit, um das Wohlergehen der Menschen zu fördern und die Herausforderungen der globalisierten Wirtschaft zu bewältigen.
Innovation is crucial to long-term economic growth, even more so in the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis. In this volume, the OECD and the World Bank jointly take stock of how globalisation is posing new challenges for innovation and growth in both developed and developing countries, and how countries are coping with them. The authors discuss options for policy initiatives that can foster technological innovation in the pursuit of faster and sustainable growth.
The various chapters highlight how the emergence of an integrated global market affects the impact of national innovation policy. What seemed like effective innovation strategies (e.g. policies designed to strengthen the R&D capacity of domestic firms) are no longer sufficient for effective catch-up. The more open and global nature of innovation makes innovation policies more difficult to design and implement at the national scale alone. These challenges are further complicated by new phenomena, such as global value chains and the fragmentation of production, the growing role of global corporations, and the ICT revolution. Where and why a global corporation chooses to anchor its production affects the playing field for OECD and developing economies alike.
Selected as a 2009 Notable Document by the American Library Association Government Documents Round Table.
Drawing on the OECD’s expertise in comparing country experiences and identifying best practices, this book tailors the OECD’s policy advice to the specific and timely priorities of Italy, focusing on how its government can make reform happen.
Drawing on the OECD’s expertise in comparing country experiences and identifying best practices, this book tailors the OECD’s policy advice to the specific and timely priorities of India, focusing on how its government can make reform happen.
La innovación es esencial para el crecimiento a largo plazo, sobre todo tras la crisis económica y financiera. Hacer posible un crecimiento basado en la innovación requiere acción en una amplia gama de políticas, desde la educación y la ciencia y la tecnología hasta los mercados de productos y laboral y el comercio.
La OCDE y el Banco Mundial suman esfuerzos para trabajar más de cerca en innovación, particularmente porque el tema es un factor determinante en el éxito de las políticas de desarrollo. En este volumen, ambos organismos reflexionan acerca de la forma en que la globalización plantea nuevos retos para la innovación y el crecimiento en los países tanto desarrollados como en desarrollo, y cómo éstos les hacen frente. Los autores plantean iniciativas de políticas que pueden fomentar la innovación tecnológica en aras de un crecimiento más rápido y sostenido.
Los diversos capítulos destacan de qué manera el surgimiento de un mercado global integrado afecta el impacto de las políticas nacionales de innovación. Lo que parecían estrategias efectivas de innovación (por ejemplo, políticas diseñadas para fortalecer la capacidad de I+D de las empresas locales) ya no son suficientes en el entorno actual. La naturaleza más abierta y global de la innovación vuelve a las políticas de innovación más difíciles de diseñar y de implementar tan sólo en el ámbito nacional. Tales retos se complican aún más ante los nuevos fenómenos, como las cadenas de valor globales y la fragmentación de la producción, el creciente papel de las corporaciones globales y la revolución de las TIC. Cuándo y por qué una corporación global elige colocar su producción afecta a la OCDE y a las economías en desarrollo por igual.
Intergovernmental fiscal institutions are the overarching framework for relations across government levels. They comprise the constitutional set up of a country; the division of power between government levels; the prevalence of fiscal rules across government levels; intergovernmental budget frameworks; the role of independent bodies such as fiscal councils in shaping fiscal relations; the inter-ministerial organisation of fiscal decision making; and other framework conditions shaping intergovernmental fiscal relations and fiscal policy. This book brings together academics and practitioners dealing with or being involved in shaping the institutions of intergovernmental fiscal relations. It has an interdisciplinary focus and provides insight from various academic or practitioners’ fields: economists, political scientists, budget management specialists and others.
Income inequality is rising. A quarter of a century ago, the average disposable income of the richest 10% in OECD countries was around seven times higher than that of the poorest 10%; today, it’s around 9½ times higher. Why does this matter? Many fear this widening gap is hurting individuals, societies and even economies. This book explores income inequality across five main headings. It starts by explaining some key terms in the inequality debate. It then examines recent trends and explains why income inequality varies between countries. Next it looks at why income gaps are growing and, in particular, at the rise of the 1%. It then looks at the consequences, including research that suggests widening inequality could hurt economic growth. Finally, it examines policies for addressing inequality and making economies more inclusive.
The present report on Lithuania is the fourth of a new series on "Investing in Youth" which builds on the expertise of the OECD on youth employment, social support and skills. This series covers both OECD countries and countries in the process of accession to the OECD, as well as some emerging economies. The report provides a detailed diagnosis of the youth labour market and VET system in Lithuania from an international comparative perspective, and offers tailored recommendations to help improve school-to-work transitions. It also provides an opportunity for Lithuania to learn from the innovative measures that other countries have taken to strengthen the skills of youth and their employment outcomes, notably through the implementation of a Youth Guarantee.
El presente informe incluye las modificaciones al texto del Modelo de Convenio Tributario sobre la Renta y sobre el Patrimonio de la OCDE (MC OCDE) dirigidas a impedir la utilización abusiva de convenios fiscales. En primer lugar, comienza por abordar el tema relacionado con la adopción de soluciones de conveniencia o la aplicación del convenio más favorable (treaty shopping) a través de cláusulas y disposiciones alternativas que forman parte de un estándar básico que todos los países participantes en el Proyecto BEPS han decidido implementar. Adicionalmente, el informe alude a la inclusión de normas específicas que han de incorporarse a los convenios fiscales a fin de atajar otras formas de uso abusivo de las disposiciones de aquéllos y de asegurarse de que dichos convenios no impidan involuntariamente la aplicación de cláusulas antiabuso internas. Finalmente, el informe incluye modificaciones al texto del MC OCDE a modo de aclaración de que los convenios fiscales no se han concebido para generar situaciones de no imposición o de reducción de impuestos mediante la evasión fiscal o el abuso del Derecho (incluyendo prácticas constitutivas de treaty shopping), al tiempo que describen las consideraciones de índole fiscal que los países han de tener en cuenta antes de decidirse a suscribir un convenio con otro país.
A major challenge facing the Republic of Buryatia, subject of the Russian Federation, is how to balance the task of protecting Lake Baikal – a unique water object and ecological system included in the UNESCO list of World Natural Heritage Areas – with the need for dynamic and sustainable socio-economic development of the republic. This requires streamlining and improving water policy jointly with economic, administrative, information and other policy instruments. The recommendations in this report aim to help achieve this objective. They include the introduction of abstraction charges for irrigation water as a natural resource; enhancement of state support to the water sector; and improvement of economic instruments for managing risks of water-related hazards (such as compulsory insurance and differentiated land tax rates in flood prone areas). A few innovative instruments are also recommended for pilot testing such as establishing limits for discharges of certain hazardous substances in a pilot area (e.g. Selenga river basin) and progressive development of market for tradable quotas for discharges of the “capped” pollutants; and introducing a charge (tax) on toxic agricultural chemicals (pesticides, herbicides, etc.) and synthetic detergents so that to create incentives for the reduction of diffuse water pollution.