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In an era defined by the urgent climate crisis, unpredictable weather patterns and increasingly frequent natural disasters, ensuring infrastructure resilience to such events is paramount. This report discusses ways of enhancing government capacities to prevent, react and rebuild, thereby minimising the impact of natural disasters on infrastructure assets and operations. It identifies data, collaboration and technologies as drivers of resilience, and highlights financial resources, technical skills and regulatory frameworks as key enablers. The report presents seven actionable principles to ensure infrastructure resilience, drawing from global good practices and in-depth analyses of infrastructure projects in Colombia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mozambique and the United States.
This report presents aggregate trends of annual climate finance provided and mobilised by developed countries for developing countries for the period 2013-2021. It includes breakdowns by climate theme, sector, financial instrument and recipient country grouping for the period 2016-2021. The report also provides key recommendations for international providers to increase financing towards adaptation and more effectively mobilise private finance for climate action, which are both important policy priorities and current bottlenecks. The recommendations in this report draw from two OECD publications on scaling up private climate finance and adaptation finance.
This report reviews evidence that overshooting 1.5°C may push the earth over several tipping points, leading to irreversible and severe changes in the climate system. If triggered, tipping point impacts will rapidly cascade through socio-economic and ecological systems, leading to severe effects on human and natural systems and imposing important challenges for human adaptation. Of particular concern are the likely collapse of the West Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets and the abrupt melting of permafrost grounds in the Arctic, which would result in additional sea-level rise and greenhouse gas releases, leading to more warming.
Based on the most recent science and consultations with renowned experts, Climate Tipping Points: Insights for Effective Policy Action argues that it is no longer appropriate to consider the risk of crossing tipping points as low-probability. Overshooting 1.5°C may likely lead to irreversible and severe impacts, which must be avoided, heightening the urgency to drastically reduce emissions within this decade. The report calls for a shift in how tipping points are treated in climate policy today and provides recommendations on how climate risk management strategies can better reflect the risks of tipping points in the areas of mitigation, adaptation and technological innovation.
This report provides disaggregated data analysis of climate finance provided and mobilised in 2016-2020 across climate finance components, themes, sectors, and financial instruments. It also explores key trends and provides insight relating to the distribution and concentration of climate finance provided and mobilised across different developing country characteristics and groupings. The concluding chapter of the report provides further insights on the impacts and effectiveness of climate finance, as well as meaningful mitigation action and transparency on implementation. The findings complement the OECD report Aggregate Trends of Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013-2020.
This report presents aggregate trends of annual climate finance provided and mobilised by developed countries for developing countries for the period 2013-19. The trends are presented by finance source, climate theme and sector, geography, and financial instrument. As this report is intended as a short technical update to the previously published 2013-18 figures, the information provided remains at an aggregate level. An expanded and disaggregated analysis will be conducted in 2022 for climate finance in 2019 and 2020, once data for 2020 is available.
The future sustainable economic development and well-being of citizens in South East Europe depend on greater economic competitiveness. Reinforcing the region’s economic potential in a post-COVID-19 context requires a holistic, inclusive and growth‑oriented approach to policy making. Against the backdrop of enhanced European Union (EU) accession prospects and a drive towards deeper regional integration, the governments of the six Western Balkan (WB6) economies have demonstrated a renewed commitment to enacting policy reforms.
The third edition of Competitiveness in South East Europe: A Policy Outlook comprehensively assesses policy reforms in the WB6 economies across 16 policy dimensions crucial to their competitiveness. It leverages a highly participatory assessment process, which brought together the views of OECD experts, WB6 policy makers and local non-governmental stakeholders to create a balanced and realistic depiction of their performance. The report seeks to provide WB6 policy makers with a multi-dimensional benchmarking tool, enabling them to compare performance against regional peers as well as OECD good practices, and to design future policies based on rich evidence and actionable policy recommendations.
Economy-specific profiles complement the regional assessment for the first time in this edition of Competitiveness in South East Europe: A Policy Outlook, and provide each WB6 economy with an in-depth analysis of their competitive potential as well as policy recommendations tailored to their specific challenges to inform their structural economic reforms and sustainable development agenda.
Thanks to tremendous renewable energy and energy efficiency potential and a stable, dynamic economy, Indonesia has become a coveted destination for investors in the clean energy sector. Clean energy investment, however, remains far below the level needed to realise Indonesia’s ambitious clean energy and sustainable finance goals. Instead, investment in fossil fuels continues to dominate.
This first Clean Energy Finance and Investment Policy Review of Indonesia supports efforts to reverse these trends and achieve a clean energy transition. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the current policy framework, highlighting progress and identifying untapped opportunities for strengthening policy interventions that can help scale up clean energy finance and investment. It also provides a number of tailored recommendations for the Government of Indonesia and development partners. The Review was undertaken within the OECD Clean Energy Finance and Investment Mobilisation (CEFIM) Programme, which supports governments in emerging economies to unlock finance and investment in clean energy.
Conflicts in North and West Africa have become more violent and widespread than in the past. They have also become more difficult to resolve due to the complex relationships between a growing number of belligerents with diverging agendas. Building on a dataset of more than 36 000 violent events over a 23‑year period and three case studies (Lake Chad, Central Sahel and Libya), this report maps conflict networks and the evolution of rivalries and alliances in 21 North and West African countries. It applies an innovative approach, Dynamic Social Network Analysis, to explain the types and evolution of relationships across actors in conflict. Finally, the report analyses the impact of military interventions on the re‑composition of violent groups and the shifting nature of insecurity. This new analysis, based on temporal and spatial approaches contributes to the creation of strategies that will ensure long‑term political stability and serves as a reminder that there is a need for co‑ordinated regional approaches and place‑based policies.
At a moment when many countries of the MENA region are looking to accelerate economic growth and build more stable, open societies, this report argues that greater women’s economic empowerment holds one of the keys. It asserts that despite challenges some countries are facing in guaranteeing women equal access to economic opportunity, progress is underway and can be further nurtured through targeted, inclusive and coordinated policy actions. Building on the conclusions of a first monitoring report released in 2017, the report analyses recent legislative, policy and institutional reforms in support of women’s economic empowerment in Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia and seeks to identify success factors that have helped anchor reform. Moreover, it delivers actionable examples and practical tools for policy makers to help them transform policies into effective actions for women’s economic empowerment.
Countries are faced with the growing challenge of managing increasing risks from climate change and climate variability, putting development and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals at risk. The adoption in 2015 of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Paris Agreement on climate change provides a clear mandate for increased coherence in countries’ approaches to climate and disaster risk reduction. Countries increasingly recognise the benefits of improved coherence between the two policy areas, exemplified by the number of countries that either have developed joint strategies or put in place processes that facilitate co-ordination.
Informed by the country approaches of Ghana, Peru and the Philippines, in addition to a review of relevant literature, this report examines the potential for increased coherence in approaches to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction across levels of government and sectors. It identifies ways in which government officials, development co-operation and other stakeholders can support efforts to further enhance coherence between the two policy areas, not only in the three case study countries, but also those in other countries as well as providers of development co-operation.
This report presents OECD estimates of annual volumes of climate finance provided and mobilised by developed countries for developing countries in 2013-17. These estimates include bilateral and multilateral public finance, official-supported export credits and mobilised private finance. The underpinning accounting framework is consistent with the one used by the OECD in 2015 to produce estimates of climate finance for the years 2013-14, as well as that used in 2016 to produce 2020 climate finance projections. Furthermore, it is also consistent with the outcome of the UNFCCC COP24 on modalities for the accounting of financial resources provided and mobilised through public interventions.
The potential role of social protection in the development process has received heightened recognition in recent years, yet making a strong investment case for social protection remains particularly challenging in many emerging and developing countries. This report challenges us to think deeply about the economic rationale for social protection investments through an inclusive development lens. It helps us understand the links between social protection, growth and inequality; how to measure those links empirically; social protection’s impact on inclusive growth; and how to build a more solid economic case for greater social protection investments.
The report adds to the debate on social protection in three ways. First, it proposes a methodological framework to conceptualise and measure the impact of social protection on what the OECD defines as inclusive growth. Second, it provides new empirical evidence on the impact of different social protection programmes on inclusive growth. Third, it helps strengthen the case for greater investments in social protection while also calling for better data to measure impacts.
These case studies complement the 2018 Development Co-operation Report: Joining forces to leave no one behind. Case study contributors share knowledge and lessons on what it takes to answer the pledge of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to leave no one behind through national and sub-national policies, strategies and programmes as well as international development co-operation projects, programmes and partnerships. The insights, good practices and lessons shared in these case studies were provided by diverse actors. These include official development co-operation ministries and agencies from members of the OECD and the Development Assistance Committee, international organisations, developing country governments, civil society organisations, business, and research bodies.
The case studies highlight experiences from projects and programmes in leaving no one behind and reaching the furthest behind. They are organised and presented under two broad categories:
1. Reaching and including people and places;
2. The enabling role of international co-operation: policies, partnerships and data.
Comprender de mejor manera como los inmigrantes influyen en la economía de Costa Rica puede ayudar a los responsables de la elaboración de políticas públicas a aprovechar al máximo los efectos positivos de la inmigración, y a mitigar los negativos. Este informa revela que los efectos de la inmigración son variados, pero que su incidencia económica es limitada. La inmigración tiende a reducir la tasa de empleo de la población autóctona, pero no afecta los ingresos laborales. Se calcula que la proporción del valor agregado producida por los inmigrantes es superior a su proporción en la población. En 2013, la contribución de los inmigrantes a las finanzas gubernamentales fue menor que la de la población autóctona, mientras que los gastos públicos fueron similares entre las dos poblaciones. Las políticas que tienen como objetivo facilitar la integración, aumentando el acceso de facto a los servicios públicos y al mercado laboral, pueden impulsar la contribución económica de los inmigrantes.
Cómo los inmigrantes contribuyen a la economía de Costa Rica es resultado de un proyecto realizado por el Centro de Desarrollo de la OCDE y la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, con el apoyo de la Unión Europea. El proyecto se propuso analizar varios efectos económicos – en el mercado laboral, el crecimiento económico y las finanzas públicas – de la inmigración en diez países socios: Argentina, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Kirguistán, Nepal, la República Dominicana, Ruanda, Sudafrica y Tailandia. Las pruebas empíricas proceden de una combinación de análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos de fuentes de datos secundarias y en algunos casos primarias.
Los efectos recientes de la inmigración en la economía argentina parecen ser limitados, pero positivos. En promedio, la inmigración no está asociada ni con la pérdida de empleo ni con una disminución de los ingresos de la población nacida en Argentina. Por el contrario, la inmigración altamente calificada está asociada con ingresos laborales en aumento entre los egresados de la universidad, y la inmigración de mujeres poco calificadas viene con una mayor participación en la fuerza laboral de las mujeres autóctonas poco calificadas. Se calcula que la contribución de los inmigrantes al valor agregado es inferior a su participación en la fuerza laboral, pero superior a su proporción en la población. Se calcula también que la contribución de los inmigrantes a las finanzas públicas en 2013 fue mínima. Más políticas migratorias y no migratorias, así como una mejor coordinación entre diversos ámbitos de políticas, podrían fomentar aún más la integración y la contribución económica de los inmigrantes.
Cómo los inmigrantes contribuyen a la economía de Argentina es resultado de un proyecto realizado por el Centro de Desarrollo de la OCDE y la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, con el apoyo de la Unión Europea. El proyecto se propuso analizar varios efectos económicos —en el mercado laboral, el crecimiento económico y las finanzas públicas— de la inmigración en diez países socios: Argentina, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Kirguistán, Nepal, la República Dominicana, Ruanda, Sudáfrica y Tailandia. Las pruebas empíricas proceden de una combinación de análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos de fuentes de datos secundarias y en algunos casos primarias.
Comprender mejor la manera en la que los inmigrantes influyen en la economía de la República Dominicana puede ayudar a los responsables de la elaboración de políticas a aprovechar al máximo los efectos de la inmigración. Este informe revela que los efectos de la inmigración en la República Dominicana son variados, pero que su incidencia económica es limitada. Aunque los inmigrantes parecen reemplazar a los trabajadores autóctonos en el mercado laboral, al verse incrementada la competencia, no se ha detectado repercusión alguna en los ingresos laborales de la población autóctona. Se calcula que la proporción del valor agregado producida por los inmigrantes es cercana a su proporción en la población. Asimismo, los inmigrantes hacen aportaciones positivas al presupuesto del Estado, ya que pagan más impuestos indirectos, pero se benefician del gasto público en menor medida que la población autóctona. Las políticas que tienen como objetivo facilitar la integración de los inmigrantes y una mejor inserción de la inmigración en diferentes políticas sectoriales, son factores que podrían impulsar la contribución económica de los inmigrantes en la República Dominicana.
Cómo los inmigrantes contribuyen a la economía de la República Dominicana es resultado de un proyecto realizado por el Centro de Desarrollo de la OCDE y la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, con el apoyo de la Unión Europea. El proyecto se propuso analizar varios efectos económicos –en el mercado laboral, el crecimiento económico y las finanzas públicas – de la inmigración en diez países socios: Argentina, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Kirguistán, Nepal, la República Dominicana, Ruanda, Sudáfrica y Tailandia. Las pruebas empíricas proceden de una combinación de análisis cualitativos y cuantitativos de fuentes de datos secundarias y en algunos casos primarias.
Future economic development and the well-being of citizens in South East Europe (SEE) increasingly depend on greater economic competitiveness. Realising the region’s economic potential requires a holistic, growth-oriented policy approach. Against the backdrop of enhanced European Union (EU) accession prospects and a drive towards deeper regional co-operation, SEE governments have demonstrated a renewed commitment to enacting policy reforms.
The second edition of Competitiveness in South East Europe: A Policy Outlook seeks to help SEE policy makers assess progress made towards their growth goals and benchmark them against regional peers and OECD good practices. The 17 policy dimensions addressed in this report encompass a wide range of areas key to economic competitiveness including the business environment, skills and capacity, the region's economic structure and its governance. The report leveraged a highly participatory assessment process which brought together more than 1 500 individual stakeholders including OECD experts, SEE policy makers, private sector representatives and regional policy networks and organisations to create a balanced view of performance.
Since the latest edition of the report, there have been areas of noteworthy progress. The six assessed SEE economies have adopted strategies to improve the overall standard of education, acted to remove technical barriers to trade and taken steps to establish better financing mechanisms for small and medium-sized enterprises. Further efforts are underway to expand broadband services and close the digital divide, tackle inefficiencies in the energy and agriculture sectors, and address demographic challenges posed by long-term unemployment. Notwithstanding these important gains, there remain considerable challenges for these economies as they continue their journey towards structural reform.
Cómo los inmigrantes contribuyen a la economía de los países en desarrollo es resultado de un proyecto realizado por el Centro de Desarrollo de la OCDE y la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, con el apoyo de la Unión Europea. El informe abarca diez países socios: Argentina, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Kirguistán, Nepal, la República Dominicana, Ruanda, Sudáfrica y Tailandia. El proyecto denominado Evaluación de la contribución económica de la migración laboral en los países en desarrollo como países de destino (ECLM por sus siglas en inglés) tenía como propósito el de proporcionar pruebas empíricas —tanto cualitativas como cuantitativas— de las diversas formas en las que los inmigrantes influyen en sus países de acogida.
El informe demuestra que la migración laboral ejerce un impacto relativamente limitado tanto sobre el rendimiento de los trabajadores autóctonos en el mercado laboral, como en el crecimiento económico y las finanzas públicas de los diez países socios. Esto implica que la percepción según la cual la inmigración genera efectos negativos, muchas veces no se justifica. Esto significa también que la mayoría de los países de destino no potencian lo suficiente el capital humano y los conocimientos que los inmigrantes brindan. Las políticas públicas pueden desempeñar un papel fundamental para fomentar la contribución de los inmigrantes en el desarrollo de los países de acogida.
O relatório tem como principal foco a cobrança pelo uso de recursos hídricos no Brasil. Avalia o seu estado atual e os desafios de implementação. Proporciona orientações para o avanço da implementação da cobrança no País como instrumento econômico e financeiro de gestão, visando prevenir e responder a situações de conflito pelo uso da água e de poluição, contribuindo para a segurança hídrica, e, consequentemente, favorecendo o crescimento econômico e o bem-estar social. O relatório evidencia a necessidade de informações, a aproximação da cobrança ao planejamento da bacia e a aplicação eficiente dos recursos arrecadados. O relatório inclui uma avaliação de três estudos de caso: o Estado do Rio de Janeiro, a Bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul e a Bacia do rio Piancó-Piranhas-Açu. Conclui com um plano de ação com etapas de implementação prática e delimitação de funções: quem pode fazer o quê para implementar as recomendações a curto, médio e longo prazo.
O relatório tem como principal foco a cobrança pelo uso de recursos hídricos no Brasil. Avalia o seu estado atual e os desafios de implementação. Proporciona orientações para o avanço da implementação da cobrança no País como instrumento econômico e financeiro de gestão, visando prevenir e responder a situações de conflito pelo uso da água e de poluição, contribuindo para a segurança hídrica, e, consequentemente, favorecendo o crescimento econômico e o bem-estar social. O relatório evidencia a necessidade de informações, a aproximação da cobrança ao planejamento da bacia e a aplicação eficiente dos recursos arrecadados. O relatório inclui uma avaliação de três estudos de caso: o Estado do Rio de Janeiro, a Bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul e a Bacia do rio Piancó-Piranhas-Açu. Conclui com um plano de ação com etapas de implementação prática e delimitação de funções: quem pode fazer o quê para implementar as recomendações a curto, médio e longo prazo.