Browse by: "2017"
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L'Initiative Aide pour le commerce a permis l'engagement actif d'un grand nombre d'organisations et organismes pour aider les pays en développement et, en particulier, les pays les moins avancés à se doter des infrastructures et des capacités d'offre dont ils ont besoin pour se connecter aux marchés régionaux et mondiaux et pour améliorer leurs résultats commerciaux. Le nouveau modèle de développement dans le cadre du Programme de développement pour l'après 2015 exige une approche intégrée pour faire en sorte que l'Aide pour le commerce aboutisse à un développement inclusif et durable. Le fait d'inscrire les coûts du commerce au centre de l'Initiative Aide pour le commerce permet de faire converger les actions menées dans ce domaine par un large éventail de parties prenantes.
La publication conjointe OCDE/OMC intitulée Panorama de l'Aide pour le commerce 2015 explique comment la réduction des coûts du commerce aidera à assurer une croissance économique inclusive et durable. Elle contient des contributions de la Banque mondiale, du Cadre intégré renforcé, du Centre du commerce international, et de la Conférence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le développement.
La Iniciativa de Ayuda para el Comercio ha permitido que numerosas organizaciones y organismos participen de forma activa en la prestación de ayuda a los países en desarrollo, y en particular a los países menos adelantados, con el fin de construir la infraestructura y la capacidad de oferta que necesitan para conectarse con los mercados regionales y mundiales y mejorar sus resultados comerciales. El nuevo paradigma de desarrollo en el marco de la Agenda para el Desarrollo después de 2015 exige un enfoque integrado para que el resultado de la ayuda para el comercio sea un desarrollo inclusivo y sostenible. Incorporar los costos del comercio como elemento central de la Iniciativa de Ayuda para el Comercio equivale a activar esa función de coordinación entre una gran diversidad de colectivos interesados.
La publicación conjunta de la OCDE y la OMC, La Ayuda para el Comercio en síntesis 2015, centra la atención en cómo la reducción de los costos del comercio ayudará a conseguir un crecimiento económico inclusivo y sostenible. En esta publicación se reúnen aportaciones procedentes del Marco Integrado mejorado, el Centro de Comercio Internacional, la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo y el Banco Mundial.
Since the last in-depth review in 2009, Italy has made strong progress in the development and implementation of energy policy. The most notable improvement has been the publication of a comprehensive long-term energy strategy.
The adoption of the National Energy Strategy in 2013 sent a strong signal to stakeholders as to the government’s medium- and long-term objectives for the energy sector. It established clear goals: reduce energy costs, meet environmental targets, strengthen security of energy supply and foster sustainable economic growth. Nonetheless, the adoption of the Strategy is only a first step towards achieving the government’s ambitions. Monitoring implementation and maintaining momentum will present a challenge for the government.
Italy has experienced impressive growth in the renewable energy sector and has been successful in integrating large volumes of variable renewable generation. Containing costs is a priority, and policies need to focus on bringing deployment costs towards international benchmarks.
Italy has also continued to progress in terms of market liberalisation and infrastructure development, notably in the electricity market where transmission improvements between north and south, as well as market coupling, have resulted in price convergence throughout the country and wholesale prices tending towards those elsewhere in Europe. Development in the gas sector has been slower, and greater progress is needed if Italy is to be become a southern European gas hub. Furthermore, institutional arrangements within the energy sector remain complex and should be reformed and strengthened. Implementation of the National Energy Strategy provides a timely opportunity to address each of these challenges in a comprehensive way.
This review analyses the energy policy challenges facing Italy and provides recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
The Czech Republic recently approved a new National Energy Policy (SEP) that aims to reduce energy consumption and improve the economy’s energy intensity. This IEA country review provides a snapshot of the energy sector in the Czech Republic and examines the impact of the SEP. The review warns that reaching long-term energy targets will require greater effort if the country is to play its part in the on-going global energy transition.
The SEP broadly seeks to strengthen security of energy supply and build a competitive and sustainable energy sector. While the Czech Republic has experienced strong growth in the renewable energy sector – notably solar PV – policy changes have created uncertainty. Meanwhile, greenhouse gas emissions, which have been falling since 2000, are expected to increase. Coal dominates the power sector and is the largest source of carbon emissions and also poses a substantial threat to local air quality.
The review finds that natural gas supply security remains strong, and the country is expected to remain a net exporter of electricity. The expansion of nuclear power is one of the main pillars of the SEP, and will play a greater role in coming years. The SEP also establishes key targets for energy security, emissions, energy savings, electricity generation and affordability.
This review also provides recommendations for further policy improvements that are intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future.
Wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) are currently the fastest-growing sources of electricity globally. A "next generation" phase of deployment is emerging, in which wind and solar PV are technologically mature and economically affordable.
The success of variable renewable energy (VRE) is also bringing new challenges to the fore. Electricity generation from both technologies is constrained by the varying availability of wind and sunshine. This can make it difficult to maintain the necessary balance between electricity supply and consumption at all times.
As these variable renewables enter this next generation of deployment, the issue of system and market integration becomes a critical priority for renewables policy and energy policy more broadly. The paper highlights that this will require strategic action in three areas:
- System-friendly deployment, aiming to maximise the net benefit of wind and solar power for the entire system
- Improved operating strategies, such as advanced renewable energy forecasting and enhanced scheduling of power plants
- Investment in additional flexible resources, comprising demand-side resources, electricity storage, grid infrastructure and flexible generation
In addition, the paper argues that unlocking the contribution of system-friendly deployment calls for a paradigm shift in the economic assessment of wind and solar power. The traditional focus on the levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) – a measure of cost for a particular generating technology at the level of a power plant – is no longer sufficient. Next-generation approaches need to factor in the system value of electricity from wind and solar power – the overall benefit arising from the addition of a wind or solar power generation source to the power system. System value is determined by the interplay of positives and negatives including reduced fuel costs, reduced carbon dioxide and other pollutant emissions costs, or higher costs of additional grid infrastructure.
In addition to general analysis and recommendations, the paper also includes summaries of three case studies in China, Denmark and South Africa.
This statistical report is designed to help understand what drives final energy use in IEA member countries in order to improve and track national energy efficiency policies.
It provides the first comprehensive selection of data that the IEA has been collecting each year after its member states recognised in 2009 the need to better monitor energy efficiency policies.
The report includes country-specific analysis of end uses across the largest sectors – residential, services, industry and transport. It answers questions such as:
- What are the largest drivers for energy use trends in each country?
- Was energy saved because of efficiency progress over time?
- How much energy is used for space heating, appliances or cooking?
- What are the most energy-intensive industries?
Improving energy efficiency is a critical step for governments to take to move towards a sustainable energy system. This report highlights the key role of end-use energy data and indicators in monitoring progress in energy efficiency around the world.
This publication identifies the main regulatory obstacles of the following transport sectors in Mexico: road transport, railways, ports, border crossing, and airway passengers. The report also offers recommendations to improve the quality of the regulatory framework of these sectors.
Following a brief pause after the economic crisis, health expenditure is rising again in most OECD countries. Yet, a considerable part of this health expenditure makes little or no contribution to improving people's health. In some cases, it even results in worse health outcomes. Countries could potentially spend significantly less on health care with no impact on health system performance, or on health outcomes. This report systematically reviews strategies put in place by countries to limit ineffective spending and waste. On the clinical front, preventable errors and low-value care are discussed. The operational waste discussion reviews strategies to obtain lower prices for medical goods and to better target the use of expensive inputs. Finally, the report reviews countries experiences in containing administrative costs and integrity violations in health.
Ambitious structural reforms and sound macroeconomic policies have ensured the resilience of the highly-open Mexican economy in the face of challenging global conditions. Mexico’s productivity growth has recently picked up in sectors that benefitted from structural reforms – energy, financial, and telecoms. Trade openness, foreign direct investment, integration into global value chains and innovation incentives have boosted exports, notably of autos. Yet other sectors lag behind, suffering from overly stringent local regulations, weak legal institutions, rooted informality, corruption and insufficient financial development. Moreover, growth has not been inclusive enough to achieve better living conditions for all Mexican families, many of whom live in poverty, and whose children’s opportunities to do better than their parents could be improved. Past policies have already begun to correct these trends, but more needs to be done. The 2017 Survey makes key policy recommendations that could help to boost productivity and make growth more inclusive.
SPECIAL FEATURES: INCLUSIVE GROWTH; PRODUCTIVITY
Mexico is slowly advancing on the path to gender equality. Many public policies aimed at empowering women are now in place: over the past two decades, Mexico has increased investments in girls' education, greatly expanded childcare and preschool, improved gender mainstreaming in government, and ensured that female politicians are well-represented at the ballot box. Yet, despite these efforts, many Mexican women still do not feel the effects of these policies at home, at work, or in public spaces. Large gender gaps remain in educational outcomes, participation in the labour market, pay, informality status, and hours of unpaid childcare and housework. “Unlocking Mexico’s full potential,” as Mexico's National Development Plan prescribes, will depend crucially on how well Mexico closes existing gender gaps in political, social and economic life and promotes real social change. Mexico must continue to invest in social and labour market policies that empower women, and reinvigorate efforts to reduce inequalities in education, labour force participation, job quality, unpaid work, and leadership. This will require embedding gender equality objectives in all public policies and budgets, across all levels of government, and ensuring the effective implementation, enforcement, and evaluation of policies and laws to achieve inclusive outcomes.
Nuclear Energy Data is the Nuclear Energy Agency's annual compilation of statistics and country reports documenting nuclear power status in NEA member countries and in the OECD area. Information provided by governments includes statistics on installed generating capacity, total electricity produced by all sources and by nuclear power, nuclear energy policies and fuel cycle developments, as well as projections of nuclear generating capacity and electricity production to 2035, where available. Total electricity generation at nuclear power plants and the share of electricity production from nuclear power plants increased slightly in 2015, by 0.2% and 0.1%, respectively. Two new units were connected to the grid in 2015, in Russia and Korea; two reactors returned to operation in Japan under the new regulatory regime; and seven reactors were officially shut down – five in Japan, one in Germany and one in the United Kingdom. Governments committed to having nuclear power in the energy mix advanced plans for developing or increasing nuclear generating capacity, with the preparation of new build projects progressing in Finland, Hungary, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Further details on these and other developments are provided in the publication's numerous tables, graphs and country reports.
This publication contains "StatLinks". For each StatLink, the reader will find a URL which leads to the corresponding spreadsheet. These links work in the same way as an Internet link.
As “market referees”, regulators contribute to the delivery of essential public utilities. The internal and external governance of regulatory agencies are essential to determining how regulators and the sectors they oversee perform. The OECD has developed an innovative framework that looks at the institutions, processes and practices that can enhance regulators’ performance. In this report, the framework is applied to the external governance of Mexico’s energy sector and its three regulatory bodies, the Agency for Safety, Energy and Environment (ASEA), the National Hydrocarbons Commissions (CNH) and the Energy Regulatory Commission (CRE), following a structural reform of the sector and its regulatory institutions. The review offers insights into the progress and challenges in the implementation of the reform, highlighting the importance of structured co-ordination and accountability mechanisms based on a common strategic agenda, alignment of processes for good regulatory outcomes as well as sufficient operational flexibility. The report is complemented by forthcoming reviews of the internal governance arrangements of the three regulatory agencies, constituting a comprehensive body of work on the regulatory governance of Mexico’s energy sector.
This publication examines how policy actors involved in cross-border co-operation contribute to the regional integration process in West Africa. It uses a pioneering methodology, known as social network analysis, to visualise the formal and informal relationships between actors involved in cross-border policy networks, showing that borders have notable and diverse impacts on exchanges of information and the relative power of networks. The report then analyses a range of regional indicators of co-operation potential, visually demonstrating that borders can also affect the ability of sub-regions within West Africa to develop cross-border initiatives in a number of ways. Combining these two analyses with the perceptions of regional policy makers as to which border areas they consider as priorities for regional integration, the publication concludes with the analytical foundations for more effective place-based policies that can enhance cross-border co-operation in West Africa.
The Mexico Tourism Policy Review provides an assessment of tourism-related policies, programmes and plans to support sustainable tourism development in Mexico. Policy recommendations focus on priority areas to help strengthen Mexico's tourism sector and take advantage of opportunities with strong potential for economic growth, investment and development, notably in the following areas: policy-making environment and governance arrangements; transport, mobility and connectivity for visitor travel; inclusive tourism growth, destination development and product and regional diversification; and investment and SME financing.
This report presents the findings and recommendations of the OECD review of Mexico’s national auditing system, with a focus on the Auditoria Superior de la Federación (ASF), the supreme audit institution. Reforms in Mexico have revamped the country’s institutional architecture and created several systems for strengthening accountability, integrity and transparency. The report highlights strategic considerations for the national auditing system and the ASF, examines the national and subnational dimensions of auditing in Mexico, and suggests ways for the ASF to enhance the impact and relevance of its work.
Cette publication examine la contribution des acteurs impliqués dans la coopération transfrontalière au processus d’intégration régionale en Afrique de l’Ouest. S’appuyant sur une méthodologie innovante, appelée analyse des réseaux sociaux, cet ouvrage propose une cartographie des relations formelles et informelles qui lient les acteurs impliqués dans les réseaux de gouvernance transfrontaliers. Il éclaire notamment les effets des frontières sur les échanges d’information et les relations de pouvoir entre acteurs. L’analyse du potentiel de coopération de plusieurs indicateurs régionaux montre ensuite que les frontières affectent diversement la capacité des espaces à développer des initiatives transfrontalières. Ces deux résultats sont combinés à la perception que les décideurs politiques ont des zones frontalières prioritaires en matière d’intégration régionale. Cette analyse croisée propose des bases pour des politiques territorialisées plus propices au développement de la coopération transfrontalière en Afrique de l’Ouest.
This report discusses the need for an integrated and cyclical approach to managing health technology in order to mitigate clinical and financial risks, and ensure acceptable value for money. The analysis considers how health systems and policy makers should adapt in terms of development, assessment and uptake of health technologies. The first chapter provides an examination of adoption and impact of medical technology in the past and how health systems are preparing for continuation of such trends in the future. Subsequent chapters examine the need to balance innovation, value, and access for pharmaceuticals and medical devices, respectively, followed by a consideration of their combined promise in the area of precision medicine. The final chapter examines how health systems can make better use of health data and digital technologies. The report focuses on opportunities linked to new and emerging technologies as well as current challenges faced by policy makers, and suggests a new governance framework to address these challenges.
Le présent ouvrage est la huitième édition de Panorama de la société, recueil d’indicateurs sociaux de l’OCDE. Ce rapport s’efforce de répondre à la demande croissante de données quantitatives sur le bien-être social et ses tendances. Cette édition actualise certains indicateurs figurant dans les précédentes éditions publiées depuis 2001 et introduit plusieurs nouveaux indicateurs. Cette édition couvre 25 indicateurs au total. Y sont présentées des données pour les 34 pays membres de l’OCDE, ainsi que, lorsque les données sont disponibles, pour les partenaires clés (Afrique du Sud, Brésil, Chine, Inde, Indonésie et Fédération de Russie) et pour les autres pays du G20 (Arabie Saoudite et Argentine). On trouvera dans le présent rapport un chapitre spécialement consacré aux jeunes déscolarisés, sans emploi et ne suivant aucune formation (chapitre 1), ainsi qu’un guide destiné à aider le lecteur à comprendre la structure des indicateurs sociaux de l’OCDE (chapitre 2).
Tous les indicateurs sont disponibles sur le web et sous forme de publication électronique sur OECD iLibrary.
Las ambiciosas reformas estructurales y las sólidas políticas macroeconómicas han asegurado la resistencia de la economía mexicana, sumamente abierta, ante las desafiantes condiciones mundiales. El crecimiento de la productividad de México repuntó hace poco en los sectores que se beneficiaron de las reformas estructurales: energético, financiero y de telecomunicaciones. La apertura comercial, la inversión extranjera directa, la integración en las cadenas globales de valor y los incentivos a la innovación han impulsado las exportaciones, en especial las de automóviles. Sin embargo, otros sectores se han rezagado, al verse afectados por regulaciones locales demasiado rigurosas, instituciones jurídicas débiles, informalidad arraigada, corrupción y desarrollo financiero insuficiente. Por otra parte, el crecimiento no ha sido suficientemente incluyente para lograr mejores condiciones de vida para todas las familias mexicanas, muchas de las cuales viven en la pobreza; y cuyas oportunidades para los hijos de superar a sus padres podrían mejorarse. Las políticas anteriores ya han empezado a corregir estas tendencias, pero es necesario hacer más en este sentido. El Estudio de 2017 hace recomendaciones clave que podrían ayudar a estimular la productividad y hacer que el crecimiento sea más incluyente.
CAPÍTULOS ESPECIALES: CRECIMIENTO INCLUYENTE; PRODUCTIVIDAD