1887

Denmark

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L'économie danoise fonctionne depuis quelques années à un niveau proche de son potentiel. Les mesures fiscales adoptées dans le cadre du dispositif économique « Whitsun package » et couvrant la période 1999 à 2002 ont permis à la fois un « atterrissage en douceur » et un redéploiement ultérieur de l'activité au profit des marchés extérieurs et de l'investissement productif (graphique 1). La consommation privée a fait preuve de faiblesse jusqu'au début de 2001 et la hausse des prix est restée raisonnable, surtout si l'on exclut l'impact des prix de l'énergie. Un solide excédent budgétaire de 2 à 3 pour cent du PIB a pu être dégagé. De plus, l'excédent de balance courante s'accroît régulièrement depuis 1999, contrairement à ce qui s'est passé en 1997 et 1998, lorsque la vigueur de la demande intérieure et les contraintes corrélatives de capacité avaient entraîné des pertes substantielles de parts de marché à l'exportation et une nette dégradation du solde extérieur. Toutefois, le marché du travail est demeuré tendu ; le chômage est tombé en 1997 au-dessous du taux structurel tel qu'estimé par l'OCDE et a continué de baisser légèrement jusqu'à la fin de 2001 (graphique 2). Le fait qu'il y ait pu y avoir à la fois retournement du solde extérieur et recul du chômage illustre bien la réorientation réussie de l'économie...

English

Le présent chapitre examine les progrès réalisés récemment dans la mise en œuvre des réformes structurelles, passe en revue les obstacles et met en évidence les domaines où les efforts doivent être poursuivis en vue d'élargir et d'approfondir le programme de réformes structurelles. Lors de la rédaction de l'Etude précédente, au milieu de 2000, les autorités arrêtaient des plans de réforme de la politique fiscale, du régime de préretraite, des politiques actives du marché du travail et des politiques de la concurrence et de l’énergie. Ces réformes ont pour l’essentiel été mises en œuvre comme prévu et ont permis des avancées sur plusieurs fronts. En particulier, le chômage est revenu à son niveau le plus bas depuis près de trois décennies, alors que l'environnement de faible inflation reste solidement implanté. En outre, aussi bien la balance des opérations courantes que le budget des administrations publiques enregistrent de vigoureux excédents, l'amélioration des finances publiques donnant à penser que le Danemark – bien que se caractérisant déjà par des taux d’activité élevés – se trouve probablement dans une meilleure situation de départ qu’un grand nombre d’autres pays pour gérer les transferts intergénérations qu'implique le vieillissement de la population...

English
  • 05 Jul 2002
  • OECD
  • Pages: 189

L’édition 2002 de l'Étude économique consacrée au Danemark examine les développements récents, la politique et les perspectives économiques de ce pays. Elle comporte un chapitre consacré au renforcement du contrôle des dépenses avec la décentralisation du secteur public.

English
  • 03 Sept 2002
  • International Energy Agency
  • Pages: 136
The International Energy Agency's 2002 review of Denmark's energy policies and programmes. It finds that over the past four years, Danish energy policy has made good progress towards meeting its high standards of environmental protection while opening its gas and power industries to competition. The concurrent pursuit of economic efficiency, energy policy and environmental protection is an issue of prime importance in Denmark. The country has adopted both international and national greenhouse-gas emissions targets. A host of measures is in place to reach these targets, and to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. The targets are within reach. But actually attaining them requires the continued application of a system of power plant carbon dioxide quotas.

The Danish power market has been opened to competition beyond the requirements of the EU directive, but the scope for effective competition continues to be limited by priority dispatch for wind energy and combined heat and power plants. The gas market has been opened, but much less fully. The gas industry’s debt problem was addressed through industry restructuring, but this has led to a dominant position for the state-owned gas pipeline company DONG. The report recommends that foreign suppliers be encouraged to enter the market, in order to stimulate competition in electricity and gas markets. This report discusses the energy policies of Denmark based on a review visit in October 2001, before the recent general elections.

Reconciling work and family life involves two key goals for both individuals and society: being able to work, to earn an income while participating in the most important social activity of modern life, and providing the best care and nurturing for one’s own children. This first OECD review of the reconciliation of work and family life looks at the challenges parents of young children confront when trying to square their work and care commitments, and the implications for social and labour market trends. It considers the current mix of family-friendly policies in Australia, Denmark, and the Netherlands and explores how this policy balance contributes to different labour market and other societal outcomes in these three countries.

French

Concilier travail et vie de famille est une ambition qui se décline, tant pour les individus que pour la  société, en deux objectifs principaux : permettre à chacun de travailler afin de percevoir un revenu en participant à l’activité sociale la plus importante de la vie moderne, et de s’occuper le mieux possible de l’éducation de ses propres enfants. La première étude de l’OCDE consacrée à la façon de concilier travail et vie de famille analyse les défis que les parents de jeunes enfants doivent relever lorsqu’ils tentent de concilier leur occupation professionnelle et leurs obligations familiales, ainsi que les conséquences qui en découlent sur le plan social et sur le plan des évolutions observées sur le marché du travail. Elle examine la palette des politiques menées actuellement en faveur de la famille en Australie, au Danemark et aux Pays-Bas et analyse comment les diverses mesures mises en place dans ces trois pays influent sur les tendances du marché du travail, ainsi que sur d’autres données sociétales.

English

Denmark is already enjoying a recovery in private consumption and stronger exports. The pace of activity is projected to pick up gradually as the international situation improves and firms regain sufficient confidence to increase investment and expand employment. But unemployment is already lower than its structural rate and labour shortages accompanied by accelerating wages could re-emerge as the expansion quickens.

The authorities continue to steer a prudent fiscal course, and the "tax freeze" should help to constrain public consumption growth in the face of strong upward pressures. Recent initiatives to get more people into work and reduce reliance on benefits are welcome, and further reforms to boost participation should be pursued.

French

Le Danemark bénéficie déjà d’une reprise de la consommation privée et d’un raffermissement des exportations. Le rythme de l’activité devrait s’affirmer progressivement à mesure que la situation internationale s’améliorera et que les entreprises retrouveront une confiance suffisante pour accroître l’investissement et l’emploi. Mais le chômage est déjà inférieur à son taux structurel et des pénuries de main-d’oeuvre accompagnées d’une accélération des salaires pourraient réapparaître dès lors que l’expansion s’accentuera.

Les autorités maintiennent un cap budgétaire prudent, et le « gel des impôts » devrait contribuer à freiner la croissance de la consommation publique en dépit de vives pressions à la hausse. Les initiatives récentes pour remettre davantage de personnes en activité et atténuer la dépendance à l’égard des prestations sont tout à fait opportunes, et il convient d’engager d’autres réformes pour stimuler l’entrée sur le marché du travail.

English

The Danish economy was operating at close to its potential when the international downturn occurred. The underlying pace of activity slowed somewhat last year, although the estimated GDP growth of 1¼ per cent in 2001 overstates the apparent deceleration, since output in 2000 had been boosted by rebuilding work following the hurricane in December 1999. Export volume growth weakened sharply to around 4 per cent, and business investment shrank as sales prospects deteriorated. Nevertheless, increases in public and private consumption underpinned aggregate demand, total employment continued to rise, and unemployment fell further. With the labour market remaining tight, hourly earnings growth reached 4¼ per cent in the third quarter.

French

This chapter examines recent progress in implementing structural reforms, reviews obstacles and identifies areas where continuing efforts are needed to broaden and deepen the structural reform agenda. At the time of the previous Survey in mid-2000, reforms of tax policy, the early retirement system, active labour-market policies (ALMPs) and competition and energy policies were being enacted. These have mostly been pursued as planned and have paid off in terms of further progress on a number of counts. In particular, unemployment has abated to its lowest rate in almost three decades, while the low-inflation environment remains well protected. Moreover, robust surpluses have been established on both the current account and the general government budget, the latter implying that Denmark – though already having high labour force participation rates – probably has a better starting point than many other countries for managing the inter-generational transfers implied by an ageing population.

French

A central feature of the Scandinavian welfare state such as Denmark’s is its fine-mesh social-security safety net and the provision of a broad range of free or almost free public services. Such a system almost inevitably implies a high level of public outlays and considerable redistribution of income and consumption. The analysis of Danish expenditure policies in this chapter takes as a point of departurethat the current system enjoys broad support, at least in its fundamental design. Nonetheless, an assessment of expenditure policies cannot escape dealing with issues seen by many as basic features of the welfare state. However, the principal issue faced here is not whether the level of public spending is appropriate, but whether adequate policies are in place to encourage a high level of efficiency and ensure overall spending control.

French

The Danish economy has been performing close to its potential in recent years. The so-called "Whitsun package" of tax measures, implemented over the period 1999 to 2002, has achieved both a "soft landing" and a subsequent rebalancing of activity towards export markets and business investment (Figure 1). Private consumption was weak until early 2001 and price inflation remained within reasonable bounds, especially once the impact of energy prices is excluded. A robust fiscal surplus of 2 to 3 per cent of GDP has been maintained throughout. Moreover, the current account surplus has grown steadily since 1999, in sharp contrast to 1997 and 1998 when vigorous domestic demand and the resulting capacity constraints led to significant losses of export market shares and a sharp deterioration of the external balance. However, the labour market has remained tight; unemployment fell below the OECD’s estimates of the structural rate in 1997 and has continued to edge down until late 2001 (Figure 2). The combination of a turnaround in the external balance and the further inroads that have been made on unemployment illustrate the extent to which the economy has been successfully re-oriented.

French
  1. Parental leave mandates are associated with high female employment rates, but with reductions in relative female wages if leave is of extended durations. If fathers were given longer periods of leave, would it shorten the career breaks of women? We analyze the impact of family policies of Denmark and Sweden on women’s career breaks due to childbirth. These countries are culturally similar and share the same type of welfare state ideology, but differ remarkably in pursued family policies. Compared to Denmark, leave provisions in Sweden are more generous in terms of both duration and payment rates, and allow for flexible use until the child is 8 years old. In both countries childcare coverage rates are high, but very young (age 0-2) Danish children are more likely to be in day-care than in Sweden. This setting provides us with a fruitful point of departure to analyze explicitly the effects of different family policy regimes on job retention of Danish and Swedish mothers. Our ...

This reliable source of yearly data covers a wide range of statistics on international trade of OECD countries and provides detailed data in value by commodity and by partner country. Each of the first four volumes of International Trade by Commodity Statistics contains the tables for seven countries, published in the order in which they become available. The fifth volume includes the OECD main country groupings (OECD-Total, NAFTA, OECD-Asia and Pacific, OECD-Europe, EU-15, etc.). For each country, this publication shows detailed tables relating to the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), Revision 3, Sections and Divisions (one- and two-digit). Each table presents imports and exports of a given commodity with about one hundred partner countries or country groupings (NAFTA, etc.) for the most recent six-year period available.

  • 20 May 2003
  • OECD
  • Pages: 195

This 2003 edition of OECD's Economic Survey of Denmark examines recent economic developments, policies and prospects. It includes  special chapters on migration, the medium-term fiscal framework and the environment.

French
  • 04 Jun 2003
  • OECD
  • Pages: 212

OECD's comprehensive territorial review of the Oresund region of Denmark and Sweden.

Competitiveness is increasingly cited as the key objective of regional economic policy. In the same way that company executives strive to improve their market share and national governments are introducing competitiveness strategies, policy makers in urban areas are looking for ways to increase or maintain the competitive edge of their cities. This is a daunting task in any situation, but particularly so when, as in this case, the functional economic area concerned stretches across national boundaries.

The constituent regions of Öresund, comprising the island of Zealand in Denmark, home of Copenhagen, and Sweden’s Skåne region which hosts the country’s third biggest city, Malmö are both wealthy areas. It is a “learning region” and has a strong presence in some high technology sectors. As such, the key to future growth is not simply the creation of a fixed link between the two parts of the region or improved flexibility in an expanded labour market. The region must look outward and compete with other metropolitan areas to retain and augment the assets that give it, at present, a strong competitive position in the “new economy”.

The pace of activity has slowed in the face of weak exports, although domestic demand remains firm. Growth prospects are expected to brighten as the international situation improves and firms regain sufficient confidence to increase investment and hiring. Unemployment has drifted upwards but is still lower than its structural rate. Labour shortages could re-emerge as the expansion quickens, accompanied by accelerating wages.

With accommodating monetary conditions, the tax cuts planned for 2004 need to be accompanied by concrete measures to trim expenditure growth to avoid adding unhelpful stimulus to an economy already operating close to capacity. Further initiatives to get more people into work and reduce reliance on public benefits would help to ease these pressures.

French
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