Mexico
This dataset contains data on metropolitan regions with demographic, labour, innovation and economic statistics by population, regional surface, population density, labour force, employment, unemployment, GDP, GDP per capita, PCT patent applications, and elderly dependency ratio.
The access to formal financial services in Mexico is particularly low. Access is also significantly unequal across income levels, gender, between rural and urban areas and across regions. SMEs access to bank credit is low, hampering firms’ ability to grow and innovate. The use of cash and informal credit is still widespread, especially in rural areas, where financial infrastructure is underdeveloped. The diffusion of digital financial services is slowly advancing but remains low, hindered by a relatively low level of financial literacy and a digital divide. Expanding access to finance would enable Mexican households to invest in education and health, and better manage income shocks and smooth consumption. It would also enable Mexican firms to invest more, increase productivity and create formal jobs. Low-income households, small firms and more disadvantaged regions would particularly benefit, as it would unlock new economic opportunities for them. Boosting competition in the banking sector would facilitate SMEs access to credit by lowering interest rate margins. Upgrading the regulatory framework of the financial system would help increase competition and quality of financial services. The potential of the fintech sector is yet to be materialised, which would further increase competition and bring financial services to wider segments of the population. Strengthening financial education and digital literacy would facilitate a larger and better use of traditional and digital financial services.
This report compiles comparable tax revenue statistics over the period 1990-2020 for 27 Latin American and Caribbean economies. Based on the OECD Revenue Statistics database, it applies the OECD methodology to countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to enable comparison of tax levels and tax structures on a consistent basis, both among the economies of the region and with other economies. This publication is jointly undertaken by the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, the OECD Development Centre, the Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations (CIAT), the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).
Governments can use artificial intelligence (AI) to design better policies and make better and more targeted decisions, enhance communication and engagement with citizens, and improve the speed and quality of public services. The Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region is seeking to leverage the immense potential of AI to promote the digital transformation of the public sector. The OECD, in collaboration with CAF, Development Bank of Latin America, prepared this report to help national governments in the LAC region understand the current regional baseline of activities and capacities for AI in the public sector; to identify specific approaches and actions they can take to enhance their ability to use this emerging technology for efficient, effective and responsive governments; and to collaborate across borders in pursuit of a regional vision for AI in the public sector. This report incorporates a stocktaking of each country’s strategies and commitments around AI in the public sector, including their alignment with the OECD AI Principles. It also includes an analysis of efforts to build key governance capacities and put in place critical enablers for AI in the public sector. It concludes with a series of recommendations for governments in the LAC region.
Muchos países de América Latina han experimentado mejoras en sus ingresos en las últimas décadas, y varios de ellos han entrado en la categoría de países de ingresos altos o medio-altos en términos de métricas convencionales. ¿Acaso se han reflejado estas mejoras económicas en los distintos ámbitos de la vida de las personas? ¿Cómo va la vida en América Latina? Medición del bienestar para la formulación de políticas públicas aborda esta cuestión al presentar datos comparativos del bienestar en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), centrándose en 11 países de ALC (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, República Dominicana, Ecuador, México, Paraguay, Perú y Uruguay). El informe se basa sobre el Marco de Bienestar de la OCDE y presenta los datos disponibles sobre el bienestar antes y después del inicio de la pandemia, incluyendo condiciones materiales, calidad de vida, recursos para el bienestar futuro y desigualdades. El informe también identifica las prioridades para abordar las deficiencias en materia de bienestar y analiza el uso de marcos de bienestar en la formulación de políticas públicas en América Latina y otras partes del mundo, aportando lecciones sobre qué se necesita para que el bienestar de las personas sea el eje central de las actuaciones de los gobiernos. Este documento se ha elaborado en el marco del Mecanismo Regional de la UE para el Desarrollo en Transición para América Latina y el Caribe.
Mexico is recovering from a pandemic that had deep economic and social impacts. Informal workers, women and youth were particularly hit, exacerbating long-standing social challenges. Mexico’s solid macroeconomic policy framework safeguarded macroeconomic stability. But medium term growth prospects have weakened and growth over the past two decades has been low. Poverty rates and regional inequalities remain high. Informality, financial exclusion or corruption have hindered productivity growth. Low female participation rates and weak investment since 2015 have also impacted medium-term growth prospects. Maintaining and strengthening Mexico’s solid macroeconomic policy framework is key for stability. The ability of fiscal policy to smooth out economic cycles and support growth during recessions can be enhanced, creating more space for public investment. Rebooting private investment and turning around low productivity growth are fundamental priorities. This will require comprehensive reforms to improve business regulations, boost competition, reduce informality and corruption and transition towards carbon neutrality. Widening access to finance and strengthening digitalization would provide more equal opportunities and help to boost growth.
SPECIAL FEATURE: EXPANDING ACCESS TO FINANCE
México se está recobrando de una pandemia que ha tenido un profundo impacto económico y social. Los trabajadores informales, las mujeres y los jóvenes se han visto especialmente afectados, lo que ha agravado retos sociales preexistentes. El sólido marco de política macroeconómica de México ha salvaguardado la estabilidad macroeconómica. Sin embargo, las perspectivas de crecimiento a medio plazo se han debilitado y el ritmo de crecimiento en las dos últimas décadas ha sido bajo. La pobreza y la desigualdad entre regiones todavía son elevadas. Factores como la informalidad, la exclusión financiera o la corrupción han obstaculizado el crecimiento de la productividad. Las bajas tasas de participación femenina y una inversión débil desde 2015 también han afectado a las perspectivas de crecimiento a medio plazo. Mantener y fortalecer el sólido marco de política macroeconómica de México es clave para la estabilidad. La capacidad de la política fiscal para suavizar los ciclos económicos y apoyar el crecimiento en las fases de recesión puede reforzarse, ampliando así el margen para fortalecer la inversión pública. Reactivar la inversión privada y dar impulso al bajo crecimiento de la productividad son prioridades fundamentales. Ello conlleva la necesidad de acometer reformas de gran alcance con el fin de mejorar la regulación aplicable a las empresas, intensificar la competencia, reducir la informalidad, seguir luchando contra la corrupción y efectuar la transición hacia la neutralidad de carbono. Ampliar el acceso a los servicios financieros e impulsar la digitalización comportarían una mayor igualdad de oportunidades y contribuirían a potenciar el crecimiento.
CAPÍTULO ESPECIAL: AMPLIAR EL ACCESO A SERVICIOS FINANCIEROS
Este informe emite recomendaciones para promover la integridad y la transparencia en la toma de decisiones públicas en el Estado de México, regulando el acceso y facilitando la participación de las partes interesadas, así como para mejorar la transparencia y la integridad del financiamiento a partidos y campañas políticas. El documento aborda los retos actuales relativos al financiamiento politico tales como las contribuciones en efectivo y el clientelismo, así como la necesidad de asegurar capacidades adecuadas de auditoria y sanciones efectivas para mejorar la rendición de cuentas. De igual forma, analiza la situación relativa a las interacciones entre partes interesadas, por un lado, y funcionarios públicos y legisladores, por el otro, proporcionando recomendaciones para prevenir la captura de políticas públicas, preservar la integridad y fortalecer la transparencia.
This paper provides recommendations to foster integrity and transparency in decision making in the State of Mexico, by regulating access and promoting stakeholder engagement; and to enhance transparency and integrity in the funding of political parties and election campaigns. It addresses current challenges related to political finance such as cash contributions and clientelism, as well as the need to ensure adequate audit capacities and effective sanctions that advance accountability. Likewise, it analyses the state of play in terms of interactions between stakeholders, on the one hand, and public officials and legislators, on the other, providing recommendations to prevent policy capture, preserve integrity, and strengthen transparency.
Many Latin American countries have experienced improvements in income over recent decades, with several of them now classified as high-income or upper middle-income in terms of conventional metrics. But has this change been mirrored in improvements across the different areas of people’s lives? How’s Life in Latin America? Measuring Well-being for Policy Making addresses this question by presenting comparative evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) with a focus on 11 LAC countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay). Spanning material conditions, quality of life, resources for future well-being, and inequalities, the report presents available evidence on well-being both before and since the onset of the pandemic, based on the OECD Well-being Framework. It also identifies priorities for addressing well-being gaps and describes how well-being frameworks are used in policy within Latin America and elsewhere around the world, providing lessons for governments on what is needed to put people’s well-being at the centre of their action. The report is part of the EU Regional Facility for Development in Transition for Latin America and the Caribbean.
Using household data from 15 countries in Latin America and Africa, this paper explores linkages between informality and education-occupation matching. The paper applies a unified methodology to measuring education-occupation mismatches and informality, consistently with the international labour and statistical standards in this area. The results suggest that in the majority of low- and middle-income developing countries with available data, workers in informal jobs have higher odds of being undereducated as compared to workers in formal jobs. Workers in formal jobs, in contrast, have higher chances of being overeducated. These results are consistent for dependent as well as for independent workers. They also hold for men and for women according to the gender-disaggregated analysis. Moreover, in the majority of countries considered in this paper, the matching-informality nexus is also related to the extent of informality in a given area: in labour markets with higher informality, informal workers in particular have a higher chance of being undereducated. The paper discusses policy implications of these findings.
A clear, efficient, and modern regulatory framework for pesticides is essential for addressing their impacts on human health and the environment, supporting a life-cycle approach to their management, and ensuring crop protection and a sustainable agricultural industry. This report identifies the gaps, barriers, implementation flaws and inefficiencies that affect the regulatory framework of pesticides in Mexico. It takes stock of the regulatory framework and recent reforms, and identifies both the areas that pose the greatest challenge for the effective regulation of pesticides and those where regulation – or lack of it – in pesticides most affects policy objectives and economic activity. These challenges and practices are assessed in view of OECD principles and country experiences, and recommendations are provided to support better regulation efforts. The report finds that Mexico would benefit from adopting a comprehensive, mutually-agreed policy strategy for pesticides, recognising that pesticide management is a shared responsibility across national and local governments, the pesticide industry, pesticide users, as well as the general public.
Un marco regulatorio de plaguicidas claro, eficiente y moderno es esencial para reducir los impactos en la salud humana y el medio ambiente, respaldar un enfoque de ciclo de vida para su gestión y garantizar la protección de los cultivos y una industria agrícola sostenible. Este informe identifica las brechas, barreras, fallas de implementación e ineficiencias que afectan el marco regulatorio de plaguicidas en México. Hace un balance del marco regulatorio y las reformas recientes, e identifica tanto las áreas que plantean el mayor desafío para la regulación eficaz de los plaguicidas como aquellas en las que la regulación, o la falta de ella, afecta los objetivos de política y la actividad económica. Estos desafíos y prácticas se contrastan con principios de la OCDE y las mejores prácticas regulatorias de países OCDE, y se brindan recomendaciones para apoyar los esfuerzos de mejorar la regulación. El informe concluye que México se beneficiaría de la adopción de una estrategia de política integral para plaguicidas, reconociendo que el manejo de plaguicidas es una responsabilidad compartida entre los gobiernos nacionales y locales, la industria de plaguicidas, los usuarios de plaguicidas y el público en general.
This reliable source of yearly data covers a wide range of statistics on international trade of OECD countries and provides detailed data in value by commodity and by partner country. The first four volumes each contain the tables for six countries, published in the order in which they become available. The fifth contains seven countries and the sixth volume also includes the OECD country groupings OECD Total and EU28-Extra.
For each country, this publication shows detailed tables relating to the Harmonised System HS 2012 classification, Sections and Divisions (one- and two- digit). Each table presents imports and exports of a given commodity with more than seventy partner countries or country groupings for the most recent five-year period available.
This review analyses the Anti-corruption Policy of the State of Mexico and Municipalities, highlighting its strengths (i.e. inclusion and rigour) as well as the need to include specific integrity risks (i.e. policy capture) to make it more comprehensive. The review analyses how the State Government could develop ownership of ethical rules and values to effectively influence public officials’ behaviour. It also assesses the internal control and risk management scheme of the State of Mexico, providing an overview of its good practices and weak points. Finally, it examines the role of the administrative liability regime for state public officials and its effectiveness in ensuring accountability. It describes the legal framework for administrative responsibilities, which provides a comprehensive and solid foundation for enforcing integrity rules and standards, but requires support to improve implementation.
Este estudio analiza la Política Anticorrupción del Estado de México y Municipios, destacando sus fortalezas (por ejemplo, inclusión y rigor analítico), así como la necesidad de incluir riesgos de integridad específicos (como la captura de políticas públicas) para hacerla más integral. El estudio examina la manera en la que el Gobierno del Estado de México podría desarrollar propiedad de las normas y los valores éticos para influir eficazmente en el comportamiento de los servidores públicos. También evalúa los esquemas de control interno y gestión de riesgos del Estado de México, proporcionando un panorama de sus buenas prácticas y sus debilidades. Finalmente, el estudio analiza el papel del régimen de responsabilidades administrativas para los servidores públicos del estado y su eficacia para asegurar la rendición de cuentas. Describe el marco regulatorio de las responsabilidades administrativas, el cual proporciona fundamentos sólidos e integrales para hacer cumplir las reglas y los estándares de integridad, pero requiere de apoyo para mejorar la implementación.
This review analyses the public procurement system, processes and tools applied in the State of Mexico, the biggest federal entity in the country in terms of population. It assesses the extent of centralisation of the procurement function, its implications and areas of opportunity to reap the benefits of such strategy. By analysing the degree of competition in public tenders, the review provides alternatives to increase competitive pressures to maximise efficiency and value-for-money. Likewise, it evaluates the e-procurement platform COMPRAMEX and its potential to incorporate new transactional functions. Finally, the review assesses measures implemented to advance integrity in public procurement and the professionalisation of the procurement workforce. It provides concrete proposals addressing every aspect of the procurement lifecycle, from planning and market consultations to contract management.
Este estudio analiza el sistema, los procesos y las herramientas de contratación pública aplicados en el Estado de México, la entidad federativa más grande del país en cuanto a población. Evalúa los alcances de la centralización de la función de contratación, sus implicaciones y las áreas de oportunidad para lograr los beneficios de dicha estrategia. Al analizar el grado de competencia en las licitaciones públicas, el estudio sugiere alternativas para incrementar las presiones competitivas con el fin de maximizar la eficiencia y el valor por el dinero. De igual forma, evalúa la plataforma de contratación electrónica COMPRAMEX y su potencial de incorporar nuevas funciones transaccionales. Finalmente, el estudio pondera las medidas implementadas para promover la integridad en las contrataciones públicas y la profesionalización de la fuerza de trabajo dedicada a esta actividad. Proporciona propuestas concretas que abordan cada etapa del ciclo de la contratación, desde la planeación y el análisis de mercados hasta la gestión de contratos.