1887

Tunisia

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Tunisia has 56 tax agreements in force as reported in its response to the Peer Review questionnaire, including the Arab Maghreb Union Income Agreement concluded with four treaty partners (the UMA Agreement). None of those agreements comply with the minimum standard.

French

La Suisse compte 108 conventions fiscales en vigueur, comme l’indique sa réponse au questionnaire d’examen par les pairs. Vingt-quatre de ces conventions sont conformes au standard minimum.

English

Presumptive tax regimes (also known as simplified tax regimes) intend to reduce tax compliance costs for micro and small businesses (and enforcement costs for the tax administration) while levying a lower tax burden as compared to the standard tax system.

This working paper compiles detailed information on the presumptive tax regimes existing in a selection of OECD and non-OECD countries, identifies common practices adopted across the countries examined and provides multiple examples of best practices observed in these regimes. These examples can serve as guidance to policy makers and tax administrations to strengthen particular features of the presumptive tax regimes implemented in their jurisdictions. Lastly, the paper highlights the main challenges generally observed in the presumptive tax regimes under study, which might undermine the role of these regimes in incentivising business formalisation and strengthening tax compliance over time.

This report builds on the recommendations of the 2022 OECD Peer Review of Competition Law and Policy in Tunisia. It presents an overview of how to develop competition law guidelines across four areas (merger control, pecuniary penalties, leniency programmes and compliance programmes) and includes a comparative analysis of selected jurisdictions, with the view of assisting Tunisian authorities to develop their own guidelines. While competition guidelines can play an important role in fostering competition policy in Tunisia, it should go hand in hand with addressing specific shortcomings in the enforcement and advocacy framework as identified in the Peer Review.

French

Ce rapport s'appuie sur les recommandations de l'examen par les pairs du droit et de la politique de la concurrence en Tunisie réalisé par l'OCDE en 2022. Il propose une vue d'ensemble sur la manière de développer des lignes directrices en matière de concurrence dans quatre domaines : le contrôle des concentrations, les sanctions pécuniaires, les programmes de clémence et les programmes de conformité. Cela comprend une analyse comparative de juridictions sélectionnées, dans le but d'aider les autorités tunisiennes à élaborer leurs propres lignes directrices. Bien que les lignes directrices en matière de concurrence puissent jouer un rôle important dans la promotion de la politique de concurrence en Tunisie, cela devrait aller de pair avec la résolution des lacunes spécifiques dans le cadre de l'application et de la promotion, telles qu'identifiées dans l'examen par les pairs.

English
  • 14 Dec 2023
  • OECD
  • Pages: 169

This market study provides an assessment of competition in three broad areas of the retail banking sector in Tunisia: current accounts, bank loans for micro, small and medium enterprises and mobile payment services. The report identifies areas where competition is not working as well as it could, reducing customers mobility and access to finance and limiting the competitive pressure that fintech companies can exert on traditional banks. The report provides a range of recommendations to improve market outcomes for financial services users and it includes estimates of the expected impact of the implementation of the recommendations on the economy. This competition market study is part of a broader project aiming at fostering pro-competitive reforms in Tunisia.

French

Cette étude de marché fournit une évaluation de la concurrence dans trois grands domaines du secteur de la banque de détail en Tunisie : les comptes courants, les prêts bancaires pour les micro, petites et moyennes entreprises et les services de paiement mobile. Le rapport identifie les domaines où la concurrence ne fonctionne pas aussi bien qu'elle le pourrait, réduisant la mobilité des clients et l'accès au financement et limitant la pression concurrentielle que les entreprises fintech peuvent exercer sur les banques traditionnelles. Le rapport fournit une série de recommandations visant à améliorer les résultats du marché pour les utilisateurs de services financiers et comprend des estimations de l'impact attendu de la mise en œuvre des recommandations sur l'économie. Cette étude de marché sur la concurrence fait partie d'un projet plus large visant à favoriser les réformes pro-concurrentielles en Tunisie.

English

Selon les études de l’OCDE, le cadre réglementaire du secteur bancaire comprend des lois sectorielles des décrets (présidentiels, gouvernementaux ou ministériels), des arrêtés ministériels, des circulaires, des notes, des décisions et des codes de conduite. La législation s’articule autour de deux principaux textes de loi : la Loi 2016-48 du 11 juillet 2016 relative aux banques et aux établissements financiers et la Loi 2016-35 du 25 avril 2016 portant fixation du statut de la Banque centrale de Tunisie.

English

The OECD proposes four packages of recommendations. First, a package of measures to strengthen incentives for banks to compete. This includes recommendations to reform the banking association, to strengthen the role of the Conseil de la Concurrence, to increase the independence of banks’ board members and to reconsider the role of the state in the retail banking sector. Second, a package of measures to increase customer engagement. This includes recommendations to empower customers to access, assess and act on information, and to reform the mediation mechanism to provide consumers and businesses with an effective means of making complaints. Third, a package of measures to improve competition in the market for MSME finance. This includes recommendations to increase MSMEs’ ability to make informed decisions about loan products and to increase banks’ ability to assess and price risk, reducing risk aversion. Finally, the OECD proposes a package of measures to eliminate unnecessary regulatory provisions that stifle competition in the payment services sector.

French

Although Tunisia’s retail banking sector delivers vital services to consumers and businesses, this report identifies several areas in which competition is not working as well as it could. The report finds several features of the market that weaken competition, limiting the ability of banks to compete and the ability of consumers and small businesses to exert competitive demand-side pressure on banks. The report also identifies several regulatory provisions that reduce banks’ incentives to compete.

French

Access to finance and payment services that are fast, secure and affordable are crucial for promoting financial inclusion and supporting private sector investment. However recent surveys in Tunisia have consistently shown that approximately two‑thirds of the population lack current accounts, and limited access to finance remains a major obstacle for businesses. This has resulted in a low share of bank credit compared to international standards.

French

The OECD commissioned two pieces of research to understand customer behaviour and outcomes in the consumer current account and the micro, small and medium-sized enterprise (MSME) finance segments. Both surveys were commissioned to EMRHOD Consulting, a market research agency with offices in Tunis and Algiers. This annex describes the methodologies used for these two surveys: one among consumers regarding their current account usage (the consumer survey) and the other among MSMEs on their use of current accounts and finance (the MSME survey).

French

This chapter quantifies the benefits that would arise from the implementation of the OECD’s recommendations. It is only possible to quantify benefits for a subset of recommendations, but the OECD estimates that implementing these would generate around EUR 325 million annually by lowering prices and interest rates for consumers and businesses, corresponding to 0.8% of Tunisia’s 2021 GDP. This figure is likely an underestimate of the actual resulting benefits because it was not possible to quantify the effects of all individual recommendations due to the limited availability of detailed data. It also excludes the dynamic benefits of competition, which can be substantial, but which are difficult to estimate.

French

Ce rapport évalue le fonctionnement de la concurrence dans le secteur de la banque de détail en Tunisie et formule des recommandations pour l’améliorer lorsque cela se justifie. Il porte sur trois grands segments de ce secteur :

English

Le présent chapitre vise à quantifier les avantages dont il est possible de bénéficier en suivant nos recommandations. S’il n’est possible de chiffrer ces avantages que pour un sous-ensemble de recommandations, l’OCDE estime néanmoins que même la mise en œuvre de ce sous-ensemble de recommandations conduirait, chaque année, à une baisse des prix et des taux d’intérêt au profit des consommateurs et des entreprises évaluée à 325 millions EUR, soit 0.8 % du PIB de la Tunisie de 2021. Il est probable que ces chiffres sous-estiment ces avantages car il n’a pas été possible de chiffrer les effets de chacune des recommandations en raison de la disponibilité limitée de données détaillées. En outre, ils ne tiennent pas compte des avantages dynamiques de la concurrence qui peuvent pourtant être importants, mais restent difficiles à estimer.

English

Plusieurs facteurs affaiblissent les incitations des banques à exercer une concurrence sur les marchés concernés. Parmi ceux-ci figure le phénomène de l’actionnariat commun, qui implique des risques accrus en matière de coordination. Cette situation est exacerbée par les dispositions législatives et les pratiques de marché en place qui facilitent le partage d’informations sensibles sur le plan commercial entre les membres de l’association bancaire. Les banques d’État, malgré un nombre moindre d’actionnaires et d’administrateurs liés aux autres banques cotées en bourse, ne semblent pas être en mesure de mener une concurrence vigoureuse avec les autres banques. Les parties prenantes concernées ont indiqué que les banques d’État sont toujours soumises à l’influence des pouvoirs politiques, et qu’elles sont utilisées pour permettre un financement des entreprises d’État.

English

La procédure d’agrément des établissements de paiement en vigueur a empêché les Fintech indépendantes d’entrer dans le secteur de la banque de proximité et a favorisé les prestataires ayant des liens avec les banques classiques. En conséquence, les consommateurs passent à côté de services innovants susceptibles d’accroître significativement la concurrence.

English

Tunisia’s existing licensing process for payment services providers has favoured providers with ties to traditional banks. As a result, consumers are missing out on innovative services that could significantly increase competition.

French

Tunisians’ standard of living has improved and the country’s poverty rate has declined in recent decades. However, the COVID‑19 pandemic, and the economic crisis it ushered in, has deeply affected tourism, industrial activity and exports, and has had a severe impact on Tunisia’s economic and social fabric. As part of the European Union’s Programme d’Appui à la Gouvernance Economique, the OECD was invited in 2021 to conduct a market study and competition assessment of the country’s retail banking sector, jointly with the Competition Council. The programme has also included a Peer Review of Competition Law and Policy, published in 2022, and a Competition Assessment of the Tourism Sector, published in 2023. In 2019 the OECD conducted a competition assessment of wholesale and retail trade, and road and maritime transport. This chapter describes the services in the scope of the review and the approach and the sources used.

French
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