Chile
Since Chile’s first free parliamentary and presidential elections in 1989, the country’s democratic institutions have been stable and well-functioning. In particular, the introduction in 2014 of a law regulating lobbying (hereafter “the Lobbying Act”), following eleven years of parliamentary debate and proceedings, marked a significant advance in strengthening the transparency and integrity of decision-making processes in Chile. Among other measures, the Act and its associated regulations impose a duty on public authorities and public officials to disclose their meetings with lobbyists seeking to influence a public decision. As a result, Chile shows a strong regulatory framework for transparency in lobbying compared to other OECD countries.
This Code of Best Practices has been created in response to international recommendations and by virtue of the comparative experience in the matter, and its objective is to promote compliance with the highest ethical standards in lobbying activities, strengthening transparency and probity in relations with government agencies, in the terms set forth in Article 1 of Law No. 20 730. For these purposes, lobbying is understood as “any remunerated activity that consists of promoting, defending or representing particular interests, with the purpose of influencing decisions to be adopted by authorities and officials” (Article 2, No. 1 of Law No. 20 730).
Este capítulo destaca los desafíos a los que se enfrenta Chile para mejorar la transparencia de la información divulgada sobre las actividades de lobby. En primer lugar, el capítulo sugiere formas de garantizar que se divulgue información completa y pertinente sobre quién está realizando actividades de lobby, sobre qué temas y cómo. También se discute el reparto de responsabilidades para la transparencia entre los lobbistas y los funcionarios públicos. El capítulo también analiza cómo proporcionar un sistema electrónico adecuado de registro y presentación de informes para funcionarios públicos y lobbistas, y sugiere formas de mejorar el contenido y la granularidad de la información declarada mediante especificaciones técnicas comunes, orientación y asistencia prestadas durante todo el proceso de divulgación, así como secciones fáciles de llenar conectadas a las bases de datos correspondientes. Por último, el capítulo proporciona recomendaciones sobre la centralización de la información de lobby para permitir a las partes interesadas comprender fácilmente el alcance y la profundidad de estas actividades.
This introductory chapter discusses the governance concerns related to lobbying and influence practices and the current lobbying landscape in Chile. It also retraces the various steps that led to the adoption of a Lobbying Act in 2014, briefly discusses its key strengths and weaknesses, and introduces the main recommendations provided throughout the report to strengthen the existing foundation and set up a strong, effective, resilient and proportionate framework for lobbying that is consistent with the broader public integrity framework and that adequately addresses emerging risks related to the evolving lobbying and influence landscape.
Este capítulo introductorio analiza los problemas de gobernanza relacionados con las prácticas de lobby y de influencia, así como la situación actual del lobby en Chile. Además, también repasa las distintas etapas que condujeron a la adopción de una Ley del Lobby en 2014, examina brevemente sus fortalezas y debilidades clave, y presenta las principales recomendaciones que se formulan a lo largo del informe para reforzar la base existente y establecer un marco regulatorio del lobby sólido, eficaz, resistente y proporcionado. Este marco debería ser coherente con el marco más amplio de integridad pública y abordar adecuadamente los riesgos emergentes relacionados con la evolución del panorama del lobby y de la influencia.
This chapter discusses the steps that Chile must take to ensure there is an oversight function on lobbying and influence activities with the capacity to enforce policies and regulations and monitor and promote their implementation. First, the chapter provides recommendations to assign clear responsibilities to an independent body with broader responsibilities for verifying information disclosed, investigating potential breaches and enforcing the Lobbying Act. The chapter also discusses ways to safeguard those that report violations of the policies and rules on lobbying and influence activities, and applying a gradual system of financial and non-financial sanctions for breaches of the Lobbying Act. Lastly, the chapter provides recommendations for the regular review of the lobbying framework in Chile, in order to best meet stakeholder expectations and developments in lobbying.
Lobbying and influence activities are legitimate acts of democratic participation and grant all interested stakeholders a right of access to the development and implementation of public policies. But without a fair and equitable framework for lobbying, these activities can lead to abuse of power, unfair distribution of opportunities, and policies that do not always benefit our societies. Rules and guidelines on lobbying are also instrumental in fostering citizen’s trust in policymaking and reinforcing democracy, a key priority of the OECD.
Este capítulo examina el marco de integridad de Chile desde la perspectiva de las interacciones entre funcionarios públicos y lobbistas. En primer lugar, el capítulo formula recomendaciones para reforzar el marco de integridad existente para los funcionarios públicos, adaptado a los riesgos relacionados con las actividades de lobby e influencia, aplicando un sistema eficaz para gestionar los riesgos previos y posteriores al cargo público y el empleo, y proporcionando normas que promuevan la integridad y la inclusión en los grupos de asesores y expertos. Además, en el capítulo se analiza cómo apoyar mejor a las empresas y las organizaciones de la sociedad civil para que refuercen sus marcos de transparencia e integridad en la formulación de políticas. También se propone, entre otras medidas, la introducción de un Código de Conducta del Lobby como punto de partida para promover un compromiso responsable, así como el refuerzo de la divulgación sobre las fuentes de financiación, la transparencia de las estructuras de propiedad y financiación de las empresas de medios de comunicación y las regulaciones sobre las actividades políticas de determinados grupos de interés.
This chapter includes data on the income taxes paid by workers, their social security contributions, the family benefits they receive in the form of cash transfers as well as the social security contributions and payroll taxes paid by their employers. Results reported include the marginal and average tax burden for eight different family types.Methodological information is available for personal income tax systems, compulsory social security contributions to schemes operated within the government sector, universal cash transfers as well as recent changes in the tax/benefit system. The methodology also includes the parameter values and tax equations underlying the data.
Le Canada compte 94 conventions fiscales en vigueur Cela comprend un Arrangement en vue d’éviter les doubles impositions et de prévenir l’évasion fiscale en matière d’impôts sur le revenu conclu entre le Bureau commercial du Canada à Taipei et le Bureau économique et culturel de Taipei au Canada., comme l’indique sa réponse au questionnaire d’examen par les pairs. Cinquante de ces conventions sont conformes au standard minimum.
In general, as of September 2023, inflation has continued to fall, although it remains high, in a context where activity and demand have continued to advance in their adjustment process, cost pressures have been reduced and two-year inflation expectations stand at 3%.
Chile has made important strides on its environmental agenda in recent years with the passage of the Framework Law on Climate Change, the establishment of the Biodiversity and Protected Areas Service and the ratification of the Escazú Agreement. However, the country has made limited progress in decoupling environmental pressures from economic growth. Greenhouse gas emissions have continued to rise and the country is not on track to reach its legally binding target of net zero by 2050. Chile is well-positioned to achieve its targets for biodiversity, while air pollution remains a serious public health challenge and waste management relies heavily on landfilling. Chile is facing a severe and deepening water crisis that requires concerted action to improve water allocation and water quality, and to strengthen water governance. The review provides 36 recommendations to help Chile improve its environmental performance, with a special focus on water management and policies.
This is the third Environmental Performance Review of Chile. It provides an independent, evidence-based evaluation of the country’s environmental performance since the previous review in 2016.
The Assessment and Recommendations present the main findings of the OECD Environmental Performance Review of Chile. They identify 36 recommendations to help the country make further progress towards its environmental objectives and international commitments. The OECD Working Party on Environmental Performance discussed and approved the Assessment and Recommendations on 23 January 2024.
Chile significantly raised its climate ambition with the enactment of the Framework Law on Climate Change (FLCC) in 2022. The law sets a binding national target to reach net zero by 2050. However, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions rose significantly in 2010-19 and are not projected to peak before 2025. Ambitious actions to reduce GHG emissions are required. These include clarifying sectoral and regional plans, pursuing the plan to close all coal-fired plants by 2040 and boosting renewable energy generation. The transport and building sectors need more stringent climate targets to spur further investments in sustainable public transportation as well as electrification of vehicles and building heating systems.
The management of water resources has important economic, environmental and social consequences for Chile. This chapter examines pressures and trends related to the country’s water resources, focusing on water quantity and quality, the impact of climate change, and the state of water and sanitation services. It subsequently analyses water strategies, river basin plans, and institutional arrangements. The chapter concludes with a discussion of policy instruments such as water allocation, water quality standards and regulations, data and information, economic instruments, and finance and investment for infrastructure. Throughout the chapter, good practices in other OECD member countries, such as Israel and Spain, are highlighted.
The principal aim of the OECD Environmental Performance Review (EPR) programme is to help member and selected partner countries improve their individual and collective performance in environmental management by: