Bangladesh
In 1995/96, 47.5 per cent of the population of Bangladesh were still living below the poverty line. While this represents a decline compared to 62.6 per cent in 1983/84, the absolute number of poor people has in fact increased over the same period. This paper argues that the persistence of poverty in Bangladesh originates less in the lack of resources for its alleviation than in the failures of governance.
These failures consist of a lack of a developmental vision, absence of a commitment that goes beyond rhetoric and that could translate the vision into policies and programmes, and weak capacities at the administrative, technical and political levels to implement such programmes. As a corollary of these failures, successive governments have surrendered ownership over national policy agendas in the field of poverty alleviation to international donors and NGOs. Furthermore, different areas of policy–making have been appropriated by special interest groups pursuing sectional concerns ...
1984: Income Tax Ordinance; provides for favourable tax treatment of occupational provident, pension and gratuity plans.
Bangladesh is a highly patriarchal society and gender discrimination is evident across all levels. Women are dependent on men throughout their lives. The Constitution affirms gender equality, but state legislation and institutions frequently disregard women’s rights. Women and young girls are more disadvantaged than men in their access to education, health care and financial assets.
Between 2008 and 2030 the economy of South Asia is expected to grow at an average of 5% per annum. Such growth rates can only be sustained if adequate supplies of manpower are available. The projected increases in population could lead to a pattern of emigration followed by return, thereby propagating temporary migration – particularly of the younger cohorts – from South Asia to the OECD, unless the higher education sectors of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh absorb them for quality education and equip them with the skills that their own labour markets require. While the male-female distribution is expected to be roughly the same in all three countries by 2030, India has been projected to enjoy a “demographic dividend” while facing a high rate of graduate unemployment co-existing with skill shortages in sectors such as IT, education, health, insurance, heavy engineering, civil aviation, oil and gas.
Bangladesh acceded to the UNCAC in February 2007 and was a founding member of the APG in 1997. The Bangladeshi legal system is based on English common law. Bangladesh’s criminal bribery offences have not been externally reviewed.
The case study of Bangladesh focuses on trade facilitation, which is an area of increasing priority in the broader aid-for-trade agenda. The study provides a template for an aid-fortrade facilitation results framework, an assessment of the human and institutional capacity required to implement such a framework, and suggestions on how to introduce it in a manner that promotes mutual accountability between the executing agencies and donors active in Bangladesh. In assessing four trade facilitation projects in Bangladesh, the study finds that some performance indicators were used, although they were mainly selected by the donors. Furthermore, the indicators were not closely related to programme outcomes and impacts. Thus, the study argues that the trade-related results framework needs to be more broad-based and also include trade facilitation specific indicators, such as those developed, amongst others, by multilateral organisations. Finally, the study suggests that the recommended trade facilitation results-based framework not only is useful for Bangladesh, but also for trade facilitation projects in other developing countries with similar levels of trade and logistics capacity.
Ce jeu de données est issu de la base de données présentée dans les Perspectives Agricoles de l'OCDE et de la FAO 2013-2022. La table contient des projections du marché agricole et des principales denrées agricoles comme les céréales, les oléagineux, les produits laitiers, le coton, et d'autres. Sont incluses des données sur le commerce agricole en général, notamment sur la production, les prix, la balance commerciale, les stocks en fin de période, la consommation, la transformation, etc. Pour la plupart des marchés et denrées agricoles analysés dans les Perspectives Agricoles, les prix intérieurs et mondiaux sont aussi disponibles. La majeure partie des données remontent jusqu'en 1970 et couvrent jusqu'à la dernière année de projection (actuellement 2022).
This dataset stems from the database presented in the OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2013-2022. The table contains projections on the agriculture market and commodities such as cereals, oilseeds, diary products, cotton and more. It includes statistics on the trade side including data on production, prices, trade balance, ending stocks, consumption, transformation, etc. For most of the commodity markets analysed in the Agricultural Outlook, domestic and international commodity prices are also available. In most cases the data go back to 1970 and cover up to the latest year of projection (currently 2022).
Megacities in the South are particularly at risk from climate change. They are poor, with weak social and physical infrastructures that can barely cope with the negative effects of climate change, including migration. Collaborative resilience and the social and physical capacity to adapt are at the heart of human survival strategies. What Dhaka needs are flexible institutions, good governance and transparency, and strong social systems and networks.
This chapter presents Bangladesh’s taxpayer education programme. It first describes the broad objectives of the programme, followed by a focus on a specific element of the programme, the National Income Tax Day. It subsequently looks at the impact and lessons learnt of the initiative, followed by next steps.