Germany
In der Reihe der OECD-Wirtschaftsberichte über Deutschland werden die großen Herausforderungen untersucht, die sich dem Land stellen, die kurzfristigen Aussichten beurteilt und spezifische Politikempfehlungen formuliert. Die Sonderkapitel setzen sich eingehender mit bestimmten Themen auseinander. Die Tabellen und Abbildungen enthalten ausführliche statistische Informationen.
Études économiques consacrées périodiquement par l'OCDE à l’économie de l’Allemagne. Chaque étude analyse les grands enjeux auxquels le pays fait face. Elle examine les perspectives à court terme et présente des recommandations détaillées à l’intention des décideurs politiques. Des chapitres thématiques analysent des enjeux spécifiques. Les tableaux et graphiques contiennent un large éventail de données statistiques.
OECD’s periodic surveys of the German economy. Each edition surveys the major challenges faced by the country, evaluates the short-term outlook, and makes specific policy recommendations. Special chapters take a more detailed look at specific challenges. Extensive statistical information is included in charts and graphs.
This chapter includes data on the income taxes paid by workers, their social security contributions, the family benefits they receive in the form of cash transfers as well as the social security contributions and payroll taxes paid by their employers. Results reported include the marginal and average tax burden for eight different family types.Methodological information is available for personal income tax systems, compulsory social security contributions to schemes operated within the government sector, universal cash transfers as well as recent changes in the tax/benefit system. The methodology also includes the parameter values and tax equations underlying the data.
German SMEs have felt the burden of the pandemic, but generally they have come through the crisis years with few bruises. Rapid adjustments to business models and, above all, strong growth in digital sales of products and services have often proved to be lifesaver and prevented worse outcomes (KfW, 2021[1]).
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the standard measure of the value of final goods and services produced by a country during a period minus the value of imports. This subset of Aggregate National Accounts comprises comprehensive statistics on gross domestic product (GDP) by presenting the three different approaches of its measure of GDP: output based GDP, expenditure based GDP and income based GDP. These three different measures of gross domestic product (GDP) are further detailed by transactions whereby: the output approach includes gross value added at basic prices, taxes less subsidies, statistical discrepancy; the expenditure approach includes domestic demand, gross capital formation, external balance of goods and services; and the income approach includes variables such as compensation of employees, gross operating surplus, taxes and production and imports. Gross domestic product (GDP) data are measured in national currency and are available in current prices, constant prices and per capita starting from 1950 onwards.
This dataset contains tax revenue collected by Germany. It provides detailed tax revenues by sector (Supranational, Federal or Central Government, State or Lander Government, Local Government, and Social Security Funds) and by specific tax, such as capital gains, profits and income, property, sales, etc.
The Pensions at a Glance database includes reliable and internationally comparable statistics on public and mandatory and voluntary pensions. It covers 34 OECD countries and aims to cover all G20 countries. Pensions at a Glance reviews and analyses the pension measures enacted or legislated in OECD countries. It provides an in-depth review of the first layer of protection of the elderly, first-tier pensions across countries and provideds a comprehensive selection of pension policy indicators for all OECD and G20 countries.
This dataset contains data on metropolitan regions with demographic, labour, innovation and economic statistics by population, regional surface, population density, labour force, employment, unemployment, GDP, GDP per capita, PCT patent applications, and elderly dependency ratio.
This dataset comprises statistics on different transactions and balances to get from the GDP to the net lending/borrowing. It includes national disposable income (gross and net), consumption of fixed capital as well as net savings. It also includes transaction components such as net current transfers and net capital transfers. Data are expressed in millions of national currency as well as US dollars and available in both current and constant prices. Data are provided from 1950 onwards.
In an increasingly digital world, the significance of cyber security for individuals, businesses, and governments has never been greater. Rising cyber attacks are challenging current defence and operational capabilities, highlighting a critical shortage of skilled cyber security professionals. This report delves into the demand for cyber security expertise by analysing online job postings in France, Germany and Poland in between 2018 and 2023. It examines trends in the demand for cyber security professionals, the geographical distribution of job opportunities, and the changing skill requirements in this field. Focusing on France, the report also explores cyber security education and training programmes, the characteristics of the programmes, the demographics of enrolled learners, and their outcomes. Additionally, it reviews French policies and initiatives aimed at broadening the cyber security workforce and enhancing educational opportunities in this field. This comprehensive analysis is part of a larger effort to understand the evolving landscape of cyber security policies and professional experiences worldwide.
Reaching climate neutrality requires economic transformations of unprecedented scale and speed. Immediate action from the business community can avoid unnecessary costs, create wellbeing co-benefits and prepare local businesses with a better competitive position in the future climate neutral economy. This report shows what reaching climate neutrality by 2040 means for Hamburg businesses and identifies key actions they need to undertake. It provides insights where the Hamburg economy and its businesses stand on the way to climate neutrality and on their needs to advance, drawing on a business survey. The study also shares insights from action plans of selected comparison cities. It points to cross-sector as well as to sector-specific challenges and opportunities for Hamburg businesses. This includes making better use of low-cost renewables, addressing energy efficiency in buildings as well as challenges and opportunities in activities in and around the port and in industry. It highlights Hamburg's potential as a hydrogen hub as well as the need to adopt circular economy practices. It illustrates that a regional and business perspective are necessary to achieve climate neutrality in prosperity, requiring individual and collective business action.
Tackling the climate emergency requires economic transformations of unprecedented scale and speed. But while the OECD’s International Programme for Action on Climate has registered 105 countries with carbon neutrality targets, often by 2050, many are off-track to meet those targets. Indeed, at the global level, climate actions are currently falling short of the measures needed to match the Paris Agreement goals.
This chapter analyses key steps businesses can take and the transformations they need to engage to achieve climate neutrality by 2040, across all sectors of the Hamburg economy. It begins by assessing the current progress of Hamburg businesses in implementing net-zero greenhouse gas emission strategies, drawing insights from a survey of selected companies as well as evidence from major companies in Hamburg. This evidence is then compared with international best-practice recommendations. This chapter also assesses specific challenges for SMEs and on the role networks can play to advance SME efforts to decarbonise. Last, this chapter explores how businesses can harness the benefits of low cost renewable energy by adapting to their intermittent nature, as well as urgent action to decarbonise buildings to avoid unnecessary cost.
Chapter 1 aims to make the 2040 climate neutrality target of the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce operational. This chapter starts with laying out what climate neutrality means for Hamburg businesses, providing the national and regional context of climate targets and drawing on international best practice recommendations. The chapter examines available data on greenhouse gas emissions, energy use and the sectoral composition of Hamburg’s economy. Net-zero targets and action plans of other industrial port cities – Rotterdam, Stockholm and Seattle – with similar decarbonisation challenges offer valuable insights for identifying obstacles and opportunities in the transition to climate neutrality. Finally, the chapter highlights the potential co-benefits of local climate action for well-being and competitiveness, which can exceed the transition costs. It showcases how rapid progress in the decarbonisation of urban passenger transport can deliver such benefits.