Romania
The paper is the first in a series of two papers mapping young people’s environmental sustainability competence in EU and OECD countries that were prepared as background for the forthcoming OECD Skills Outlook 2023 publication. The papers are the results of a collaboration between the OECD Centre for Skills and the European Commission - Joint Research Centre (Unit B4) on students’ environmental sustainability competence. The second paper is titled: ‘The environmental sustainability competence toolbox: From leaving a better planet to our children to leaving better children for our planet’.
The various types of transport (road, rail and maritime) together generate a turnover of about 5.08% of Romania’s GDP and employs about 133 100 people. Although Romania’s road transport is among the most regulated in the European Union, its rail transport is one of the most liberalised rail transport markets. Road transport is constrained by unnecessary documentation, such as authorisations for vehicle repair, complicated payment of local taxes, display of vehicle plates and copies of transport licences. Rail transport suffers from unclear provisions relating to private and public railway infrastructure and the ambiguous position of Romania’s state-owned rail freight operator in regard to private operators. Inland waterway and maritime transport is constrained by the lack of transparency in tariff calculation, a lack of open competition for pilotage and towage services and undue discretion given to the Romanian Naval Authority (ANR) regarding compliance of market participants with state regulations.
This chapter analyses Romania’s move towards an open state, i.e. the implementation and co-ordination of open government initiatives and strategies at all levels of government and in all branches of the state. It finds that some municipalities are championing open government at the subnational level, and that these efforts could be harnessed with a strategic framework and through additional support from the central level. The chapter also assesses the implementation of transparency and participatory initiatives in Parliament. It concludes with a roadmap to build an open state in Romania.
This chapter focuses on Romania's efforts to build a data-driven public sector. It briefly examines the approach to data governance within the Romanian public sector, exploring both the opportunities and challenges that need to be considered. It also analyses Romania's open government data policy and its implementation.
This chapter first discusses the Romanian business environment and capital market before providing an overview of the state‑owned enterprise sector – including information regarding its size, sectoral distribution, and economic and financial performance. It then outlines the legal and regulatory frameworks bearing on SOE governance, including details on the general corporate governance framework as well as on sectoral laws and regulations applicable to SOEs. It finally describes ownership arrangements and examines how the state exercises its ownership rights, with a particular focus on policies and practices underpinning board and executive appointments, performance monitoring and financial oversight of SOEs.
This chapter examines the socio-demographic characteristics of Romanian emigrants and their descendants. The dimensions studied mainly include their level of education and their language skills. The results highlight the variation in the education levels of Romanian emigrants, as low educated emigrants tend to live in south European countries but conversely, countries in North America and some Nordic countries mainly host Romanian emigrants with a high level of education. The evolution over time in the level of education of Romanian emigrants, despite a slight decrease, shows an overall stability. Romanian emigrant women are now more educated than men compared to 15 years ago. The social and family situations of Romanian emigrants are also analysed, as well as their social integration. The chapter discusses the relatively limited use of the Romanian language among the Romanian diaspora.