Philippines
This chapter presents the country profile for the Philippines. It provides an overview of the current de jure requirements for the institutions, tools and processes of regulatory governance and, where possible, how these have been implemented in practice. The profile focus on three aspects of regulatory governance pertinent to the past, present and near future of regulatory reforms in the ASEAN region. The first is whole-of-government approachesto regulatory policy making, including national and international commitments to better regulation that are driving domestic reform processes. The second is the use of good regulatory practices, including regulatory impact assessments (RIAs), stakeholder engagement and ex post review. The third is approaches to digitalisation, or how countries are using digital tools to respond to regulatory challenges, and is the newest frontier for better regulation reforms in both ASEAN and OECD communities. The information contained in this and the other profiles serves as the basis for the analysis of trends in regulatory reform presented in Chapter 1.
Aux Philippines, le soutien aux producteurs en proportion des recettes agricoles brutes (ESP) s’est élevé en moyenne à 27.1 % sur la période 2019-21, soit un niveau supérieur à la moyenne des pays de l’OCDE et l’un des plus élevés parmi les économies émergentes étudiées dans ce rapport.
The Philippines can legally issue the following type of rulings within the scope of the transparency framework: permanent establishment rulings.
The Philippines can legally issue the following type of rulings within the scope of the transparency framework: permanent establishment rulings.
The internal revenue allotment, or IRA, is a major aspect of intergovernmental relations in the Philippine government. The IRA brings alive many local government units (LGUs) that depend on the transfer up to 98% of their budget. The importance of the IRA is highlighted by the fact that it is the largest source of funding for many LGUs. At the same time, the central government has required certain mandatory expenditures to be funded out of the IRA. On the premise that the central government knows better where the IRA must be spent, the mandatory expenditures must contribute to the collective and overall societal growth of the country. Data show that economic growth has not happened where it was intended. Among provinces, IRA dependence remains significant. Poverty incidence is similar in provinces that have high IRA dependence. Thus, while the Philippines has achieved economic growth in general, growth has not spread in areas as desired. Provincial governments continue to generally have insufficient resources due in part to their own limited administrative capacities or limited resources, and the limited resources afforded them or the over-assigned expenditure responsibilities they must undertake.
The Philippines has placed a strong emphasis on achieving Universal Health Coverage. In recent years, earmarked funds from new alcohol and tobacco taxes have substantially increased government funds available for health. This additional funding offers great potential to improve access and health outcomes, as long as the money is well spent. An important pre-requisite for effective spending is a strong budgetary process for health. In terms of budget formulation and planning, the Philippines government has – at the national level – introduced a comprehensive package of public financial management reforms that apply across all sectors.
Chapter 5 describes the natural disaster risks facing Cebu (Metro Cebu). The chapter begins by examining the threat of natural disasters in Cebu, and how the metropolitan area can build greater resilience systematically and comprehensively through a variety of means. This chapter is divided into three sections: 1) the natural hazards that pose the greatest risk to Cebu are identified; 2) the current state of DRM policy in Cebu is assessed; and 3) governance issues of vertical and horizontal co-ordination are discussed.This chapter draws on the key findings of the OECD study “Green Growth in Cebu, Philippines” (OECD, 2017). It also benefitted from discussions held during the fifth Knowledge-Sharing Workshop, ‘Creating a Sustainable and Resilient Cebu’, that took place in Cebu (8-9 December, 2015).
The Philippines is improving its regulatory framework to improve the country’s business climate. Many activities conducted by the National Competitive Council have focused on reducing administrative burden and cutting red tape for businesses. Government agencies across the country are also making meaningful steps to improve databases and information systems to provide practical and timely information to its citizens. For example, the government has automised a number of its services through the use of one‑stop shops or “negosyo” (business) centres to simplify the business registration process. The government also offers programmes to increase small and medium-sized enterprises’ (SMEs) capacity to adhere to design and labelling requirements, including information and mentoring sessions organised specifically for SMEs.
The Philippines has traditionally adopted a “service delivery” approach to SME policy, providing services to help SMEs increase their competitiveness. However the country also pursues a secondary objective, which sees SME policy as a tool to decrease poverty and regional inequalities as part of its goal of building a predominantly middle-class society by 2040. As such, the Negosyo Centres function as its main policy tool, but interventions currently focus on the provision of microfinance and the development of entrepreneurship.
Le secteur du tourisme aux Philippines, dont la contribution au PIB est de 8.6 %, est devenu un moteur important du développement socio-économique au niveau local et national. En 2016, les recettes du tourisme ont atteint 2 420 milliards PHP, dont 2 100 milliards PHP (87 %) relèvent du tourisme interne et 313 milliards (13 %) du tourisme récepteur. Le tourisme constitue désormais un poste important du budget des ménages, avec des voyages internes représentant 19.8 % de leur consommation finale.