Benin
This paper uses network analysis to map and characterise live animal trade in West Africa. Building on a database of 42 251 animal movements collected by the Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS) from 2013-17, it describes the structure of regional livestock trade at the network, trade community and market levels. Despite yearly fluctuations in the volumes and spatial patterns of trade, the paper shows that regional livestock trade operates on well-established trade corridors as animals flow in specific directions. The study also confirms that livestock trade is structured around several national and cross-border groups of markets that exchange more animals than expected by chance. Close to two-thirds of all animals are shipped internationally, indicating that regional animal trade in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is remarkably cross-border. Finally, the paper finds that the hub markets that concentrate the most shipments also handle more animals and trade with more markets. Additionally, peripheral markets have more defined roles as primarily origins or destinations of animal shipments than markets in the core of the network. Of the nine key markets identified, three are close to borders, highlighting the importance of Nigeria as a livestock consumption destination for regional livestock production.
The purpose of this paper is to examine current regional strategies employed to counter extremism in the Lake Chad Basin region. Using the Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) as a case study, the paper highlights the importance of non-military actors in shaping African regional military strategies. Regional peace and security frameworks have generally placed a predominant emphasis on member countries’ militaries and their institutions. Unfortunately, such an approach remains incomplete in effectively countering transnational terrorist threats. By assessing current LCBC collaborative mechanisms with non-military actors under the Regional Stabilisation Strategy created in 2018, the paper concludes that there is a need to incorporate more local actors in the regional security framework. Such collaborations will improve civil-military relations while boosting the resilience of member states in combatting Boko Haram and other transnational groups.
Benin takes part in the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and receives aid from the World Bank. The Agence Béninoise de l’Environnement (Beninese environmental agency) carried out a participatory Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the second Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper while it was being drafted. As a result, environmental issues are now covered in both a sectoral and a cross-cutting manner in the second PRSP.
Benin: Stock of Total External Debt (percentage of GDP) and Debt Service (percentage of exports of goods and services) appears in African Economic Outlook 2009.
Benin: Real GDP Growth and Per Capita GDP (USD/PPP at current prices) appears in African Economic Outlook 2009.
Benin: Public Finances (percentage of GDP at current prices) appears in African Economic Outlook 2009.
Benin: Current Account (percentage of GDP at current prices) appears in African Economic Outlook 2009.
Benin has four tax agreements in force, as reported in its response to the Peer Review questionnaire, including the multilateral Regulation 08/2008/COM adopting the rules for the avoidance of double taxation within the West African Economic and Monetary Union and the rule for assistance in tax matters (the UEMOA) concluded with seven treaty partners, Règlement n°08/2008/CM des pays de l’Union économique et monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) du 26 septembre 2008 portant adoption des règles visant à éviter la double imposition au sein de l’UEMOA et des règles d’assistance en matière fiscale. and the multilateral Supplementary Act A/SA, 5/12/18 adopting community rules for the elimination of double taxation with respect to taxes on income, capital and inheritance and the prevention of tax evasion and avoidance within the ECOWAS Member States (the ECOWAS Supplementary Act) concluded with fourteen treaty partners. Two of those agreements, including the ECOWAS Supplementary Act, comply with the minimum standard.
Benin can legally issue the following one type of rulings within the scope of the transparency framework: permanent establishment rulings.
Benin has four tax agreements in force, as reported in its response to the Peer Review questionnaire, including the multilateral Regulation 08/2008/COM adopting the rules for the avoidance of double taxation within the West African Economic and Monetary Union and the rule for assistance in tax matters (the UEMOA) concluded with seven treaty partners, Règlement n°08/2008/CM des pays de l’Union économique et monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) du 26 septembre 2008 portant adoption des règles visant à éviter la double imposition au sein de l’UEMOA et des règles d’assistance en matière fiscale. and the multilateral Supplementary Act A/SA, 5/12/18 adopting community rules for the elimination of double taxation with respect to taxes on income, capital and inheritance and the prevention of tax evasion and avoidance within the ECOWAS Member States (the ECOWAS Supplementary Act) concluded with fourteen treaty partners. One of those agreements, the ECOWAS Supplementary Act, complies with the minimum standard.
Benin can legally issue the following one type of rulings within the scope of the transparency framework: permanent establishment rulings.
Benin has not yet introduced a requirement for the filing of CbC reports, as required under the BEPS Action 13 (CbC reporting) minimum standard.
Benin has three tax agreements in force, as reported in its response to the Peer Review questionnaire, including the multilateral Regulation 08/2008/COM adopting the rules for the avoidance of double taxation within the West African Economic and Monetary Union and the rule for assistance in tax matters (the UEMOA) concluded with seven partners. Règlement n°08/2008/CM des pays de l’Union économique et monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) du 26 septembre 2008 portant adoption des règles visant à éviter la double imposition au sein de l’UEMOA et des règles d’assistance en matière fiscale. In total, Benin identified nine "agreements" in its list of tax agreements: two bilateral agreements and the UEMOA concluded with seven of its treaty partners. None of those agreements comply with the minimum standard.