Senegal

The purpose of this paper is to explore the gendered impacts of climate change in the Sahel. In particular, it explores the ways in which gender inequality is a critical factor in understanding vulnerability and resilience efforts concerning climate change. It shows that the current climate crisis is affecting livelihoods throughout the Sahel in pronounced ways. In a region highly dependent upon subsistence agriculture and pastoralist livelihoods, climate variability and environmental degradation have made such livelihoods difficult to sustain, the effects of which have broad ranging impacts on social and economic systems. Consequently, migration, livelihood adaptation, social unrest, and political instability emerge from the ecological challenges the Sahel is facing. Those with the resources to respond to and prepare for future climate events will be better equipped to navigate the climate crisis. Unfortunately, those resources are rarely equally distributed at the household, community, and state levels. In particular, gender inequalities within the Sahel pose a very real challenge for adaptation and resilience strategies as states and global institutions make interventions to support at risk populations. The paper then explores what development and state institutions are doing to resolve gender inequity through climate resilience policy, and where these efforts are falling short. The paper concludes with some strategies to improve opportunities for gender equity and climate resilience based on field research within the Sahel.

This paper uses network analysis to map and characterise live animal trade in West Africa. Building on a database of 42 251 animal movements collected by the Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (CILSS) from 2013-17, it describes the structure of regional livestock trade at the network, trade community and market levels. Despite yearly fluctuations in the volumes and spatial patterns of trade, the paper shows that regional livestock trade operates on well-established trade corridors as animals flow in specific directions. The study also confirms that livestock trade is structured around several national and cross-border groups of markets that exchange more animals than expected by chance. Close to two-thirds of all animals are shipped internationally, indicating that regional animal trade in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is remarkably cross-border. Finally, the paper finds that the hub markets that concentrate the most shipments also handle more animals and trade with more markets. Additionally, peripheral markets have more defined roles as primarily origins or destinations of animal shipments than markets in the core of the network. Of the nine key markets identified, three are close to borders, highlighting the importance of Nigeria as a livestock consumption destination for regional livestock production.

This working paper presents the results of the first country pilot carried out in a recipient country in the context of the development of the new framework of total official support for sustainable development (TOSSD).
The results of the pilot indicate that a global measurement framework such as TOSSD is very much needed in light of profound changes in the development finance landscape, particularly given the new role played by emerging economies and related flows. The pilot also highlights the critical role that TOSSD could play in supporting transparency of development finance flows, particularly in capturing information about different components of complex financing arrangements, which would enable countries to learn from other countries’ experience in leveraging finance. The paper sheds light on critical questions related to the TOSSD measure, including the inclusion of private amounts mobilised through public interventions in the framework or of investments in global programmes supporting development enablers and addressing global challenges. The pilot study also provides estimates of orders of magnitude of total official support for sustainable development to Senegal.

Senegal: Stock of Total External Debt (percentage of GDP) and Debt Service (percentage of exports of goods and services) appears in African Economic Outlook 2009.

Senegal: Real GDP Growth and Per Capita GDP (USD/PPP at current prices) appears in African Economic Outlook 2009.

Senegal: Public Finances (percentage of GDP at current prices) appears in African Economic Outlook 2009.

This chapter presents Senegal’s taxpayer education programme. It first gives an overview of the whole programme and its objectives, followed by a focus on one specific element, the National Information Days. It subsequently looks at the impacts and lessons learnt of the initiative, followed by an outlook on next steps.

Senegal is a showcase of donors’ support to horticultural export development in sub-Saharan Africa. The first direct donor support to the Senegalese horticultural value chain dates back to 1998, with the World Bank-funded Agricultural Export Promotion Project (PPEA). Early recognition of the need to tackle the whole agricultural value chain, from inputs to production, processing and marketing, characterises donors’ support to the agricultural sector in Senegal. Facing declining traditional export sectors, groundnuts and fishing, Senegal has been undergoing a difficult transition process from traditional to commercial agriculture over the past decade. The 1994 devaluation of the CFA franc has benefited Senegal’s fruit and vegetables sub-sector, which presents the main hope of diversifying the country’s agricultural export structure. Consequently, the primary sector grew annually at an average 6.2 per cent between 2002 and 2005, which was much higher than real annual GDP growth. The chapter shows that aid to the agricultural sector has been proving positive in supporting the Senegalese government’s new sectoral development principle, the Accelerated Growth Strategy (SCA). Senegal has started to attract foreign investment in the export-oriented horticultural sector. Moreover, small and medium-sized horticultural producers and exporters, better organised and more empowered, have succeeded in increasing production and export volume, while simultaneously satisfying the stringent sanitary and phytosanitary requirements of the OECD markets. Today, Senegal’s agriculture faces challenges of expanding targeted products and markets. Donor assistance to Senegalese agriculture has evolved and donors are now applying a differentiated market approach for multiple private actors to work better with agricultural entrepreneurs. Strengthening Senegal’s agricultural potential and diversifying its agricultural production and export profile both horizontally and vertically are the long-term goals for both donors and the country.

Senegal: GDP by Sector in 2007 (percentage) appears in African Economic Outlook 2009.

Senegal: Demand Composition appears in African Economic Outlook 2009.

Senegal: Current Account (percentage of GDP at current prices) appears in African Economic Outlook 2009.

This chapter provides a detailed assessment of the current state of data collection and availability, in terms of quality and completeness, at the level of the national education system in Senegal. It shows that Senegal is in a satisfactory condition to respond to the system-level questionnaire: there are institutions responsible for producing and managing the information requested by the different tables of the questionnaire, and the metadata are in general based on well-known legislation. Data on national accounts are produced in accordance with the highest statistical standards and in a professional manner. Challenges include lack of co-ordination between the different ministries responsible for different levels of education; availability of data on assessments and examinations at secondary level; and providing up-to-date data on education expenditure.

Senegal has 20 tax agreements in force, as reported in its response to the Peer Review questionnaire, including the multilateral Regulation 08/2008/COM adopting the rules for the avoidance of double taxation within the West African Economic and Monetary Union and the rule for assistance in tax matters (the UEMOA) concluded with seven treaty partners, Règlement n°08/2008/CM des pays de l’Union économique et monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) du 26 septembre 2008 portant adoption des règles visant à éviter la double imposition au sein de l’UEMOA et des règles d’assistance en matière fiscale. and the multilateral Supplementary Act A/SA, 5/12/18 adopting community rules for the elimination of double taxation with respect to taxes on income, capital and inheritance and the prevention of tax evasion and avoidance within the ECOWAS Member States (the ECOWAS Supplementary Act) concluded with fourteen treaty partners. Twelve of those agreements, including the ECOWAS Supplementary Act, comply with the minimum standard.

Senegal can legally issue the following type of ruling within the scope of the transparency framework: cross-border unilateral APAs and any other cross-border unilateral tax rulings (such as an advance tax ruling) covering transfer pricing or the application of transfer pricing principles.

First reporting fiscal year: Commencing on or after 1 January 2018

Senegal has 20 tax agreements in force, as reported in its response to the Peer Review questionnaire, including the multilateral Regulation 08/2008/COM adopting the rules for the avoidance of double taxation within the West African Economic and Monetary Union and the rule for assistance in tax matters (the UEMOA) concluded with seven treaty partners, Règlement n°08/2008/CM des pays de l’Union économique et monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) du 26 septembre 2008 portant adoption des règles visant à éviter la double imposition au sein de l’UEMOA et des règles d’assistance en matière fiscale. and the multilateral Supplementary Act A/SA, 5/12/18 adopting community rules for the elimination of double taxation with respect to taxes on income, capital and inheritance and the prevention of tax evasion and avoidance within the ECOWAS Member States (the ECOWAS Supplementary Act) concluded with fourteen treaty partners. Three of those agreements, including the ECOWAS Supplementary Act, comply with the minimum standard.

Senegal can legally issue the following type of ruling within the scope of the transparency framework: cross-border unilateral APAs and any other cross-border unilateral tax rulings (such as an advance tax ruling) covering transfer pricing or the application of transfer pricing principles.

First reporting fiscal year: Commencing on or after 1 January 2018