Argentina
El Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) y la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE) cooperan en el derecho de la competencia y la política para promover el aumento del crecimiento económico, empleo y eficiencia económica, y un nivel de vida medio más elevado en el mediano y largo plazo. Hay un creciente consenso que las leyes de competencia y política sólidas son esenciales para alcanzar estos objetivos.
La cooperación del BID y la OCDE en el derecho de la competencia y la política se centra en reuniones anuales del Foro Latinoamericano de Competencia (FLC). Las reuniones del FLC incluyen substancialmente discusiones en mesas redondas y revisiones por pares de las leyes nacionales y las instituciones. La OCDE y el BID están satisfechos de participar en este trabajo como parte de sus esfuerzos para promover un mejor ambiente de negocios para la inversión en los países de América Latina y del Caribe.
This book contains the results of peer reviews of the competition law and policies of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Peru. Each review provides information on the history and economic context for competition law, an outline of the provisions of the current law and policies, a review of institutional issues, a review of competition policy in specific regulated sectors, a review of competition advocacy, and a set of conclusions and recommendations.
This volume discusses progress made to date in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico in putting their finances in order and points out the challenges ahead. It provides an overview of trends and highlights the diversity of fiscal adjustment processes in Latin American countries. It also describes the financial market perspective and role of sovereign debt ratings.
The chapter on Argentina debunks the view that fiscal management in the 1990s was irresponsible, arguing instead that the financial crisis was caused by a confluence of costly pension reforms, Brady debt restructuring and the recognition of fiscal “skeletons” in the closet. The chapter on Brazil makes a case for a more entrenched culture of fiscal austerity to make the current achievements sustainable. The Chile chapter describes the role of political cohesiveness following the return of democracy in driving the economy to fiscal rectitude. Finally, the chapter on Mexico discusses different scenarios for debt dynamics and the country’s efforts to contain expenditure pressures.
This book focuses on the role of exchange rate regimes, market imperfections and trade policy to support the strengthening and diversification of the tradable sector in Argentina, Brazil and Chile. Moreover, it analyses the agro-food sector, one of the pillars of the tradable sector in the region, and the role of foreign direct investment and competition policy. Overall it provides an integrated and original policy perspective on the factors underlying international competitiveness.
The natural gas sector in Argentina is undergoing profound change as a result of regulatory and structural reforms launched at the end of the 1980s. Critical to achieving national economic restructuring, these reform measures were aimed at improving economic efficiency and increasing investment through greater reliance on market forces and new opportunities for private capital. This report -- the first IEA study to focus on Argentina -- critically reviews the impact of gas-sector reforms. It identifies challenges that policy makers, regulatory and competition authorities still confront, in particular the promotion of competition in gas supply.
In analysing Argentina's variable growth record over the period 1913 to 1984, the study develops a comprehensive framework which disaggregates the economy into three sectors: agriculture, nonagriculture and government. The aim is to examine the relative performance of these sectors in the context of macro-economic policies.
The study focuses on the role of the real exchange rate. This is related not only to taxation and trade, as is often the case, but also to macro-economic policies. The differential impact of changes in the real exchange rate on the different sectors is examined, according to their degree of tradability. This analysis is then developed to show how sectoral prices are affected by macro and trade policies, as well as world terms of trade and how this affects sectoral output and hence, resource allocation and productivity.
The analysis is presented in terms of a single dynamic model which simulates the growth of the Argentine economy over the entire 1913-1984 period ...
La pobreza en Argentina se incrementó del 21.5% en 2016 al 30.1% en 2022, por encima del promedio, 24.1%, registrado en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC). La pobreza extrema también aumentó, del 2.9% en 2016 al 3.9% en 2022, aunque se mantuvo por debajo del promedio de ALC (8.3%). El coeficiente de Gini siguió en 42.0 entre 2016 y 2021, también por debajo del promedio de ALC (44.8). Por lo que se refiere a los indicadores de inversión y transformación productiva, la inversión total en Argentina aumentó del 14.3% del PIB en 2016 al 17.3% en 2022, aunque se mantuvo por debajo del promedio de ALC, que se incrementó del 20.8% al 21.3% en el mismo período. La inversión privada, sin embargo, descendió ligeramente, del 8.0% del PIB al 7.7%, considerablemente por debajo del promedio de ALC (15.8% en 2019). La productividad laboral de Argentina, medida con respecto a la producción de Estados Unidos por persona empleada, disminuyó del 40.7% en 2016 al 34.9% en 2023, por lo que sigue estando por encima del promedio de ALC del 27.1% en 2023. La proporción de exportaciones de productos de alta tecnología en los bienes manufacturados exportados totales descendió en el país del 9.0% en 2016 al 4.4% en 2021, por debajo del promedio de ALC (7.2%). Las percepciones positivas de la inversión extranjera directa (IED), que descendieron en toda la región de ALC, también lo hicieron en Argentina, del 59.3% en 2016 al 44.3% en 2020. Los ingresos tributarios del país descendieron ligeramente, del 30.7% del PIB en 2016 al 29.1% en 2021, una cifra que sigue siendo considerablemente superior al promedio regional del 21.5%. Los ingresos tributarios ambientales del país descendieron del 2.1% del PIB en 2016 al 1.1% en 2021.
GDP is projected to contract by 1.8% in 2023 and by 1.3% in 2024, before rising by 1.9% in 2025. Tight capital controls, rising inflation and high policy uncertainty will further constrain consumption and investment in the short term. Exports are set to recover in 2024, following a severe drought in 2023. Inflation has surpassed 100% and will continue to rise in the near term due to expectations of a currency devaluation.
Le PIB devrait se contracter de 1.8 % en 2023 puis de 1.3 % en 2024, avant d’enregistrer une croissance de 1.9 % en 2025. Les mesures strictes de contrôle des mouvements de capitaux, la hausse de l’inflation et les fortes incertitudes liées à l’action publique continueront de peser à court terme sur la consommation et l’investissement. Les exportations devraient se redresser en 2024, après une grave sécheresse en 2023. L’inflation a dépassé les 100 % et continuera d’augmenter à court terme en raison des anticipations de dévaluation de la monnaie.
Se prevé que el PIB se contraiga un 1,8% en 2023 y un 1,3% en 2024, antes de aumentar un 1,9% en 2025. Los estrictos controles de capital, el aumento de la inflación y la elevada incertidumbre política limitarán aún más el consumo y la inversión a corto plazo. Está previsto que las exportaciones se recuperen en 2024, tras la grave sequía registrada en 2023. La inflación ha superado el 100% y seguirá aumentando a corto plazo debido a las expectativas de devaluación de la moneda.
Poverty in Argentina increased from 21.5% in 2016 to 30.1% in 2022, above the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) average of 24.1%. Extreme poverty also increased, from 2.9% in 2016 to 3.9% in 2022, yet remained below the LAC average (8.3%). The Gini index remained unchanged at 42.0 between 2016 and 2021, also below the LAC average (44.8). Regarding investment and production transformation indicators, total investment in Argentina increased from 14.3% of GDP in 2016 to 17.3% in 2022 but remained below the LAC average, which increased from 20.8% to 21.3% over the same period. Private investment, however, decreased slightly, from 8.0% of GDP to 7.7%, well below the LAC average (15.8% in 2019). Argentina’s labour productivity, measured against output per employed person in the United States, decreased from 40.7% in 2016 to 34.9% in 2023, remaining above the LAC average of 27.1% in 2023. The share of exports of high-tech products in total exported manufactured goods declined in the country from 9.0% in 2016 to 4.4% in 2021, below the LAC average (7.2%). Positive perceptions of foreign direct investment (FDI), which declined across the LAC region, also fell in Argentina, from 59.3% in 2016 to 44.3% in 2020. The country’s tax revenue decreased slightly from 30.7% of GDP in 2016 to 29.1% in 2021, still significantly above the regional average of 21.5%. Environment-related tax revenues decreased from 2.1% of GDP in 2016 to 1.1% in 2021.
Crude oil and natural gas resources in Argentina include conventional onshore and offshore resources as well as unconventional shale. Although oil production in the country fell by around 30% in 2005-2017, enormous potential remains. As a result of increasing international prices and the implementation of local measures to encourage investment in the energy sector, production has generally increased since 2015 for natural gas, by 3% on average annual growth (2015-2019). Growth in crude oil production however remained more sluggish in the same period and together with natural gas suffered major contractions (-6% and -8% respectively) in 2020during the height of the pandemic. The main driver for the increases in Argentinian domestic production was the increased activity in the Vaca Muerta formation which holds the second largest shale gas reservoir and the fourth largest shale oil deposit in the world.
Argentina can legally issue the following five types of rulings within the scope of the transparency framework: (i) preferential regimes; Promotional regime for software industry. (ii) cross-border unilateral APAs and any other cross-border unilateral tax rulings (such as an advance tax ruling) covering transfer pricing or the application of transfer pricing principles; (iii) rulings providing for unilateral downward adjustments; (iv) permanent establishment rulings; and (v) related party conduit rulings.
En Argentine, le soutien global au secteur agricole est négatif depuis le début des années 2000, en raison de taxes à l’exportation qui font baisser les prix intérieurs perçus par les producteurs. Toutefois, les producteurs bénéficient de paiements budgétaires au titre de l’utilisation d’intrants, principalement sous forme de crédit à des taux préférentiels.
Argentina’s overall support to the agricultural sector has been negative since the beginning of the 2000s due to export taxes that depress domestic prices received by producers. However, some budgetary payments are provided to producers based on input use, mainly in the form of credit at preferential rates.