This chapter provides a diagnosis of the main sub-national trends in the Netherlands distinguishing between the period leading to the global financial crisis in 2008 and the period afterwards. The analysis focuses on the performance of Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) and provinces in the Netherlands with respect to other FUAs and regions in OECD countries. This chapter has four broad sections. The first focuses on the main macro-economic economic strengths and challenges. The section that follows measures the main sub-national characteristics in the Netherlands capturing the degree of concentration, the degree of inequality, the characteristic of urban city structure and the main areas of population growth and decline. Section 3 benchmarks the performance of FUAs and provinces in the Netherlands vis-à-vis FUAs of similar size and TL3 regions in the OECD respectively. The last and final section measures the main drivers of growth, particularly productivity growth at the sub-national level focusing on the agglomeration effects, human capital, infrastructure and accessibility and innovation.