In October 2021, the international community agreed a landmark deal on the two-pillar solution to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation and the globalisation of the economy. As part of this plan, Pillar Two establishes a global minimum effective corporate tax rate of 15% for large multinational enterprises (MNEs) which has important implications for the use of tax incentives around the world. This report, prepared at the request of the Indonesian G20 Presidency, provides a number of concrete considerations for countries to take into account as they prepare for the implementation of Pillar Two. Wherever tax incentives drive an MNE’s effective tax rate (ETR) in a jurisdiction below 15%, the MNE would potentially be subject to top-up taxes under the GloBE Rules, a core component of Pillar Two. These rules may have an impact on the effectiveness of certain tax incentives. Therefore, the design of tax incentives will require careful reconsideration in a post-Pillar Two environment. The report considers the existing use of tax incentives in developed and developing countries, analyses key provisions of the GloBE Rules and shows how they may impact different types of tax incentives differently. The report concludes with policy considerations for countries.

Digital Services: Supporting SMEs to get Tax Right, by the OECD Forum on Tax Administration (FTA), is the third report in the FTA’s Supporting SMEs to Get Tax Right Series. This report looks at how digital services can help SMEs comply with their tax obligations, leading to reduced burdens and increased compliance rates. In addition to a number of examples from tax administrations, the report also highlights two detailed case studies. The report was developed by the Canada Revenue Agency with the support of the Forum on Tax Administration’s Community of Interest on SMEs.

The 2020 report Tax Administration 3.0: The Digital Transformation of Tax Administration identified electronic invoicing as one of the projects for further exploration. This report, Tax Administration 3.0 and Electronic Invoicing: Initial Findings, examines the current state of play on electronic invoicing based on a global survey. It also draws out some considerations that administrations exploring possible implementation or reform of such systems may wish to take into account. This report contains a number of case studies and examples from countries which have implemented electronic invoicing. This report was developed by officials from Canada, Chile, China (People’s Republic of), Hungary, Spain, and supported by the Secretariat of the OECD’s Forum on Tax Administration.

The 2020 report Tax Administration 3.0: The Digital Transformation of Tax Administration identified the automated connection of systems between tax administrations and business as one as one of core building blocks of seamless tax administration. This report, Tax Administration 3.0 and Connecting with Natural System: Initial Findings, explores this issue in the context of sharing and gig economy platforms and identifies the key questions for businesses and tax administrations to consider. It also lays the ground work for future collaboration by identifying a possible technical framework to support these connections. This report was developed by officials from Australia, Canada, Denmark, Ireland, Israel, Finland, the United Kingdom, and supported by the Secretariat of the OECD’s Forum on Tax Administration.

The 2020 report Tax Administration 3.0: The Digital Transformation of Tax Administration identified effective digital identity as one of the core building blocks for enabling seamless tax administration as it can help provide a secure connection between the systems of tax administrations and taxpayers. This report, Tax Administration 3.0 and the Digital Identification of Taxpayers: Initial Findings explores the current state of play on digital identity, the different domestic solutions adopted in a number of jurisdictions as well as the challenges related to cross-border processes. It also lays the groundwork for future collaborative work with business and other stakeholders in this area. This report was developed by officials from Australia, Canada, Finland, Indonesia, Spain, Norway, the United States, and supported by the Secretariat for the Forum on Tax Administration.

Dispute prevention is a fundamental tenet of tax certainty. Bilateral Advance Pricing Arrangements (“BAPAs”), in a growing number of cases, have successfully contributed to providing advance tax certainty to both taxpayers and tax administrations, ensuring predictability in the tax treatment of international transactions. However, stakeholders have identified obstacles that prevent an optimal use of BAPAs. In continuing with its commitment to advancing the tax certainty agenda, the FTA MAP Forum, in conjunction with the FTA Large Business International Programme, has developed the Bilateral Advance Pricing Arrangement Manual (“BAPAM’) which is intended as a guide for streamlining the BAPA process. The BAPAM provides tax administrations and taxpayers with information on the operation of BAPAs and identifies 29 best practices for BAPAs without imposing a set of binding rules. As part of the BAPAM’s development, tax administrations have committed to assessing whether implementation of these best practices is appropriate, considering the circumstances of their own BAPA programme and the unique features of each BAPA application, so that the best practices are applied appropriately and with enough flexibility to improve current BAPA processes. The BAPAM also highlights what tax administrations expect from taxpayers in the BAPA process to facilitate a cooperative and collaborative process.

The report Tax Capacity Building: A Practical Guide to Developing and Advancing Tax Capacity Building Programmes aims to assist tax administrations globally in advancing their tax capacity building programmes by describing good practices, by looking at tools and approaches that improve co-ordination, and by sharing knowledge. While the report primarily focuses on the development of a tax administration’s own capacity-building programme, elements of this report may also prove useful to those providing other forms of assistance, for example, through the support of programmes undertaken by the domestic development agency or through the support of regional or multilateral initiatives.

This report looks at how new developments in tax technology can make it easier for SMEs to comply with their tax obligations, leading to reduced burdens on business and increased compliance rates. In addition to a number of examples from tax administrations, the report also highlights two detailed case studies. The report was developed by the Netherlands’ Tax Administration with the support of the Forum on Tax Administration’s Community of Interest on SMEs.

This report provides a broad and evidence-based analytical perspective of the debate around the possible role of a Border Carbon Adjustment (BCA) to deal with climate change. The new context of divergent climate ambition has led to a resurgence of interest in BCAs. The paper provides an overview of different policy instruments that can limit carbon leakage, with a particular focus on the BCA option, and offers a technical review of the literature and of the legal specificities around BCA as well as of alternative instruments. The report also analyses the issue of fragmented climate policies in the broader perspective of the trade-climate nexus and discusses how other policy measures – especially those related to trade – can help support climate objectives (for example, reducing the existing barriers to trade in environmental goods, and removing environmentally harmful and trade distortive subsidies).

Les crypto-actifs, et les monnaies virtuelles en particulier, sont en rapide développement et les régulateurs en matière fiscale n’ont commencé que récemment à considérer leurs implications. Les chefs d’État et de gouvernement ainsi que les ministres des Finances du G20 ont appelé les organisations internationales à analyser les risques posés par les crypto-actifs. Jusqu’à maintenant, les implications en matière de politique et d’évasion fiscales demeuraient largement inexplorées alors même qu’elles constituent un aspect important du cadre réglementaire global. Préparé avec la participation de plus de 50 juridictions, le rapport Fiscalité des monnaies virtuelles est la première analyse complète des approches et différences concernant les principaux types d’impôts (sur le revenu, sur la consommation et sur la propriété) pour un tel groupe de pays. Ce rapport considère également les implications fiscales d’un certain nombre de domaines émergents, notamment l’intérêt croissant pour les stablecoins et les « monnaies numériques de banques centrales » ; ainsi que l’évolution des mécanismes de consensus utilisés pour maintenir les réseaux de blockchain ou encore l’avènement de la finance décentralisée. Ce rapport a été préparé pour présentation à la réunion d’octobre 2020 des ministres des Finances et des gouverneurs de banque centrales du G20. Il propose des éléments ainsi que des considérations pour aider les décideurs publics soucieux d’améliorer leur politique fiscale en matière de monnaies virtuelles.

Crypto-assets, and virtual currencies in particular, are in rapid development and tax policymakers are still at an early stage in considering their implications. G20 Leaders and Finance Ministers have called international organisations to analyse the risks posed by crypto-assets. So far, the tax policy and evasion implications have been largely unexplored, although forming an important aspect of the overall regulatory framework. Prepared with the participation of over 50 jurisdictions, Taxing Virtual Currencies is the first comprehensive analysis of the approaches and policy gaps across the main tax types (income, consumption and property taxes) for such a large group of countries. This report also considers the tax implications of a number of emerging issues, including the growing interest in stablecoins and ‘central bank digital currencies’; as well the evolution of the consensus mechanisms used to maintain blockchain networks and the dawn of decentralised finance. This report was prepared for presentation to the October 2020 meeting of G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors. It provides key insights and a number of considerations to help policymakers wishing to improve their tax policy frameworks for virtual currencies.

Table des matières
Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence en Grèce Michael Wise
Concurrence et professions libérales – Synthèse, Note de référence Michael Wise, Compte rendu de la discussion, Contributions par pays
Concurrence dans les services locaux: la gestion des déchets solides – Synthèse, Note de référence Darryl Biggar, Compte rendu de la discussion, Contributions par pays

Drawing on the best of the recent work of the OECD Committee on Competition Law and Policy, this journal provides insight into the thinking of competition law enforcers while focusing on the practical application of competition law and policy. This issue includes articles on competition law and policy in Greece, competition in professional services, and competition in solid waste management.

Drawing on the best of the recent work of the OECD Committee on Competition Law and Policy, this journal provides insight into the thinking of competition law enforcers while focusing on the practical application of competition law and policy. This issue includes articles on competition law and policy in Ireland, competition and regulation in the insurance industry, and oligopoly.

Table des matières
Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence en Irlande Michael Wise
Concurrence et questions de réglementation connexes dans le secteur des assurances – Synthèse, Note de référence Darryl Biggar, Compte rendu de la discussion, Contributions par pays et par expert
Oligopoles – Synthèse, Note de référence Gary Hewitt, Compte rendu de la discussion, Contributions par pays

Table des matières
Programmes de clémence pour lutter contre les ententes injustifiables 7 Rapport du CLP
Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence en Italie 73 Michael Wise
Politique de la concurrence et droits de propriété intellectuelle 141 Synthèse 143 Note de référence 152 Willard K. Tom Aide-mémoire 185 Contribution par pays et par expert 224

Drawing on the best of the recent work of the OECD Committee on Competition Law and Policy, this journal provides insight into the thinking of competition law enforcers while focusing on the practical application of competition law and policy. This issue includes articles on leniency programs to fight hard core cartels, competition law and policy in Italy, and competition law and intellectual property rights.

Drawing on the best of the recent work of the OECD Committee on Competition Law and Policy, this journal provides insight into the thinking of competition law enforcers while focusing on the practical application of competition law and policy. This issue includes articles on competition in postal services, merger law and policy, and OECD competition law recommendations, developing countries and possible WTO competition rules.

Promotion de la concurrence dans les services postaux Synthèse Note de référence Darryl Biggar Aide-mémoire de la discussion Contributions par pays
Evolution récente du droit et de la politique de la concurrence concernant les fusions John Clark
Recommandations de l'OCDE en matière de concurrence, pays en développement, et éventuelles règles de concurrence de l'OMC Terry Winslow

Fusions bancaires
Synthèse Note de référence Gary Hewitt Aide-mémoire de la discussion Contributions par pays
Renforcer le rôle de la concurrence dans la réglementation bancaire
Synthèse Aide-mémoire de la discussion Contributions par pays
Examen du droit et de la politique de la concurrence en Espagne Michael Wise