This report presents the latest information on the nature and scope of the refugee crisis as well as the policy response in OECD countries. The latter covers information on the entry and stay conditions for Ukrainian nationals as well as information on the reception support available in terms of housing, subsistence means, and access to social services and to integration measures.
Russia’s war against Ukraine has triggered unprecedented policy responses around the globe. These policy measures, as well as decisions by multinational companies, raise manifold implications for international investment policy, and capital and investment flows. This report provides an overview of the implications, both immediate and longer-term, in what remains a quickly evolving environment.
L’intégration des migrants permet non seulement leur propre développement socio-économique mais contribue aussi au développement et à la résilience des régions qui les accueillent. Or, l’intégration locale résulte de différentes politiques conçues et mises en œuvres par différents acteurs à différents niveaux de gouvernement. Une première étape pour améliorer l’intégration est donc de savoir « qui fait quoi ». L’OCDE s’est attachée à répondre à cette question en proposant un outil matriciel permettant de comparer l’allocation des compétences dans les domaines de l’emploi, de l’éducation, du logement, de l’aide sociale et de la santé dans dix pays de l’OCDE - Allemagne, Autriche, Canada, Espagne, France, Irlande, Italie, Nouvelle-Zélande, Pays-Bas et Suède. Les messages clés de ce travail sont présentés en première partie de ce document. Ils soulignent la grande complexité de l’action publique et la nécessité d’une coordination efficace entre les parties prenantes. Pour répondre à ce besoin de gouvernance pluri-niveaux et améliorer l'intégration des migrants, différents instruments politiques sont mobilisés par les pays. Les Contrats territoriaux d'accueil et d'intégration des réfugiés (CTAIR) signés en France entre l’État et des grandes villes sont ici analysés.
Dealing constructively with subsidies in global commerce is central to G20 leaders’ goal of reforming and strengthening the multilateral trading system. The growing use of distortive subsidies alters trade and investment flows, detracts from the value of tariff bindings and other market access commitments, and undercuts public support for open trade. Sharp differences over subsidies are contributing to global trade tensions that are harming growth and living standards.
This report seeks to highlight the potential benefits of closer cooperation and considers some areas where this might be pursued constructively by governments or other international organizations. This report aims to begin a discussion within the international community on how to develop and implement such an agenda.
تساعد هذه المبادئ المنشورة عام 2019 مقدمي خدمات التنمية والتعاون الإنساني في التغلب على التحديات المعقدة للوصول إلى النتائج المتوقعة فيما يتعلق بالتنمية المستدامة. وبناءً على مبادئ الإدارة من أجل نتائج التنمية التي أقرتها وكالات التنمية في المائدة المستديرة حول النتائج والتي عقدت في مراكش (فبراير 2004) فقد أقرت مجموعة من الممارسات المتجددة والتي تأخذ في عين الاعتبار السياق العالمي المتغير وتوسيع مجموعة الجهات الفاعلة.
Reliable and high-quality connectivity is fundamental for the digital transformation. Furthermore, the COVID-19 health emergency has shown that access to high-quality broadband services at affordable prices, across different territories is essential to ensure that economic and social activities can continue in an increasingly remote manner. However, important disparities in terms of connectivity persist in G20 countries and especially within countries between different types of regions. Overcoming the territorial divide is essential to ensure that no region and its inhabitants are left behind, regardless of where they live. This report offers a roadmap to policy makers to reduce the digital divides experienced by people living in different places within countries. While this is a key policy goal, the reduction of regional disparities needs to be accompanied with sufficiently high levels of broadband speeds across regions for people to be able to fully benefit from the economic opportunities and services brought about by digitalization.
Connectivity is an essential pillar of ensuring an inclusive digital transformation. The COVID-19 health emergency has further accentuated the awareness of how the quality, capability and resilience of broadband networks are becoming even more critical to ensure an inclusive society as more and more activities, such as work and education, are conducted in a remote manner. Therefore, policies aiming to expand connectivity and increase its quality are of paramount importance. Furthermore, analysing the performance of networks is crucial to inform policy makers and regulators to identify quality gaps and design the right policies and regulation towards closing those gaps. This report focuses on the state of broadband speed quality across the G20 and how to upgrade the speeds of networks further to spur economic recovery. It identifies existing gaps and puts forward policies and regulation towards extending high-quality networks and upgrading the quality of networks.
This report provides an overview of funding and financing instruments available to support infrastructure investment in cities and regions. Subnational governments have a critical role to deliver, operate and maintain infrastructure, and to invest to help drive the recovery from COVID-19. In recent years, many subnational governments have introduced innovations in the types of instruments used to access funding and financing. Highlighting examples from G20, OECD and non-OECD countries, this report presents a framework to differentiate funding and financing instruments, including by type of instrument, and their use, and outlines essential framework conditions that are needed to support subnational governments, The report was submitted to the G20 Infrastructure Working Group under the Italian Presidency and key findings were presented at the G20 High-level Conference on Local Infrastructure in Genoa, Italy on 27 September 2021.
L’un des principaux obstacles à une action climatique plus ambitieuse est que les initiatives visent essentiellement à apporter des modifications mineures à des systèmes qui sont fondamentalement non durables. Le rapport précité applique l’approche de l’OCDE axée sur le bien-être au secteur des transports. Il s’appuie sur le rapport « Accélérer l’action pour le climat » et encourage les pays à centrer leur action en faveur du climat sur la mise en place de systèmes qui – par nature – améliorent le bien-être tout en nécessitant moins d’énergie et de matières, et donc produisent moins d’émissions. Le rapport met en évidence trois phénomènes à l’origine de la dépendance à la voiture et du niveau élevé des émissions : le trafic induit, l’étalement urbain ainsi que l’érosion des solutions de mobilité active et partagée. Il formule en outre des recommandations à l’intention des pouvoirs publics pour mettre fin à cette dynamique et réduire les émissions tout en améliorant le bien-être : la réorganisation radicale des rues, l’aménagement de l’espace axé sur la création de proximité, ou des mesures visant à généraliser la mobilité partagée. L’analyse montre également pourquoi l’efficacité et l’acceptabilité par la société de la tarification du carbone ainsi que les politiques incitant à l’électrification des voitures peuvent sensiblement se développer une fois que les pouvoirs publics accordent la priorité à la refonte des systèmes.
Digital technologies are increasingly present in young children’s lives. How can early education systems get the best out of digitalisation while minimising its risks? This is especially urgent as the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated our reliance on digital tools – tools that enabled young children to continue learning when early education centres and primary schools closed down.
It is in this context that the OECD conducted a policy survey covering 34 countries and jurisdictions. It investigates how digital technologies were used to provide distance education for young children in 2020, which challenges arose and what policy changes are in the pipeline for early education.
In 2020, 1.5 billion students in 188 countries/economies were locked out of their schools. Students everywhere have been faced with schools that are open one day and closed the next, causing massive disruption to their learning. With the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic still raging, the disruption to education has extended into 2021 and many education systems are still struggling to ensure learning continuity.
The OECD – in collaboration with UNESCO, UNICEF and The World Bank – has been monitoring the situation across countries and collecting data on how each system is responding to the crisis, from school closures and remote learning, to teacher vaccination and gradual returns to in-class instruction.
This report presents the findings from this survey, providing an overview of educational responses from OECD member and partner countries 18 months into the COVID crisis.
The report on the G20 Survey on Agile Approaches to the Regulatory Governance of Innovation showcases ongoing efforts of G20 governments to revisit how they regulate in today’s fast-paced global innovation landscape. Survey results show that G20 members are keenly aware of the far-reaching implications of innovation in terms of both challenges and opportunities for regulatory policy and governance. In line with the OECD Recommendation on Agile Regulatory Governance to Harness Innovation, they are taking important steps in that respect. To facilitate mutual learning as well as the diffusion of good practices, the present report provides a range of examples of the measures adopted by governments in order to accommodate innovation-driven disruption while upholding fundamental rights, democratic values and the rule of law, and ensuring a sufficient level of protection for citizens and the environment.
This Compendium takes stock of the use of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), fifth-generation mobile telecommunication technologies (5G), and the Internet of Things (IoT) across G20 members to sustain public service continuity and provide the basis for recovery from the COVID-19 crisis. It presents 120 practices in G20 members highlighting how governments can significantly transform themselves and make the best use of digital technologies and data to serve economies and societies better, foster international collaboration, and accelerate the development of the most successful use cases. This report was originally submitted to the G20 Digital Economic Task Force in July 2021.
This report acts as a descriptive guide to the experience of digital identity for individuals and a potential departure for future work to realise the opportunities offered by trusted and portable digital identity. It presents the policy and normative context for digital identity, uses of digital identity during the COVID-19 crisis and the necessary enabling conditions for successful development and adoption. This report was originally submitted to the G20 Digital Economic Task Force in July 2021.
L'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture (UNESCO), le Fonds des Nations Unies pour l'enfance (UNICEF), la Banque mondiale et l'Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE) ont collaboré dans le cadre du troisième cycle d'enquètes sur les réponses de l'éducation nationale face à la fermeture d'écoles liée à la pandémie du COVID-19, administré par l'Institut de statistique de l'UNESCO (ISU) et l'OCDE auprès des responsables des ministères de l'Éducation nationales. Les questions ont couvert les quatre niveaux de l’éducation : préscolaire, primaire, premier cycle du secondaire, second du secondaire. Les deux premiers cycles d’enquête ont été menées respectivement entre mai et juin 2020 et entre juillet et octobre 2020, et la troisième entre février et juin 2021. Au total, 143 pays ont répondu au questionnaire : 31 pays ont transmis leurs réponses à l’OCDE (« Enquête de l’OCDE ») et 112 pays à l’ISU (« Enquête de l’ISU »). Sept pays ont répondu aux deux enquêtes.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the World Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have collaborated in the third round of the Survey on National Education Responses to COVID-19 School Closures, administered by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) and OECD to Ministry of Education officials. The questions covered four levels of education: preprimary, primary, lower secondary and upper secondary. While the first two rounds of the survey were implemented during the periods May–June and July–October 2020, respectively, the third round was implemented during the period February–June 2021. In total, 143 countries responded to the questionnaire. Thirty-one countries submitted responses to the OECD (“OECD survey”) and 112 countries responded to the UIS (“UIS survey”). Seven countries responded to both surveys. In these instances, the more complete set responses were used in analysis.
The higher education experience was markedly different than usual for those enrolling during the COVID-19 pandemic. Higher education institutions of all kinds found their instructional methods profoundly disrupted by the closure of their physical campuses, and the crisis exposed the urgent need for policy makers and institutional leaders to adjust their established educational and policy models. This report looks at comparative statistics the OECD has collected across a number of education systems to track developments in the higher education sector throughout the pandemic.
Widespread school closures affected over one billion students during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The vocational education and training (VET) sector has faced particular challenges during the crisis, most notably the fact that the digital learning environments that most education institutions had to rely on during closures don’t work as well for practice-oriented learning – a core component of VET instruction – as they do for academic learning. This report looks at comparative statistics and policy information collected by the OECD across a number of education systems to track the impact of the pandemic on the VET sector.
Face à des mutations rapides et à une forte incertitude, les organisations doivent se préparer à l’imprévu. Le présent rapport étudie trois scénarios – Un monde à voies multiples, Des mondes virtuels, et Un monde vulnérable – ainsi que leurs possibles implications pour l’avenir de la collaboration mondiale et pour des organisations telles que l’OCDE. Il passe en revue des mutations et des tendances qui pourraient influer sur l’évolution du monde dans les quinze prochaines années, et propose des réflexions stratégiques ainsi que des pistes d'action possibles visant à assurer l’agilité, la résilience et la préparation de l’Organisation à l'avenir. Préparé par l’Unité de prospective stratégique de l’OCDE à l’occasion de la célébration du 60e anniversaire de l’Organisation, ce rapport a pour objet de stimuler le dialogue entre tous ceux qui souhaitent contribuer à préparer l’OCDE à faire face aux besoins en constante évolution de la communauté internationale dans le contexte d'un avenir hautement incertain et dynamique.
Apporter des réponses efficaces et conjointes aux cas de corruption est une tâche complexe pour les donneurs. Elle nécessite une gestion prudente des tensions potentielles et des compromis nécessaires. Ces orientations opérationnelles ont pour but de les aider, ainsi que leur personnel opérant dans les pays qui reçoivent de l’aide publique au développement (APD), à formuler des réponses coordonnées aux allégations de faits de corruption importante. Elles fournissent un ensemble de questions illustratives pour faciliter une réponse conjointe et rapide en cas d’incidents de corruption, afin d'éviter des réactions lentes, contradictoires ou mal informées, et servent d'outil pratique pour la mise en œuvre de la Recommandation du Conseil de l'OCDE à l'intention des acteurs de la coopération pour le développement sur la gestion du risque de corruption.