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Income is defined as household disposable income in a particular year. It consists of earnings, self-employment and capital income and public cash transfers; income taxes and social security contributions paid by households are deducted. The income of the household is attributed to each of its members, with an adjustment to reflect differences in needs for households of different sizes. Income inequality among individuals is measured here by five indicators. The Gini coefficient is based on the comparison of cumulative proportions of the population against cumulative proportions of income they receive, and it ranges between 0 in the case of perfect equality and 1 in the case of perfect inequality. S80/S20 is the ratio of the average income of the 20% richest to the 20% poorest; P90/P10 is the ratio of the upper bound value of the ninth decile (i.e. the 10% of people with highest income) to that of the first decile; P90/P50 of the upper bound value of the ninth decile to the median income; and P50/P10 of median income to the upper bound value of the first decile. The Palma ratio is the share of all income received by the 10% people with highest disposable income divided by the share of all income received by the 40% people with the lowest disposable income.
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The poverty rate is the ratio of the number of people (in a given age group) whose income falls below the poverty line; taken as half the median household income of the total population. It is also available by broad age group: child poverty (0-17 years old), working-age poverty and elderly poverty (66 year-olds or more). However, two countries with the same poverty rates may differ in terms of the relative income-level of the poor.
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The poverty gap is the ratio by which the mean income of the poor falls below the poverty line. The poverty line is defined as half the median household income of the total population. The poverty gap helps refine the poverty rate by providing an indication of the poverty level in a country. This indicator is measured for the total population, as well as for people aged 18-65 years and people over 65.
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The discriminatory family sub-category presents data on:
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Child marriage: Girls aged 15-19 years who have been or are still married, divorced, widowed or in an informal union.
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Attitudes towards working mothers: Adult population agreeing or strongly agreeing that "when a mother works for pay, the children suffer".
This indicator is measured as a percentage.
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The violence against women indicator presents you with data on:
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Attitudes toward violence: The percentage of women who agree that a husband/partner is justified in beating his wife/partner under certain circumstances
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Prevalence of violence in the lifetime: The percentage of women who have experienced physical and/or sexual violence from an intimate partner at some time in their life
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Laws on domestic violence: Whether the legal framework offers women legal protection from domestic violence
Laws on domestic violence are presented as values ranging from 0 to 1, where 0 means that laws or practices do not discriminate against women’s rights and 1 means laws or practices fully discriminate against women’s rights.
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The women in politics indicator includes data on:
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Women parliamentarians: the share of women in the national lower or single houses of parliament. Measured as a percentage of total parliamentarians.
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Women ministers: the share of women ministers, including deputy prime ministers and ministers. Prime ministers/heads of government were also included when they held ministerial portfolios. Vice-presidents and heads of governmental or public agencies have not been included in the total. Measured as a percentage of total ministers.
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The Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) is a cross-country measure of discrimination against women in social institutions. Discriminatory social institutions intersect across all stages of girls’ and women’s life, restricting their access to justice, rights and empowerment opportunities and undermining their agency and decision-making authority over their life choices. As underlying drivers of gender inequalities, discriminatory social institutions perpetuate gender gaps in development areas, such as education, employment and health, and hinder progress towards rights-based social transformation that benefits both women and men. The SIGI covers the following dimensions of discriminatory social institutions:
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Discriminatory family code,
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Restricted physical integrity,
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Restricted resources and assets,
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Restricted civil liberty
The index presents scores ranging from 0 to 1, with 0 meaning there is no discrimination against women and 1 meaning indicating there is a very high level of discrimination against women.
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Household overcrowding is an alternative measure of dwelling space that takes into account household composition. Dwelling space is an important dimension of housing quality. This indicator adopts the European Union agreed definition of overcrowding, which takes into account different needs for living space according to the age and gender composition of the household. A household is considered as living in overcrowded conditions if less than one room is available in each household: for each couple in the household; for each single person aged 18 or more; for each pair of people of the same gender between 12 and 17; for each single person between 12 and 17 not included in the previous category; and for each pair of children under age 12. Rooms refer to bedrooms, living and dining rooms and, in non-European countries, also kitchens. This indicator is calculated based on household surveys and measured as a percentage of all survey responses.
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Inequality
Inequality can refer to economic inequality which is the difference in how assets, wealth, or income are distributed among individuals and/or populations. It is also described as the gap between rich and poor, income inequality, wealth disparity, wealth and income differences, or the wealth gap.
Inequality can also refer to gender discrimination in social institutions and other gender issues such as the violence against women.
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Mots-clés: inequality, gini, wealth, index, income, gender
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