This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member countries.

The economic situation and policies of Estonia were reviewed by the Committee on 19 July 2017. The draft report was then revised in the light of the discussions and given final approval as the agreed report of the whole Committee on 03 August, 2017.

The Secretariat’s draft report was prepared for the Committee by Caroline Klein and Zuzana Smidova under the supervision of Pierre Beynet. The Survey also benefitted from contributions by Lorenzo Casullo, Olena Havrylchyk and Veiko Lember. Statistical research assistance was provided by Corinne Chanteloup and editorial assistance by Heloise Wickramanayake.

The previous Survey of Estonia was issued in February 2015.

Information about the latest as well as previous Surveys and more information about how Surveys are prepared is available at www.oecd.org/eco/surveys.

  
BASIC STATISTICS OF ESTONIA, 2016
(Numbers in parentheses refer to the OECD average)1

LAND, PEOPLE AND ELECTORAL CYCLE

Population (million)

1.3

Population density per km2

30.3

(37.2)

 Under 15 (%)

16.2

(17.9)

Life expectancy (years, 2015)

77.7

(80.5)

 Over 65 (%)

19.1

(16.6)

 Men

73.2

(77.9)

 Foreign-born (%, 2015)

10.2

 Women

82.2

(83.1)

Latest 5-year average growth (%)

-0.4

(0.6)

Latest general election

March 2015

ECONOMY

Gross domestic product (GDP)

Value added shares (%)

 In current prices (billion USD)

23.3

 Primary sector

2.9

(2.5)

 In current prices (billion EUR)

21.1

 Industry including construction

26.7

(26.7)

 Latest 5-year average real growth (%)

2.6

(1.8)

 Services

70.4

(70.8)

 Per capita (000 USD PPP)

29.6

(42.0)

GENERAL GOVERNMENT

Per cent of GDP

Expenditure

40.1

(40.8)

Gross financial debt

13.0

(108.8)

Revenue

40.3

(38.7)

Net financial debt

-43.2

(69.8)

EXTERNAL ACCOUNTS

Exchange rate (EUR per USD)

0.904

Main exports (% of total merchandise exports)

PPP exchange rate (USA = 1)

0.541

 Machinery and transport equipment

32.3

In per cent of GDP

 Miscellaneous manufactured articles

15.3

 Exports of goods and services

79.0

(53.9)

 Manufactured goods

12.6

 Imports of goods and services

75.2

(49.5)

Main imports (% of total merchandise imports)

 Current account balance

2.0

(0.3)

 Machinery and transport equipment

32.9

 Net international investment position (2014)

-39.4

 Commodities and transactions, n.e.s.

13.8

 Manufactured goods

12.6

LABOUR MARKET, SKILLS AND INNOVATION

Employment rate for 15-64 year-olds (%)

72.1

(66.9)

Unemployment rate, Labour Force Survey (age 15 and over) (%)

6.8

(6.3)

 Men

75.7

(74.7)

 Youth (age 15-24, %)

13.5

(13.0)

 Women

68.6

(59.3)

 Long-term unemployed (1 year and over, %)

2.1

(2.0)

Participation rate for 15-64 year-olds (%)

77.4

(71.7)

Tertiary educational attainment 25-64 year-olds (%, 2015)

38.0

(35.0)

Average hours worked per year

1 855

(1 763)

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP, 2015)

1.5

(2.4)

ENVIRONMENT

Total primary energy supply per capita (toe, 2015)

4.2

(4.1)

CO2 emissions from fuel combustion per capita (tonnes, 2014)

13.3

(9.4)

 Renewables (%)

17.4

(9.6)

Water abstractions per capita (1 000 m3, 2015)

1.2

Exposure to air pollution (more than 10 μg/m3 of PM2.5, % of population, 2015)

1.1

(75.2)

Municipal waste per capita (tonnes, 2015)

0.4

(0.5)

SOCIETY

Income inequality (Gini coefficient, 2014)

0.346

(0.311)

Education outcomes (PISA score, 2015)

Relative poverty rate (%, 2014)

15.5

(11.3)

 Reading

519

(493)

Median disposable household income (000 USD PPP, 2014)

15.0

(22.9)

 Mathematics

520

(490)

Public and private spending (% of GDP)

 Science

534

(493)

 Health care

6.7

(9.0)

Share of women in parliament (%)

23.8

(28.7)

 Pensions (2013)

6.5

(9.1)

Net official development assistance (% of GNI)

0.19

(0.39)

 Education (primary, secondary, post sec. non tertiary, 2013)

3.1

(3.7)

Better life index: www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org

← 1. Where the OECD aggregate is not provided in the source database, a simple OECD average of latest available data is calculated where data exist for at least 29 member countries.

Source: Calculations based on data extracted from the databases of the following organisations: OECD, International Energy Agency, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and Inter-Parliamentary Union.