Browse by: "2016"

Le Programme international de l’OCDE pour le suivi des acquis des élèves (PISA) cherche non seulement à évaluer ce que les élèves savent en sciences, en compréhension de l’écrit et en mathématiques, mais aussi à déterminer ce qu’ils sont capables de faire avec ces connaissances. Les résultats de l’enquête PISA révèlent la qualité et l’équité de l’apprentissage dans le monde entier, et offrent aux professionnels de l’éducation et aux responsables politiques la possibilité de découvrir les politiques et pratiques d’autres pays et de s’en inspirer. Vous avez entre les mains l’un des cinq volumes qui présentent les résultats de l’évaluation PISA 2015, la sixième édition de cette enquête triennale.
Le volume I, L’excellence et l’équité dans l’éducation, résume la performance des élèves en sciences, en compréhension de l’écrit et en mathématiques, et définit et mesure l’équité dans l’éducation. Il se concentre sur les attitudes des élèves à l’égard de l’apprentissage en sciences et analyse leur aspiration à embrasser une carrière scientifique. Il examine aussi l’évolution de la performance et de l’équité ces dernières années dans les pays et économies participant à l’enquête PISA.
Le volume II, Politiques et pratiques pour des établissements performants, examine les liens entre la performance des élèves et diverses caractéristiques des établissements et des systèmes d’éducation, notamment les ressources affectées à l’éducation, l’environnement d’apprentissage et les critères de sélection des élèves entre les établissements, les filières d’enseignement et les classes.
Le volume III, Le bien-être des élèves, décrit la relation entre les résultats scolaires des élèves de 15 ans et leur vie sociale et leurs attitudes à l’égard de l’apprentissage.
Le volume IV, La culture financière des élèves, analyse les connaissances et l’expérience des élèves dans les matières financières.
Le volume V, La résolution collaborative de problèmes, analyse la capacité des élèves à travailler à plusieurs pour la résolution de problèmes. Il examine aussi le rôle de l’éducation dans le développement de la capacité des jeunes à résoudre des problèmes en équipe.

The OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) examines not just what students know in science, reading and mathematics, but what they can do with what they know. Results from PISA show educators and policy makers the quality and equity of learning outcomes achieved elsewhere, and allow them to learn from the policies and practices applied in other countries. PISA 2015 Results (Volume I): Excellence and Equity in Education, is one of five volumes that present the results of the PISA 2015 survey, the sixth round of the triennial assessment. It summarises student performance in science, reading and mathematics, and defines and measures equity in education. It focuses on students’ attitudes towards learning science, including their expectations of working in science-related careers. The volume also discusses how performance and equity have evolved across PISA-participating countries and economies over recent years.

This publication helps policy makers to better understand annuity products and the guarantees they provide in order to optimise the role that these products can play in financing retirement. Product design is a crucial factor in the potential role of annuity products within the pension system, along with the cost and demand for these products, and the resulting risks that are borne by the annuity providers. Increasingly complex products, however, pose additional challenges concerning consumer protection. Consumers need to be aware of their options and have access to unbiased and comprehensible advice and information about these products.

The OECD Pensions Outlook 2016 assesses policy issues regarding strengthening pension systems and, in particular, funded pension plans.  It covers defined benefits and defined contribution pension plans; fiscal incentives to save for retirement; policy measures to improve the financial advice for retirement; annuity products and their guarantees; pension design and financial education; and the pension arrangements for public-sector workers, including a comparison with those for private sector workers.

Job displacement (involuntary job loss due to firm closure or downsizing) affects many workers over their lifetime. Displaced workers may face long periods of unemployment and, even when they find new jobs, tend to be paid less and have fewer benefits than in their prior jobs. Helping them get back into good jobs quickly should be a key goal of labour market policy. This report is part of a series of nine reports looking at how this challenge is being tackled in a number of OECD countries. It shows that the United States has a relatively high rate of job displacement and that only one in two affected workers find a new job within one year. Older displaced workers and those with a low level of education fare worst. Contrary to most other OECD countries, displaced workers have long been a target group for policy intervention, and a number of system features, like rapid response services, are promising. But the success of US policies is limited because overall funding for the workforce development system is insufficient and because only trade-related job displacement comes with generous entitlement for training and better benefits.

Young men and women in the MENA region are facing the highest youth unemployment levels in the world and express lower levels of trust in government than their parents. Since young people 15-29 years old exceed 30% of the working-age population in most MENA countries, governments urgently need to develop and implement strategies focused on fully engaging youth in the economy and society. This report is the first of its kind to apply a “youth lens” to public governance arrangements. It provides recommendations for adjusting legal frameworks, institutions and policies to give young people a greater voice in shaping better policy outcomes.

This report examines the Province of Córdoba, Argentina, and provides recommendations for the design of a regional competitiveness strategy as well as the governance structure needed to implement it. Over the past decade, Córdoba has experienced sustained economic growth and widespread improvements in the standard of living. However, the provincial economy is at a pivotal point: it is still highly reliant on traditional manufacturing and commodities, a model that may no longer be sufficient for the future. Córdoba’s challenges and opportunities are the same as those found in many OECD regions and require a renewed development strategy, one that builds on key assets and focusses on closing crucial infrastructure gaps. Investments in skills, research, and innovation are essential to propel the province into higher-value-added segments of production chains. At the same time, Córdoba needs to shift from a sectoral approach to an integrated, activity-focused strategic plan, in which the entire territory (cities and regions) becomes a platform for innovation and fosters new economic opportunities.

El Estudio sobre la Gobernanza Pública del Perú analiza las áreas clave de la gobernanza pública del país e identifica diferentes oportunidades para mejorar la performance del Estado en la prestación de mejores políticas y servicios para todos los ciudadanos. Para ello, examina dimensiones como la capacidad de coordinación del Centro de Gobierno, la planificación estratégica basada en la evidencia y los procesos de descentralización para mejorar la coordinación entre todos los niveles de gobierno. Asimismo, evalúa la gestión del servicio civil y los marcos legales y regulatorios para implementar políticas de gobierno digital, gobierno abierto y transparencia. Finalmente, el Estudio provee recomendaciones para apoyar al gobierno en su objetivo de mejorar la agilidad del Estado para establecer, dirigir e implementar una estrategia nacional de mediano plazo para lograr un crecimiento inclusivo y próspero.

The costs of a persistent misalignment between the supply and demand for skills are substantial, ranging from lost wages for workers to lower productivity for firms and countries. Addressing skills imbalances has become even more of a concern as OECD governments reflect on the implications of technological progress, digitisation, demographic change and globalisation for jobs and work organisation. In light of these challenges, OECD has undertaken new research to shed light on how countries measure changing skill needs while ensuring that employment, training and migration institutions are responsive to the emergence of new skill requirements. The Getting Skills Right in Sweden review offers an in-depth analysis of the key areas where policy action is required to spur the development of an efficient system for skills assessment and anticipation to inform policy in the country. The report provides an assessment of practices in the following areas: i) the collection of information on existing and future skill needs; ii) the use of skill needs information to guide policy development in the areas of labour, education and migration; and iii) the existence of effective governance arrangements to ensure good co-ordination among the key stakeholders in the collection and use of skill needs information.

Les données sur les recettes des administrations publiques, et sur le produit de la fiscalité en particulier, constituent la base de la plupart des traveaux de description des structures économiques et d'analyse  économique, et sont de plus en plus utiliséés pour comparaisons internationales.  Cette publication annuelle présente un cadre conceptuel dont le but est de définir les recettes publiques devant être assimilées a des impôts et de classifier les différentes catégories d'impôts.  Elle constitue également un ensemble unique de statistiques fiscales détaillées et comparables au niveau international, utilisant une présentation identique pour tous les pays de l'OCDE depuis 1965.

This OECD Public Governance Review of Peru analyses key areas of public governance in Peru and identifies opportunities for improving the performance of the state in delivering better outcomes for all citizens. It examines co-ordination from the centre of government, evidence-based strategic planning and the decentralisation process to improve co-ordination across levels of government. It assesses the management of the civil service, legal and regulatory frameworks to implement digital government, and open-government and transparency policies. This review provides recommendations to assist the government in its objective of bolstering the state’s agility to set, steer and implement a national medium-term strategy for achieving inclusive growth and prosperity for all.

Consumption Tax Trends provides information on Value Added Tax/Goods and Services Tax (VAT/GST) and excise duty rates in OECD member countries. It also contains information about indirect tax topics such as international aspects of VAT/GST developments and the efficiency of this tax. It also describes a range of taxation provisions such as the taxation of motor vehicles, tobacco and alcoholic beverages.

This publication compiles comparable tax revenue statistics for Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore. The model is the OECD Revenue Statistics database – a fundamental reference, backed by a well-established methodology, for OECD member countries. Extending the OECD methodology to Asian countries enables comparisons about tax levels and tax structures on a consistent basis, both among Asian economies and between OECD and Asian economies. This work has been is jointly undertaken by the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration and the OECD Development Centre.

Uno de los principales retos a los que se enfrentan las administraciones tributarias de todo el mundo es la falta de información exhaustiva y pertinente sobre las estrategias de planificación fiscal agresiva. Los regímenes de declaración obligatoria brindan a los países la oportunidad de responder con prontitud a eventuales riesgos fiscales proporcionando un acceso rápido y tempestivo a este tipo de información. El presente informe incluye una descripción general de los regímenes de declaración obligatoria aprovechando las experiencias de los países que ya cuentan con tales sistemas de normas y formula recomendaciones relativas a un marco modular diseñado para que aquellos países que deseen implementar o modificar las normas de declaración obligatoria puedan obtener información pertinente y temprana sobre eventuales estrategias de planificación fiscal agresiva o abusiva y los sujetos que las articulan. Dichas recomendaciones entrañan un grado de flexibilidad suficiente para establecer el justo equilibrio entre la necesidad que tiene todo país de disponer de información más completa y relevante y la carga potencial de cumplimiento que recae sobre los contribuyentes. Asimismo, el informe establece recomendaciones específicas para el diseño de normas que regulen las estructuras de planificación internacional, así como para la consolidación y puesta en práctica de un intercambio de información más eficaz y una colaboración reforzada entre administraciones tributarias.

Los regímenes preferenciales siguen siendo un tema candente que suscita controversias. Los motivos de preocupación actuales están motivados fundamentalmente por el riesgo que supone la utilización de regímenes fiscales preferenciales para transferir artificialmente los beneficios y por la falta de transparencia en lo que respecta a ciertas fórmulas de  tax ruling o de acuerdos previos entre la administración tributaria competente y el contribuyente en cuestión. El informe conexo a la presente acción establece una metodología consensuada para evaluar y determinar si existe o no actividad sustancial. En el contexto de los regímenes de propiedad intelectual (PI) –tales como los patent boxes o regímenes aplicables a las patentes–, se alcanzó un acuerdo en torno a la existencia de nexo o criterio de sujeción que se remite al gasto en cuanto indicador de una actividad sustancial y permite a cualquier contribuyente acogerse a un régimen de PI únicamente cuando éste haya incurrido en gastos asociados a actividades de investigación y desarrollo (I+D) efectivamente desarrolladas por aquél. Este mismo principio puede aplicarse igualmente a otros regímenes preferenciales, para cuya instauración se exige que existan actividades sustanciales de las que cualquier contribuyente obtenga rendimientos o generen rentas. En lo concerniente a la transparencia, se ha acordado implantar un marco de referencia bajo el que se incluyan todos aquellos acuerdos previos entre la administración tributaria competente y un determinado contribuyente que puedan suscitar preocupación por posibles prácticas elusivas BEPS ante la falta de un intercambio espontáneo de información relevante con carácter obligatorio siempre que haya información disponible o cuando existan dichos datos. El informe refleja los resultados de aplicar tanto los referidos factores como los criterios desarrollados de actividad sustancial y transparencia a diversos regímenes preferenciales por parte del Foro sobre Prácticas Fiscales Perniciosas.

Basándose en las competencias de expertos en Derecho Internacional Público y Derecho Tributario, el informe inherente a esta acción examina la viabilidad técnica de elaborar un instrumento multilateral que modifique los convenios fiscales con el fin de aplicar eficazmente las medidas de lucha contra la erosión de las bases imponibles y el traslado de beneficios contempladas en los convenios fiscales. Por último, el informe concluye no sólo que un instrumento multilateral de esa índole es recomendable y posible, sino también que las negociaciones relativas a dicho instrumento deberían dar comienzo con carácter inmediato. Atendiendo al presente análisis, se aprobó la decisión de constituir un grupo especial de expertos que está abierto a la participación, en igualdad de condiciones, de todos los países interesados con el firme propósito de llevar a término la tarea que le fue encomendada, esto es, desarrollar dicho instrumento multilateral y abrirlo a la firma en 2016.

Twenty years into its membership in the OECD, Poland has achieved impressive progress in terms of the living standards of its citizens. The country did not only manage to significantly reduce the GDP per capita gap with other OECD countries, but it also caught up with respect to several other dimensions of well-being. To ensure further widespread improvements in living standards, Poland needs to continue to move towards higher-technology production, boosting productivity and improving access to high-quality jobs and good pay. This report reviews recently implemented and planned reforms that aim to achieve these goals and proposes further policy measures to help Poland make the shift towards a more knowledge-based economy. To safeguard inclusiveness, it is crucial that the government also put in place appropriate policies to ensure that no one is left behind during this transformation and that all firms and all citizens can equally participate in and benefit from it.