The report on the G20 Survey on Agile Approaches to the Regulatory Governance of Innovation showcases ongoing efforts of G20 governments to revisit how they regulate in today’s fast-paced global innovation landscape. Survey results show that G20 members are keenly aware of the far-reaching implications of innovation in terms of both challenges and opportunities for regulatory policy and governance. In line with the OECD Recommendation on Agile Regulatory Governance to Harness Innovation, they are taking important steps in that respect. To facilitate mutual learning as well as the diffusion of good practices, the present report provides a range of examples of the measures adopted by governments in order to accommodate innovation-driven disruption while upholding fundamental rights, democratic values and the rule of law, and ensuring a sufficient level of protection for citizens and the environment.

This Compendium takes stock of the use of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), fifth-generation mobile telecommunication technologies (5G), and the Internet of Things (IoT) across G20 members to sustain public service continuity and provide the basis for recovery from the COVID-19 crisis. It presents 120 practices in G20 members highlighting how governments can significantly transform themselves and make the best use of digital technologies and data to serve economies and societies better, foster international collaboration, and accelerate the development of the most successful use cases. This report was originally submitted to the G20 Digital Economic Task Force in July 2021.

This report acts as a descriptive guide to the experience of digital identity for individuals and a potential departure for future work to realise the opportunities offered by trusted and portable digital identity. It presents the policy and normative context for digital identity, uses of digital identity during the COVID-19 crisis and the necessary enabling conditions for successful development and adoption. This report was originally submitted to the G20 Digital Economic Task Force in July 2021.

L'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture (UNESCO), le Fonds des Nations Unies pour l'enfance (UNICEF), la Banque mondiale et l'Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE) ont collaboré dans le cadre du troisième cycle d'enquètes sur les réponses de l'éducation nationale face à la fermeture d'écoles liée à la pandémie du COVID-19, administré par l'Institut de statistique de l'UNESCO (ISU) et l'OCDE auprès des responsables des ministères de l'Éducation nationales. Les questions ont couvert les quatre niveaux de l’éducation : préscolaire, primaire, premier cycle du secondaire, second du secondaire. Les deux premiers cycles d’enquête ont été menées respectivement entre mai et juin 2020 et entre juillet et octobre 2020, et la troisième entre février et juin 2021. Au total, 143 pays ont répondu au questionnaire : 31 pays ont transmis leurs réponses à l’OCDE (« Enquête de l’OCDE ») et 112 pays à l’ISU (« Enquête de l’ISU »). Sept pays ont répondu aux deux enquêtes.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the World Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have collaborated in the third round of the Survey on National Education Responses to COVID-19 School Closures, administered by the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) and OECD to Ministry of Education officials. The questions covered four levels of education: preprimary, primary, lower secondary and upper secondary. While the first two rounds of the survey were implemented during the periods May–June and July–October 2020, respectively, the third round was implemented during the period February–June 2021. In total, 143 countries responded to the questionnaire. Thirty-one countries submitted responses to the OECD (“OECD survey”) and 112 countries responded to the UIS (“UIS survey”). Seven countries responded to both surveys. In these instances, the more complete set responses were used in analysis.

The higher education experience was markedly different than usual for those enrolling during the COVID-19 pandemic. Higher education institutions of all kinds found their instructional methods profoundly disrupted by the closure of their physical campuses, and the crisis exposed the urgent need for policy makers and institutional leaders to adjust their established educational and policy models. This report looks at comparative statistics the OECD has collected across a number of education systems to track developments in the higher education sector throughout the pandemic.

Widespread school closures affected over one billion students during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The vocational education and training (VET) sector has faced particular challenges during the crisis, most notably the fact that the digital learning environments that most education institutions had to rely on during closures don’t work as well for practice-oriented learning – a core component of VET instruction – as they do for academic learning. This report looks at comparative statistics and policy information collected by the OECD across a number of education systems to track the impact of the pandemic on the VET sector.

Face à des mutations rapides et à une forte incertitude, les organisations doivent se préparer à l’imprévu. Le présent rapport étudie trois scénarios – Un monde à voies multiples, Des mondes virtuels, et Un monde vulnérable – ainsi que leurs possibles implications pour l’avenir de la collaboration mondiale et pour des organisations telles que l’OCDE. Il passe en revue des mutations et des tendances qui pourraient influer sur l’évolution du monde dans les quinze prochaines années, et propose des réflexions stratégiques ainsi que des pistes d'action possibles visant à assurer l’agilité, la résilience et la préparation de l’Organisation à l'avenir. Préparé par l’Unité de prospective stratégique de l’OCDE à l’occasion de la célébration du 60e anniversaire de l’Organisation, ce rapport a pour objet de stimuler le dialogue entre tous ceux qui souhaitent contribuer à préparer l’OCDE à faire face aux besoins en constante évolution de la communauté internationale dans le contexte d'un avenir hautement incertain et dynamique.

Apporter des réponses efficaces et conjointes aux cas de corruption est une tâche complexe pour les donneurs. Elle nécessite une gestion prudente des tensions potentielles et des compromis nécessaires. Ces orientations opérationnelles ont pour but de les aider, ainsi que leur personnel opérant dans les pays qui reçoivent de l’aide publique au développement (APD), à formuler des réponses coordonnées aux allégations de faits de corruption importante. Elles fournissent un ensemble de questions illustratives pour faciliter une réponse conjointe et rapide en cas d’incidents de corruption, afin d'éviter des réactions lentes, contradictoires ou mal informées, et servent d'outil pratique pour la mise en œuvre de la Recommandation du Conseil de l'OCDE à l'intention des acteurs de la coopération pour le développement sur la gestion du risque de corruption.

Enabling effective, joint donor responses to corruption is a complex task that requires careful management of potential tensions and trade-offs. This guidance helpsdevelopment agencies and their staff operating in countries that receive official development assistance (ODA) to formulate co-ordinated responses to allegations of significant corruption. It provides a set of illustrative questions to facilitate joint donor responses in the immediate aftermath of incidents of corruption, so as to prevent slow, contradictory or ill-informed reactions. It serves as a practical tool for implementing the OECD Council Recommendation for Development Co-operation Actors on Managing the Risk of Corruption.

Delivering the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement will require all sources of finance — public and private — to be scaled up and aligned with sustainable development. Blended finance can play an essential role in unlocking and channelling commercial finance towards sustainable development in developing countries. However, it remains a relatively new tool in development co-operation. While many donors have well-established blended finance programs, others are just now starting to deploy blended finance. The OECD DAC Blended Finance Guidance is a policy tool to help all providers of development finance — donor governments and agencies, multilateral donors, philanthropies and other stakeholders — to put the Blended Finance Principles into practice and effectively design and implement blended finance programs. Approved by the DAC in September 2020, the Guidance outlines policy recommendations and provides good practice examples as well as practical checklists and key references on blended finance. The Guidance is the result of an extensive, multi-stakeholder consultation process, involving international experts, practitioners and researchers. The Guidance ultimately aims to enhance the growth and improve the quality of finance that is mobilised and invested in sustainable development in developing countries.

In the face of rapid change and high uncertainty, organisations must prepare for the unexpected. This report explores three scenarios – Multitrack World, Virtual Worlds, and Vulnerable World – and their possible implications for the future of global collaboration and for organisations such as the OECD. It includes emerging changes and trends that could affect the world in unpredictable ways over the next fifteen years, and offers potential strategic considerations and action areas aimed at ensuring the OECD’s agility, resilience and future-readiness. Prepared by the OECD’s Strategic Foresight Unit to commemorate the Organisation’s 60^th anniversary, the report is intended to stimulate dialogue among all those sharing an interest in preparing the OECD to meet the evolving needs of the global community in the face of a highly dynamic and uncertain future.

This report provides a broad and evidence-based analytical perspective of the debate around the possible role of a Border Carbon Adjustment (BCA) to deal with climate change. The new context of divergent climate ambition has led to a resurgence of interest in BCAs. The paper provides an overview of different policy instruments that can limit carbon leakage, with a particular focus on the BCA option, and offers a technical review of the literature and of the legal specificities around BCA as well as of alternative instruments. The report also analyses the issue of fragmented climate policies in the broader perspective of the trade-climate nexus and discusses how other policy measures – especially those related to trade – can help support climate objectives (for example, reducing the existing barriers to trade in environmental goods, and removing environmentally harmful and trade distortive subsidies).