Ukraine
Цей звіт являє собою цільове дослідження успішного досвіду кредитування сталої енергетики в Україні. Перед тим, як розглянути у подробицях роль та спроможності банківського сектора, у роботі аналізується макроекономічний та політичний контекст для "зелених" інвестицій в Україні. Це дослідження є частиною більш масштабного проекту ОЕСР щодо розширення доступу до приватного фінансування для "зелених" інвестицій у країнах Східного партнерства ЄС і є продовженням регіонального аналізу, здійсненого у 2015 році.
Ця робота є частиною Програми "Екологізація економіки в країнах Східного партнерства Європейського Союзу", метою якої є надання сприяння шести країнам Східного партнерства у їх просуванні в напрямку екологічної економіки шляхом очищення економічного зростання від погіршення екологічної ситуації та виснаження природних ресурсів.
This report provides a case study for the development of sustainable energy lending in Ukraine. It reviews the macro-economic and political context for green investments in Ukraine, before looking in more detail at the role and capacity of the banking sector. The study is part of a wider OECD project promoting access to private finance for green investments in the EU Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries, and follows on from a regional assessment undertaken in 2015. This work forms part of the “Greening Economies in the European Union’s Eastern Neighbourhood” (EaP GREEN) programme, which aims to support the six Eastern Partnership countries to move towards a green economy by decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation and resource depletion.
У фокусі публікацій результатів дослідження Багаторівневе державне управління - поступ України у сфері регіонального розвитку, територіальної реформи й децентралізації за період від 2014 року.
Уряд започаткував реформу з метою об’єднати місцеві органи влади і підсилити процес децентралізації, а також надати органам врядування суб-національного рівня додаткові повноваження й ресурси.
За короткий час зроблено успішні кроки на шляху об’єднання територіальних громад для більшої податково-бюджетної, адміністративної та політичної децентралізації. Крім цього, розроблено Державну стратегію регіонального розвитку на період 2015-2020 р.р.
У новостворених об’єднаних територіальних громадах відбулися перші місцеві вибори, й деякі місцеві органи врядування вже надають ширший спектр публічних послуг. Проте, залишається спектр важливих проблем, - від необхідності знаходити рішення, адаптувати багаторівневе державне управління і територіальний устрій в умовах зростання нерівності до кращої структуризації процесу фіскальної децентралізації.
У даному звіті подано результати діяльності регіонів та нерівності в Україні, опис територіальної реформи, що зараз триває, підходів до децентралізації, проаналізовано вплив заходів фіскальної децентралізації. Звіт також містить аналіз конкретного прикладу – сектору транспорту. У звіті надано низку рекомендацій щодо дій на підтримку України задля формування умов успішної децентралізації.
This Multi-level Governance Series study focuses on Ukraine’s advances in regional development, territorial reform and decentralisation since 2014. The Government launched a reform to merge local governments and strengthen the decentralisation process, giving additional power and resources to sub-national authorities. In a short period, successful steps have been taken toward achieving municipal mergers and greater fiscal, administrative and political decentralisation, complemented by the State Strategy for Regional Development 2015-2020. The first local elections have been held and more public services are being delivered by certain local authorities. Yet, important challenges remain, ranging from a need to address rising disparities and adjusting multi-level governance practices and territorial structures, to better structuring fiscal decentralisation. This report addresses regional performance and disparities in Ukraine, provides insight into Ukraine’s current territorial reform and approach to decentralisation, explores the impact of fiscal decentralisation measures, and includes a case study of the transport sector. It also provides a set of recommendations for action to support Ukraine in meeting the conditions for successful decentralisation.
This dataset comprises statistics pertaining to pensions indicators.It includes indicators such as occupational pension funds’asset as a % of GDP, personal pension funds’ asset as a % of GDP, DC pension plans’assets as a % of total assets. Pension fund and plan types are classified according to the OECD classification. Three dimensions cover this classification: pension plan type, definition type and contract type.
This dataset includes pension funds statistics with OECD classifications by type of pension plans and by type of pension funds. All types of plans are included (occupational and personal, mandatory and voluntary). The OECD classification considers both funded and book reserved pension plans that are workplace-based (occupational pension plans) or accessed directly in retail markets (personal pension plans). Both mandatory and voluntary arrangements are included. The data includes plans where benefits are paid by a private sector entity (classified as private pension plans by the OECD) as well as those paid by a funded public sector entity. Data are presented in various measures depending on the variable: millions of national currency, millions of USD, thousands or unit.
Education in Ukraine is marked by integrity violations from early childhood education and care through postgraduate study. In the past decade policy makers and civic organisations have made progress in addressing these challenges. However, much remains to be done. OECD Reviews of Integrity in Education: Ukraine 2017 aims to support these efforts.
The review examines systemic integrity violations in Ukraine. These include: preferential access to school and pre-school education through favours and bribes; misappropriation of parental contributions to schools; undue recognition of learning achievement in schools; paid supplementary tutoring by classroom teachers; textbook procurement fraud; and, in higher education, corrupt access, academic dishonesty, and unwarranted recognition of academic work.
The report identifies how policy shortcomings create incentives for misconduct and provide opportunities for educators and students to act on these incentives. It presents recommendations to address these weaknesses and strengthen public trust in a merit-based education system. The audience of this report is policy makers, opinion leaders and educators in Ukraine.
Ukraine’s post-Maidan authorities have embarked upon an ambitious reform programme to improve the country’s framework for investment and strengthen the country as an attractive investment destination. This review, which was prepared in close cooperation with the Ukrainian authorities in response to their 2011 request to adhere to the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises (OECD Declaration), analyses the general investment framework as well as recent reform, and shows where further efforts are necessary. It assesses Ukraine’s ability to comply with the principles of openness, transparency and non-discrimination and its policy convergence with international investment standards such as the OECD Declaration. In light of the recently updated OECD Policy Framework for Investment, it also studies other areas such as investment promotion and facilitation, infrastructure development; financial sector development and responsible business conduct practices. In the scarcely two years since a new attempt at economic reforms was launched in earnest, Ukraine has made quite important progress in introducing a modern legal framework for investment. But additional efforts are required in some policy areas to reaffirm Ukraine’s attractiveness for investors.
The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 130 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing.
The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes. These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention.
The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party. “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard.
All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed. This process is undertaken in two phases. Phase 1 reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework. Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 plus Phase 2 – reviews. The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes.
This dataset includes pension funds statistics with OECD classifications by type of pension plans and by type of pension funds. All types of plans are included (occupational and personal, mandatory and voluntary). The OECD classification considers both funded and book reserved pension plans that are workplace-based (occupational pension plans) or accessed directly in retail markets (personal pension plans). Both mandatory and voluntary arrangements are included. The data includes plans where benefits are paid by a private sector entity (classified as private pension plans by the OECD) as well as those paid by a funded public sector entity. Data are presented in various measures depending on the variable: millions of national currency, millions of USD, thousands or unit.
This dataset comprises statistics pertaining to pensions indicators.It includes indicators such as occupational pension funds’asset as a % of GDP, personal pension funds’ asset as a % of GDP, DC pension plans’assets as a % of total assets. Pension fund and plan types are classified according to the OECD classification. Three dimensions cover this classification: pension plan type, definition type and contract type.
Conveniently located near the world’s fastest growing energy markets, the resource-rich and transit countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia contribute significantly to world energy security. However, shared challenges across the region include aged infrastructure, high energy intensity, low energy efficiency, untapped alternative energy potential and poorly functioning regional energy markets.
This publication highlights the energy policies and sector developments of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan during 2013-14 and provides a summary of key recommendations for policy makers in the region.
Energy policy analysis is conducted in line with the INOGATE Programme’s four main pillars of energy development: energy market convergence, energy security, sustainable development and investment attraction. Started in 1996, the INOGATE Programme is one of the longest running energy technical assistance programmes funded by the European Union and works within the policy frameworks of the Baku Initiative and the Eastern Partnership. The INOGATE Programme co-operates with 11 Partner Countries to support reduction in their dependency on fossil fuels and imports, to improve the security of their energy supply and to mitigate overall climate change. It also supports the Eastern Partnership, a joint initiative between the European Union, EU Member States, and the Eastern European and Caucasus countries. Launched in 2009, the Eastern Partnership aims at advancing political association and economic integration.
This publication has been produced with European Union financial assistance provided through the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument.
The SME Policy Index is a benchmarking tool designed for emerging economies to assess SME policy frameworks and monitor progress in policy implementation over time. The Index has been developed by the OECD in partnership with the European Commission, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), and the European Training Foundation (ETF) in 2006.
For the Eastern Partner Countries, the assessment framework is structured around the ten principles of the Small Business Act for Europe (SBA), providing a wide-range of pro-enterprise measures to guide the design and implementation of SME policies based on good practices promoted by the EU and the OECD. It is applied to the Eastern Partner Countries for the second time since 2012.
The Index identifies strengths and weaknesses in policy design and implementation, allows for comparison across countries and measures convergence towards good practices and relevant policy standards. It aims to support governments in setting targets for SME policy development and to identify strategic priorities to further improve the business environment. It also helps to engage governments in policy dialogue and exchange good practices within the region and with OECD and EU members.
This review addresses the territorial dimension of a range of policy challenges in the Ukraine, including Urkraine's productivity challenge, large inter-regional disparities, and need for decentralisation.
Ce jeu de données est un complément de la publication « Politiques agricoles : suivi et évaluation 2013 ». Il présente des estimations du soutien à l'agriculture pour les pays de l'OCDE ainsi que certaines économies non-membres. Ces tableaux de synthèse, conçus spécialement pour le suivi et l’évaluation du niveau et de la composition du soutien conféré par les politiques agricoles, portent sur :
- l’Estimation du Soutien aux Producteurs (ESP), représentant les transferts octroyés aux producteurs individuels ;
- l’Estimation du Soutien aux Services d’intérêt Général (ESSG), représentant les transferts octroyés collectivement aux producteurs, c’est-à-dire les services bénéficiant à l’agriculture mais dont l’incidence initiale n’est pas au niveau individuel des agriculteurs ;
- l’Estimation du Soutien aux Consommateurs (ESC), représentant les transferts octroyés aux consommateurs. L’ESC est presque toujours négative du fait que les transferts payés par les consommateurs via les politiques de soutien des prix dépassent en général l’ensemble des subventions à la consommation payées par les contribuables ;
- l’Estimation du Soutien Total (EST), représentant la somme des trois composants mentionnés ci-dessus, ajustée des doublons potentiels issus de la double comptabilisation de certains transferts de soutien des prix à la fois dans l’ESP et dans l’ESC.
La valeur de ces transferts est analysée plus en détail en examinant notamment leur part relative dans le soutien à l’agriculture, dans l’économie agricole et dans l’économie en général, ainsi que d’autres indicateurs tels que le Coefficient Nominal de Soutien (CNS) et le Coefficient Nominal de Protection (CNP).
This dataset is a complement to the "Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2013" publication. It shows estimates of agricultural support for OECD countries as well as some non-member economies. These summary tables, designed specifically to monitor and evaluate the level and composition of agricultural policy support, focus on:
- Producer Support Estimate (PSE), representing transfers granted to producers individually;
- General Service Support Estimate (GSSE), representing transfers granted to producers collectively, i.e. services that benefit agriculture but whose initial incidence is not at the level of individual farmers;
- Consumer Support Estimate (CSE), representing transfers granted to consumers. The CSE is almost always negative because transfers from consumers due to market price support policies outweigh any consumption subsidies from taxpayers that might be granted to consumers.
- Total Support Estimate (TSE), representing the sum of the three above-mentioned components, adjusted for double-counting given that some market price transfers are accounted for in both the PSE and CSE.
The value of those transfers are further analyzed by looking at their relative share in agricultural support, in agricultural economy and in the economy as a whole, together with other indicators such as Nominal Assistance Coefficient (NAC) and Nominal Protection Coefficient (NPC).