Spain
This dataset contains tax revenue collected by Spain. It provides detailed tax revenues by sector (Supranational, Federal or Central Government, State or Lander Government, Local Government, and Social Security Funds) and by specific tax, such as capital gains, profits and income, property, sales, etc.
Este informe presenta un análisis en profundidad del sistema español de innovación y de su estado actual en relación con la transferencia de conocimiento y la colaboración entre ciencia y empresa en España. El estudio identifica cinco áreas prioritarias de reforma e inversión a largo plazo como base para una nueva Hoja de Ruta. Estas prioridades incluyen una mayor autonomía operativa para universidades y centros públicos de investigación acompañada por rendición de cuentas centrada en resultados, así como una inversión sostenida en capacidades que permitan la conexión entre ciencia y empresa. Para poner estas reformas en marcha y mantenerlas en el tiempo, resulta necesario un nuevo pacto entre la ciencia y la sociedad española. Esta nueva relación se debería basar en el entendimiento entre todos los actores en el sistema de ciencia e innovación y la sociedad en general mediante un acuerdo que comprometa a los primeros a perseguir impactos sociales como contraparte de un apoyo más estable y predecible por parte de ésta última.
Before the pandemic hit, the city of Bilbao had the highest economic growth in Spain from 2000 to 2018, driven by a shift from heavy industry to a service-based economy. It also benefitted from a burgeoning tourism and culture sector, thanks to developments such as the Guggenheim Museum in 1998. Plagued with high unemployment in the late 90s, unemployment started to drop until 2008. However, such promising trends were unable to shield the city from the 2008 global financial and later COVID-19 crisis. This study assesses inequality in Bilbao and how the COVID-19 pandemic and the city’s response and recovery measures have affected its inclusive growth agenda. It also examines how Bilbao’s approach to deploying a smart city strategy and localising the SDGs contributes to the city’s overall resilience and inclusive growth objectives.
This reliable source of yearly data covers a wide range of statistics on international trade of OECD countries and provides detailed data in value by commodity and by partner country. The first four volumes each contain the tables for six countries, published in the order in which they become available. The fifth contains seven countries and the sixth volume also includes the OECD country groupings OECD Total and EU28-Extra.
For each country, this publication shows detailed tables relating to the Harmonised System HS 2012 classification, Sections and Divisions (one- and two- digit). Each table presents imports and exports of a given commodity with more than seventy partner countries or country groupings for the most recent five-year period available.
El Comité de Asistencia para el Desarrollo (CAD) de la OCDE realiza exámenes de pares a sus miembros cada cinco o seis años a fin de mejorar la calidad y eficacia de la cooperación para el desarrollo, identificando buenas prácticas y recomendando mejoras. España ha hecho de la Agenda 2030 el eje de su política exterior y su cooperación para el desarrollo. Colabora en alianzas para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible, a nivel internacional y en los países asociados. Se reconoce el papel de España por su labor mediante alianzas horizontales e inclusivas, y su capacidad de aprovechar la experiencia de su sector público para identificar y compartir conocimiento. En un momento en el que España emprende una reforma integral de su estrategia y su arquitectura de cooperación para el desarrollo, este examen de pares plantea varias recomendaciones que pretenden mejorar su dirección estratégica, racionalizar su marco administrativo, fortalecer sus recursos humanos y movilizar íntegramente su cooperación financiera.
Around one-third of the European Union’s budget is dedicated to cohesion policy, which promotes and supports the overall harmonious development of its Member States and regions. The success of this investment relies on effective partnerships among governments, stakeholders, and citizens. Citizens have a key role to play in shaping decisions on public investment, as well as in making public authorities more transparent and accountable. From July 2020-December 2021, the European Commission and the OECD partnered to explore how five authorities across Europe could place citizens at the centre of their investment decisions. This report summarises lessons learned throughout this project and, particularly, the results of applying innovative citizen participation methods to cohesion policy more broadly.
La transición hacia la economía circular para la ciudad de Valladolid, España, representa una oportunidad para un mayor atractivo y competitividad, a la vez que proporciona respuestas a los retos medioambientales. La ciudad de Valladolid pretende ser un referente como ciudad sostenible, reduciendo los residuos, disminuyendo el uso de materias primas y aumentando el uso de energías renovables, al tiempo que estimula el crecimiento económico y el bienestar social. Este informe pretende apoyar a Valladolid en el desarrollo de una estrategia coherente de economía circular, sobre la base de diversas iniciativas ya en marcha para financiar proyectos de economía circular, y sensibilizar y promover una cultura emprendedora sobre la economía circular.
Spanish society values families and family life highly, but the way that families look and live has been changing drastically over the past decades. From being one of the countries with the highest fertility rates in Europe, Spain now has the lowest rate in the region and the legalisation of divorce and social acceptance of co-habitation has led to a decline in the traditional nuclear family model. At the same time, the share of mothers who are employed increased by more than 50% over the past two decades, though it remains below the OECD average. While family law has evolved quite strongly alongside these societal changes, family policy – i.e. the combination of benefits, services, tax breaks and leave arrangements that support family members in raising and providing care to minor children and other dependent persons – has undergone some changes but few major reforms. This report suggests ways to adapt Spain’s family policy to incorporate family diversity into the national policy framework, improve family well-being, reduce child poverty and make family life easier for all.
Le Comité d’aide au développement (CAD) de l’OCDE procède à des examens par les pairs de ses membres une fois tous les cinq ou six ans. Ces examens visent à améliorer la qualité et l’efficacité de leur coopération pour le développement, en mettant en évidence les bonnes pratiques et en recommandant des améliorations. Le Programme 2030 est au cœur de la politique extérieure et de coopération de l’Espagne. Cette dernière noue des alliances pour atteindre les Objectifs de développement durable, à l’échelle internationale et dans ses pays partenaires. L’Espagne est estimée pour son approche partenariale horizontale et inclusive et sa capacité à mobiliser l’expertise du secteur public pour acquérir et partager les connaissances. Alors que le pays s'engage dans une réforme de sa coopération pour le développement, cet examen formule des recommandations destinées à améliorer le pilotage stratégique, rationaliser le cadre administratif, renforcer les ressources humaines et déployer pleinement sa coopération financière.
The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) conducts peer reviews of individual members once every five to six years. Reviews seek to improve the quality and effectiveness of members’ development co-operation, highlighting good practices and recommending improvements. Spain has put the 2030 Agenda at the centre of its foreign policy and development co-operation. It works in alliances to reach the Sustainable Development Goals, internationally and in partner countries. Spain is valued for its work in horizontal and inclusive partnerships, and its ability to mobilise public sector expertise to capture and share knowledge. As Spain embarks on a comprehensive reform of its development co-operation strategy and architecture, this peer review provides a set of recommendations to improve strategic steering, streamline its administrative framework, strengthen human resources and fully mobilise its financial co-operation.
A first step to implement effective migrant integration policies is to know who does what in policy sectors key to integration. Responding to this need, this paper offers policy makers a tool to understand the organisation of public action in key sectors for integration - Employment, Education, Housing, and Health/Welfare – in a sample of 10 OECD countries: Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden and the Netherlands.
The complexity of the division of powers among levels of government calls for coordination mechanisms between actors, whatever the level of decentralisation. Besides, it throws lights on subnational governments’ role in integrating migrants and enabling them to participate to local development for the benefits of all. The geographic differences that exist in migrant presence and outcomes mean countries should build on local authorities' knowledge of local realities, aptitudes to coordinate different policy fields at the relevant scale and cooperate with non-governmental organisations.
This study provides an in-depth assessment of Spain’s innovation system and the current state of knowledge transfer and collaboration. It identifies five priority areas for reform and long-term investment that should provide the basis of a new Roadmap. These include granting greater operational autonomy to universities and public research organisations in return for accountability on outcomes, putting in place a better integrated system of incentives that takes both individuals and organisations into account, and ensuring sustained investment in core capabilities to connect science and business. To put these reforms in motion and sustain them over time, a new type of covenant between science and society is needed in Spain today. This should be based on a ‘new deal’ between actors in the science and innovation system and society at large, committing to place the pursuit of concrete social benefits in return for more stable and predictable support.
This profile provides a concise and policy-relevant overview of health and the health system in Spain as part of the broader series of the State of Health in the EU country profiles. It provides a short synthesis of: the health status in the country; the determinants of health, focussing on behavioural risk factors; the organisation of the health system; and the effectiveness, accessibility and resilience of the health system. This edition has a special focus on the impact of COVID‑19.
This profile is the joint work of the OECD and the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, in co-operation with the European Commission.
While indices tracing the evolutions of regional house prices are increasingly available, this is less the case for similar data on house price levels. And where data on house price levels exist, they are not necessarily consistent with the patterns observed from house price indices. Yet, consistent regional statistics on house price levels are fundamental to assess housing affordability, potential barriers to labour mobility across regions, and for the design of housing policies. This article puts forward a method to compile regional house price levels that are consistent with the evolutions given by quality-adjusted house price indices, representative of the underlying stock of dwellings, and based on the information on house price levels that is available at all dates rather than in a single reference year. This method could be scaled up to different countries. The results obtained with Spanish data show that the decline in house prices following the global financial crisis of 2008-09 initially reduced the dispersion in house prices across Spanish regions, but this dispersion has increased again afterwards, and since 2016, it exceeds the one recorded in 2008. A comparison of price-per-m² to regional-income ratios shows that the relative housing affordability in the region of Madrid deteriorated compared to all other Spanish regions in the last decade. Monitoring whether shifts in housing demand following the COVID-19 pandemic will reverse this trend will be key.
En la última década, España ha llevado a cabo una serie de reformas para fortalecer la capacidad de la administración de prestar servicios de alta calidad a los ciudadanos y a las empresas, fomentando así la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas. Uno de los principales esfuerzos encabezados por la Oficina Nacional de Auditoría (ONA), entidad dependiente de la Intervención General de la Administración del Estado (IGAE), es el sistema de supervisión continua (SSC), una metodología basada en análisis de riesgos que actúa como prueba de fuego para la salud financiera, y la eficacia y la sostenibilidad de las instituciones públicas. Basándose en entrevistas, un análisis comparativo de las principales prácticas e investigaciones posteriores, este informe ofrece recomendaciones para apoyar a la ONA en el fortalecimiento de su gestión del SSC mediante la mejora de su estrategia, el uso de datos y los mecanismos de coordinación a nivel gubernamental.
Tras la pandemia del COVID-19, los gobiernos se enfrentan a riesgos de fraude tanto antiguos como nuevos, algunos de ellos a niveles sin precedentes, relacionados con el gasto en socorro y recuperación. Los programas de subvenciones públicas son un área de alto riesgo, en la que cualquier fraude acaba desviando el dinero de los contribuyentes de las prestaciones indispensables para los particulares y las empresas. Este informe identifica cómo la Intervención General de la Administración del Estado (IGAE) podría identificar y controlar mejor los riesgos de fraude en las subvenciones. Demuestra cómo las técnicas innovadoras de aprendizaje automático pueden ayudar a la IGAE a mejorar su evaluación de los riesgos de fraude en los datos de las subvenciones. Presenta un modelo de riesgo de trabajo, desarrollado con conjuntos de datos a disposición de la IGAE y mapea conjuntos de datos que se podrían utilizar en el futuro. El informe también considera las condiciones previas para la analítica avanzada y las evaluaciones de riesgo, incluyendo las formas en que la IGAE puede mejorar su gobernanza y gestión de datos.
Spain has undertaken a series of reforms over the last decade to strengthen the government’s ability to deliver high-quality services to citizens and businesses, while enhancing transparency and accountability. One major effort spearheaded by the National Audit Office (Oficina Nacional de Auditoría or ONA) is the continuous supervision system (SSC), a risk-based methodology that acts as a litmus test for the financial health, effectiveness and sustainability of public institutions. Drawing on interviews, a comparative analysis of leading practices, and research, this report provides recommendations to support the ONA in further strengthening its management of the SSC by improving its strategy, use of data, and co-ordination mechanisms across government.
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments face both old and new fraud risks, some at unprecedented levels, linked to spending on relief and recovery. Public grant programmes are a high-risk area, where any fraud ultimately diverts taxpayers’ money away from essential support for individuals and businesses. This report identifies how Spain’s General Comptroller of the State Administration (Intervención General de la Administración del Estado, IGAE) could better identify and control for grant fraud risks. It demonstrates how innovative machine learning techniques can support the IGAE in enhancing its assessment of fraud risks in grant data. It presents a working risk model, developed with datasets at the IGAE’s disposal, and maps datasets it could use in the future. The report also considers the preconditions for advanced analytics and risk assessments, including ways for the IGAE to improve its data governance and data management.
En 2020, la pandémie de coronavirus a fait basculer l’économie espagnole dans une grave récession. La réaction énergique du gouvernement a permis de protéger les emplois et les entreprises. Néanmoins, la crise a exacerbé des problèmes structurels qui se posent de longue date, tels qu’un chômage élevé, des inégalités fortes et des disparités régionales marquées. Le plan de relance national étayera la reprise à court terme et devrait également être mis à profit pour renforcer la croissance potentielle à long terme. Pour que la reprise soit durable et inclusive, il faudra améliorer la qualité des emplois en réduisant la segmentation du marché du travail, en améliorant les compétences et en renforçant les aides aux demandeurs d’emploi. Des réformes destinées à assurer la viabilité du système de retraite seront essentielles pour remédier aux problèmes budgétaires à moyen terme. L’Espagne progresse en matière de transformation numérique, mais il est possible d’améliorer l’adoption et l’utilisation des technologies numériques afin de renforcer la croissance de la productivité.Pour améliorer la diffusion des technologies numériques, il faut remédier aux lacunes qui subsistent en matière d’infrastructures numériques, et renforcer les capacités des entreprises et des individus de tirer pleinement parti de la transformation numérique, en investissant davantage dans l’innovation et les compétences.
THÈME SPÉCIAL : AMÉLIORER LA DIFFUSION DES TECHNOLOGIES NUMÉRIQUES POUR RENFORCER LA PRODUCTIVITÉ