Rwanda
RWANDA HAS MADE CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS in recovering from the 1994 war, exhibiting impressive growth averaging about 8 per cent a year during the period 1996-2005. In 2007,GDP growth is estimated at 4.9 per cent, down from the 5.3 per cent registered in 2006. The slowdown was due to poor growing conditions which caused agricultural output to fall. Growth is expected to slow further to 4 per cent in 2008, but to accelerate to 5.6 per cent in 2009.
Eleven years after the genocide that devastated the country and left nearly one million people dead, Rwanda continues to implement its programme for economic, structural and social reform. The programme has already met a number of major milestones. After experiencing low growth in 2003 due to poor weather conditions, real GDP growth recovered to 4 per cent in 2004 and was estimated to reach 4.2 per cent in 2005.
FOLLOWING THE 1994 GENOCIDE, Rwanda has made remarkable progress during the last ten years. The average real GDP growth between 1995 and 2004 was 8 per cent. Rwanda, however, remains highly dependent on foreign aid which, during 2000-04, accounted for about 50 per cent of the current budget and about 80 per cent of the development budget, even though the share of government revenues to GDP has recently increased. Progress in Rwanda’s structural transformation has remained slow, as a stagnating...
The case study of Rwanda highlights that both trade and development assistance have played an important role in catapulting the country to the top of Africa’s growth charts. The case study shows that the government has developed a robust set of indicators that span the broad aid-for-trade agenda. While the monitoring and evaluation system is complex and has minor gaps, taken as a whole, it has produced effective implementation. The system is predicated upon a set of output and outcome indicators to be attained through enumerated (and often quantified) policies and actions that begin at the highest level of government and cascade down through the various ministries and agencies. Each level of government has its own outputs/outcomes and associated implementation plan. The government, working with donors, has also established a comprehensive Donor Performance Assessment Framework as part of its administration of official development assistance. Beyond this, the framework is intended to contribute to meeting Rwanda’s 2020 goal of raising incomes to the level where aid of any kind will no longer be necessary. All in all, the case study tends to corroborate the findings of Bruno Versailles (2012c), who concluded that “…Rwanda now boasts what is very close to ‘best practice’ in mutual accountability frameworks”. Nonetheless, this review points to a few ways in which the management of aid for trade might be improved, if at the margin.
Immigrants contribute considerably to South Africa’s economy. In contrast to popular perception, immigration is not associated with a reduction of the employment rate of the native-born population in South Africa, and some groups of immigrants are likely to increase employment opportunities for the native-born. In part due to the high employment rate of the immigrant population itself, immigrants also raise the income per capita in South Africa. In addition, immigrants have a positive impact on the government’s fiscal balance, mostly because they tend to pay more in taxes. Policies focused on immigrant integration and fighting discrimination would further enhance the economic contribution of immigrants in South Africa.
How Immigrants Contribute to South Africa’s Economy is the result of a project carried out by the OECD Development Centre and the International Labour Organization, with support from the European Union. The project aimed to analyse several economic impacts – on the labour market, economic growth, and public finance – of immigration in ten partner countries: Argentina, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, the Dominican Republic, Ghana, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Rwanda, South Africa and Thailand. The empirical evidence stems from a combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses of secondary, and in some cases primary, data sources.
Immigrants' contribution to Rwanda's economy is relatively small, but growing. Unlike in many other developing countries, immigrants in Rwanda are on average better educated and work in more productive sectors than the native-born population. Although immigration is associated with a small reduction in the employment rate of the native-born population, immigrants' contribution to the Rwandan gross domestic product is higher than their share in employment. In addition, immigrants contribute more in taxes than they receive in government benefits, leading to a positive effect on the fiscal balance. A mix of migration policies, aimed at meeting labour market needs and fostering immigrants’ integration, and non-migration policies, intending to leverage the impact of immigration on the economy, would help enhance the contribution of immigrants to Rwanda’s economy.
How Immigrants Contribute to Rwanda’s Economy is the result of a project carried out by the OECD Development Centre and the International Labour Organization, with support from the European Union. The project aimed to analyse several economic impacts – on the labour market, economic growth, and public finance – of immigration in ten partner countries: Argentina, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, the Dominican Republic, Ghana, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Rwanda, South Africa and Thailand. The empirical evidence stems from a combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses of secondary, and in some cases primary, data sources.
As part of the peer review of Belgium, a team of examiners from Finland and Italy and the OECD secretariat visited Rwanda in late January 2015. The team met with Belgium’s Head of Cooperation in the Embassy and BTC’s resident representative and their teams; Rwandan officials at the Ministry of Economy and Finance and in line ministries; parliamentarians; other bilateral and multilateral partners; and representatives of Belgian and Rwandan civil society organisations.
Dans le cadre de l’examen par les pairs de la Belgique, une équipe composée d’examinateurs de la Finlande et l’Italie et de membres du Secrétariat de l’OCDE s’est rendue au Rwanda fin janvier 2015. L’équipe a rencontré le ministre conseiller à la Coopération au développement à l’ambassade et le représentant résident de la CTB et leurs équipes, ainsi que des fonctionnaires rwandais du ministère de l’Économie et des Finances et de ministères fonctionnels, des parlementaires, d’autres partenaires bilatéraux et multilatéraux et des représentants d’organisations de la société civile belges et rwandaises.
El presente capítulo analiza el Programa de Educación Cívico-Tributaria de Ruanda. Comienza haciendo un recorrido por el programa al completo y sus objetivos, seguido del análisis de varios elementos específicos: el Día del Contribuyente, los Clubes Fiscales de Amigos y los Consejos Consultivos Fiscales. Por último, realiza una reflexión sobre el impacto y las enseñanzas extraídas como fruto de la iniciativa.