Colombia
OECD’s periodic surveys of the Colombian economy. Each edition surveys the major challenges faced by the country, evaluates the short-term outlook, and makes specific policy recommendations. Special chapters take a more detailed look at specific challenges. Extensive statistical information is included in charts and graphs.
This chapter includes data on the income taxes paid by workers, their social security contributions, the family benefits they receive in the form of cash transfers as well as the social security contributions and payroll taxes paid by their employers. Results reported include the marginal and average tax burden for eight different family types.Methodological information is available for personal income tax systems, compulsory social security contributions to schemes operated within the government sector, universal cash transfers as well as recent changes in the tax/benefit system. The methodology also includes the parameter values and tax equations underlying the data.
In an era defined by the urgent climate crisis, unpredictable weather patterns and increasingly frequent natural disasters, ensuring infrastructure resilience to such events is paramount. This report discusses ways of enhancing government capacities to prevent, react and rebuild, thereby minimising the impact of natural disasters on infrastructure assets and operations. It identifies data, collaboration and technologies as drivers of resilience, and highlights financial resources, technical skills and regulatory frameworks as key enablers. The report presents seven actionable principles to ensure infrastructure resilience, drawing from global good practices and in-depth analyses of infrastructure projects in Colombia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mozambique and the United States.
Colombia has 14 tax agreements in force as reported in its response to the Peer Review questionnaire, including the Decision 578 of the Andean Community Commission (Decision 578) for the members of the Andean Community (the Andean Community Agreement). The Decision of the Commission of the Andean Community 578 on the regime for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion, adopted on 4 May 2004. The current members of the Andean Community are Bolivia*, Colombia, Ecuador* and Peru. Four of those agreements comply with the minimum standard.
Presumptive tax regimes (also known as simplified tax regimes) intend to reduce tax compliance costs for micro and small businesses (and enforcement costs for the tax administration) while levying a lower tax burden as compared to the standard tax system.
This working paper compiles detailed information on the presumptive tax regimes existing in a selection of OECD and non-OECD countries, identifies common practices adopted across the countries examined and provides multiple examples of best practices observed in these regimes. These examples can serve as guidance to policy makers and tax administrations to strengthen particular features of the presumptive tax regimes implemented in their jurisdictions. Lastly, the paper highlights the main challenges generally observed in the presumptive tax regimes under study, which might undermine the role of these regimes in incentivising business formalisation and strengthening tax compliance over time.
Access to finance is one of the main elements for strengthening and keeping entrepreneurships and micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) growing, allowing them to invest in order to increase their productivity, competitiveness and consolidation in the market. In times of economic distress, obstacles to access formal financing sources, significantly limit MSMEs’ ability to invest in upgrading their operations or in innovation, as they are required to have liquidity buffers to face economic uncertainty.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the standard measure of the value of final goods and services produced by a country during a period minus the value of imports. This subset of Aggregate National Accounts comprises comprehensive statistics on gross domestic product (GDP) by presenting the three different approaches of its measure of GDP: output based GDP, expenditure based GDP and income based GDP. These three different measures of gross domestic product (GDP) are further detailed by transactions whereby: the output approach includes gross value added at basic prices, taxes less subsidies, statistical discrepancy; the expenditure approach includes domestic demand, gross capital formation, external balance of goods and services; and the income approach includes variables such as compensation of employees, gross operating surplus, taxes and production and imports. Gross domestic product (GDP) data are measured in national currency and are available in current prices, constant prices and per capita starting from 1950 onwards.
This dataset comprises statistics on different transactions and balances to get from the GDP to the net lending/borrowing. It includes national disposable income (gross and net), consumption of fixed capital as well as net savings. It also includes transaction components such as net current transfers and net capital transfers. Data are expressed in millions of national currency as well as US dollars and available in both current and constant prices. Data are provided from 1950 onwards.
This database refers to the OECD Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels, taking stock of almost 800 spending programmes and tax breaks used by governments in 36 OECD countries and 6 key emerging G20 economies (Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Russia and South Africa) to encourage the consumption or production of fossil fuels. These include measures that reduce prices for consumers, as well as those that lower exploration and exploitation costs for oil and gas companies.
La pobreza en Colombia se incrementó del 30.9% en 2016 al 34.5% en 2022, manteniéndose por encima del promedio, 24.1%, registrado en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC). La pobreza extrema también se incrementó del 12.0% en 2016 al 16.9% en 2022, por encima del promedio de ALC (8.3%). El coeficiente de Gini aumentó de 50.6 en 2016 a 51.5 en 2021, manteniéndose por encima del promedio registrado en los países de ALC (44.8). Por lo que se refiere a los indicadores de inversión y transformación productiva, la inversión total en Colombia fue del 19.0% en 2022, frente al promedio de ALC del 21.3% en el mismo período. La productividad laboral de Colombia, medida con respecto a la producción de Estados Unidos por persona empleada, aumentó del 25.9% en 2016 al 28.1% en 2023, por encima del promedio de ALC del 27.1%. La proporción de exportaciones de productos de alta tecnología en los bienes manufacturados exportados totales disminuyó del 10.2% en 2016 al 8.2% en 2021, aunque se mantuvo por encima del promedio de ALC (7.2%). La percepción positiva de la inversión extranjera directa (IED), que descendió en toda la región, también lo hizo notablemente en Colombia, desde el 55.9% en 2016 al 37.2% en 2020. Los ingresos tributarios del país aumentaron ligeramente, del 19.1% del PIB en 2016 al 19.5% en 2021, por lo que esquivaron la tendencia regional descendente. Los ingresos tributarios ambientales descendieron ligeramente, del 0.8% del PIB en 2016 al 0.6% en 2020.
GDP is expected to grow at moderate rates of 1.2% in 2023 and 1.4% in 2024 before picking up to 3% in 2025. High inflation, interest rates and policy uncertainty will weigh on domestic demand in 2024. The central bank has raised interest rates to a 25-year high to bring inflation under control. Headline inflation has started to come down and is projected to return to the 2-4% target range in the second half of 2025.