Browse by: "2024"
Index
Title Index
Year Index
ការណែនាំស្តីពីការអនុវត្តកាតព្វកិច្ចតាមច្បាប់របស់អង្គការ OECD សម្រាប់ខ្សែចង្វាក់ផ្គត់ផ្គង់ដែលមានទំនួលខុសត្រូវ ក្នុងវិស័យកាត់ដេរ និងស្បែកជើង
ការណែនាំស្តីពីការអនុវត្តកាតព្វកិច្ចតាមច្បាប់របស់អង្គការ OECD សម្រាប់ខ្សែចង្វាក់ផ្គត់ផ្គង់ដែលមានទំនួលខុសត្រូវ ក្នុងវិស័យកាត់ដេរ និងស្បែកជើង ជួយសហគ្រាសនានាអនុវត្តអនុសាសន៍ការអនុវត្តកាតព្វកិច្ចតាមច្បាប់ដែលមាននៅក្នុងគោលការណ៍ណែនាំរបស់ OECD សម្រាប់សហគ្រាសពហុជាតិតាមបណ្តោយខ្សែ
សង្វាក់ផ្គត់ផ្គក្ន និងស្បែកជើង ដើម្បីជៀសវាង និងដោះស្រាយផលប៉ះពាល់អវិជ្ជមានដែលអាចកើតមាននៃសកម្មភាព និងខ្សែសង្វាក់ផ្គត់ផ្គង់របស់ពួកគេ។ វាគាំទ្រគោលបំណងនៃគោលការណ៍ណែនាំរបស់ OECD ដើម្បីធានាថាប្រតិបត្តិការរបស់សហគ្រាសក្នុងវិស័យកាត់ដេរ និងស្បែកជើងមានភាពសុខដុមជាមួយ
គោលនយោបាយរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាលក្នុងការពង្រឹងមូលដ្ឋាននៃទំនុកចិត្តទៅវិញទៅមករវាងសហគ្រាស និងសង្គមដែលពួកគេប្រតិបត្តិការ។ ការណែនាំនេះក៏នឹងគាំទ្រដល់សហគ្រាសនានាក្នុងការអនុវត្តកាតព្វកិច្ចតាមច្បាប់ដែលមាននៅក្នុងគោលការណ៍ណែនាំរបស់អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិស្តីពីធុរកិច្ច និងសិទ្ធិមនុស្ស។ ការណែនាំនេះគឺស្របតាមសេចក្តីប្រកាសរបស់អង្គការពលកម្មអន្តរជាតិ (ILO) ស្តីពីគោលការណ៍មូលដ្ឋាន និងសិទ្ធិការងារ ដោយអនុសញ្ញា និងអនុសាសន៍ពាក់ព័ន្ធរបស់ ILO និងសេចក្តីប្រកាសគោលការណ៍ត្រីភាគីរបស់ ILO ទាក់ទងនឹងសហគ្រាសពហុជាតិ និងគោលនយោបាយសង្គម។ រួមជាមួយនឹងម៉ូឌុលរបស់ខ្លួនស្តីពីការ
អនុវត្តកាតព្វកិច្ចតាមច្បាប់សម្រាប់តំបន់មានហានិភ័យជាក់លាក់ ការណែនាំនេះផ្តល់ឱ្យសហគ្រាសនូវកញ្ចប់ពេញលេញសម្រាប់ប្រតិបត្តិការ និងប្រភពប្រកបដោយការទទួលខុសត្រូវនៅក្នុងវិស័យកាត់ដេរ និង
ស្បែកជើង។ ការណែនាំនេះត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងតាមរយៈដំណើរការពហុភាគីដោយមានការចូលរួមយ៉ាង
ស៊ីជម្រៅពីប្រទេស OECD និងមិនមែន OECD អ្នកតំណាងពីផ្នែកធុរកិច្ច សហជីព និងសង្គមស៊ីវិល និងត្រូវបានត្រួតពិនិត្យដោយក្រុមការងារស្តីពីការប្រតិបត្តិអាជីវកម្មដែលមានទំនួលខុសត្រូវ។
វាត្រូវបានតម្រង់ទិសជាក់ស្តែង ដោយសង្កត់ធ្ងន់លើវិធីសាស្រ្តស្ថាបនារួមគ្នាចំពោះបញ្ហាប្រឈមដ៏ស្មុគស្មាញ។ ការណែនាំកសាងលើរបាយការណ៍ស៊ីជម្រៅនៃចំណុចទំនាក់ទំនងជាតិ (NCPs) នៃប្រទេសបារាំង និង
អ៊ីតាលី ស្តីពីការអនុវត្តគោលការណ៍ណែនាំរបស់ OECD ក្នុងវិស័យវាយនភណ្ឌ និងកាត់ដេរ ហើយឆ្លើយតបទៅនឹងសេចក្តីថ្លែងការណ៍ដែលបានធ្វើឡើងនៅក្នុងខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ 2013 និង 2014 ដោយ NCPs បន្ទាប់ពីការដួលរលំដ៏សោកនាដកម្មនៃ Rana Plaza។
This report on scaling up clean hydrogen financing provides a unique and in-depth proposal to transform ideas into attractive investment projects. It highlights how policy and financial risk mitigation mechanisms play a critical role in slashing the funding gap and reducing the cost of hydrogen generation. The findings promise to boost clean hydrogen lighthouse projects to revolutionize this multi-billion-dollar industry, so that emerging markets and developing countries can successfully participate in this nascent sector.
The Kazakh government has undertaken crucial legal and regulatory reforms to improve the governance and performance of its state-owned enterprises (SOEs), but further reforms are needed. This review describes and assesses the corporate governance framework of the Kazakh SOE sector against the OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of State-Owned Enterprises. It makes recommendations to help the Kazakh authorities reform their state-owned sector and align the exercise of state ownership and the governance of SOEs with international best practices.
As climate change increases exposure to natural disasters, countries need new solutions to mitigate risks of natural hazards. For many in Asia and the Pacific, mobilising existing resources is not enough: they need to consider a grand design of disaster risk financing strategies. Catastrophe bonds (CAT bonds) can be an effective, market-based financing tool for the region. While the global CAT bond market has grown steadily since the 1990s, it remains weakly developed in Asia and the Pacific. Its successful development there requires robust purpose-built legal frameworks; developed general bond markets, especially in local currency; appropriate capacity building; and data-driven pricing models. This report explores each of these conditions along with policy suggestions for fostering them, and discusses the development of multi-country CAT bonds in Asia and the Pacific.
Fin dalla sua approvazione nel 2014, lo Standard Internazionale per lo scambio automatico di informazioni a fini fiscali è stato attuato dalle giurisdizioni e dalle istituzioni finanziarie di tutto il mondo. Alla luce dell'esperienza acquisita e della crescente digitalizzazione dei mercati finanziari, è stata eseguita una revisione approfondita dello Standard. Di conseguenza, la presente pubblicazione comprende il Quadro per la comunicazione di informazioni in materia di cripto-attività (CARF) nonché le modifiche dello standard comune di comunicazione di informazioni (CRS), insieme ai relativi Commentari e ai quadri di riferimento per lo scambio di informazioni, quali approvati dal Comitato per gli Affari fiscali dell'OCSE, che ora costituiscono collettivamente gli standard internazionali per lo scambio automatico di informazioni a fini fiscali.
Il CARF prevede lo scambio automatico di informazioni fiscalmente pertinenti sulle cripto-attività ed è stato sviluppato per far fronte ai rapidi processi di sviluppo e crescita del mercato in tale ambito e per garantire che i recenti progressi in termini di trasparenza fiscale su scala mondiale non siano gradualmente compromessi.
Il CRS è stato modificato affinché taluni strumenti di moneta elettronica e le valute digitali della banca centrale rientrino nell'ambito di applicazione dello stesso. Sono state inoltre apportate modifiche per garantire che gli investimenti indiretti in cripto-attività tramite strumenti derivati e veicoli di investimento siano ora contemplati dal CRS. Sono state altresì apportate modifiche per rafforzare gli obblighi di adeguata verifica in materia fiscale e di comunicazione e per prevedere un'esclusione per le organizzazioni che siano effettivamente senza scopo di lucro.
La presente pubblicazione include altresì la Raccomandazione dell'OCSE relativa agli Standard internazionali per lo scambio automatico di informazioni a fini fiscali, che comprende sia il CARF che il CRS emendato.
Este informe explora cómo los gobiernos de América Latina y el Caribe pueden utilizar las tecnologías digitales y los datos para fomentar la capacidad de respuesta, la resiliencia y la proactividad en el sector público. Este informe examina los marcos de gobernanza y capacidades para el gobierno digital, el sector público impulsado por los datos, el diseño y la prestación de servicios públicos y la innovación digital en el sector público. Identifica tendencias, retos, fortalezas y oportunidades para la colaboración transfronteriza y proporciona recomendaciones de política pública para lograr una transformación digital eficiente y sostenible de los gobiernos en toda la región.
This report highlights key policy developments up to 2024 and the latest trends affecting services trade and digital trade. It also indicates best practices and the countries that lead in services reforms. The OECD Services Trade Restrictiveness Index (STRI) provides annually updated, comparable information on regulations affecting trade in services across 50 countries and 22 sectors from 2014 to 2024. The OECD’s quantification of services regimes across countries and over time seeks to inform the decisions of policy makers and regulators, to convey transparent and accessible information to exporters, and to provide a source of data for academic research on drivers and impediments to services trade.
This report presents developments of the work of the Inclusive Forum on Carbon Mitigation Approaches (IFCMA) to the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors, and reflect on the IFCMA’s achievements one year on from its launch in February 2023.
This report uses rich administrative data from different registers in Greece to evaluate the impact of two types of active labour market policies (ALMPs): wage subsidies and training for unemployed people. The report finds a positive impact of both types of ALMPs and makes recommendations for further improving the effectiveness of Greece’s ALMPs and strengthening the capacity of the authorities to conduct ALMP impact evaluations. This report is the twelfth in a series of country reports on policies to connect people with better jobs. It was produced as part of the OECD’s project with the European Commission which aims to raise the quality of the data collected and their use in the evaluation of the effectiveness of ALMPs.
The OECD Territorial Review of the Brussels-Capital Region, Belgium, provides an in-depth assessment of the trends, challenges and opportunities for sustainable and inclusive urban development in the region. It aims to help tackle the so-called ‘Brussels paradox’ between a highly performing region in terms of economic wealth creation and competitiveness but relatively poor social conditions. The region is also grappling with a shortage of affordable and quality housing, as well as several mobility challenges, including a high reliance on individual cars and traffic congestion, resulting in high commuting times and pollution levels, despite good accessibility to public transport. Although a comprehensive urban and land-use planning system exists, there is a lack of co-ordination with the surrounding regions and municipalities to drive more effective policies on housing, mobility, and other infrastructure investments. This review also examines the governance and institutional framework and suggests policy actions to strengthen co-ordination and co-operation mechanisms, and promote incremental collaboration at the metropolitan level. Finally, the review provides recommendations to enhance public finances in the region, focusing on better compensating for its additional charges, co-ordinating public investment among levels of government more efficiently, and establishing a metropolitan fund.
In an increasingly digital world, the significance of cyber security for individuals, businesses, and governments has never been greater. Rising cyber attacks are challenging current defence and operational capabilities, highlighting a critical shortage of skilled cyber security professionals. This report delves into the demand for cyber security expertise by analysing online job postings in France, Germany and Poland in between 2018 and 2023. It examines trends in the demand for cyber security professionals, the geographical distribution of job opportunities, and the changing skill requirements in this field. Focusing on France, the report also explores cyber security education and training programmes, the characteristics of the programmes, the demographics of enrolled learners, and their outcomes. Additionally, it reviews French policies and initiatives aimed at broadening the cyber security workforce and enhancing educational opportunities in this field. This comprehensive analysis is part of a larger effort to understand the evolving landscape of cyber security policies and professional experiences worldwide.
У цьому звіті аналізується ефективність державного управління в Україні за допомогою набору стандартних показників, заснованих на Принципах державного управління.
Принципи державного управління визначають, чим є ефективне державне врядування на практиці, і окреслюють основні вимоги, яких повинні дотримуватися країни під час процесу вступу до Європейського Союзу (ЄС). Вони оцінюють передумов ефективного державного управління (якість законів, політик, інституційна спроможність і процедури) і так і , як державне управління працює на практиці.
У своїх Стратегіях розширення 2014 та 2018 років Європейська Комісія виділила реформу державного управління як одну з трьох «основоположних» сфер процесу розширення ЄС. Враховуючи рішення Європейської Ради від грудня 2023 року розпочати переговори про вступ з Україною, цей звіт містить дані та рекомендації щодо того, як Україна може краще відповідати стандартам, встановленим Принципами.
Звіт є продовженням звіту SIGMA про результати базової оцінки державного управління України відповідно до Принципів державного управління 2018 року і містить порівняльну інформацію про успіхи реформ і виклики їй. Він охоплює шість тематичних сфер Принципів (стратегічні засади реформи державного управління, формування та координація політики, державна служба та управління людськими ресурсами, підзвітність, надання послуг та управління державними фінансами). У звіті наведено значення показників і порівняння загальних тенденцій в державному управлінні України.
This report analyses the performance of public administration in Ukraine through a set of standard indicators based on the Principles of Public Administration.
The Principles set out what good public governance entails in practice and outline the main requirements to be followed by countries during the European Union (EU) integration process. They address the preconditions for a good public administration (good laws, policies, institutional capacity and procedures) and how an administration performs in practice.
In its 2014 and 2018 Enlargement Strategies, the European Commission highlighted public administration reform as one of three “fundamentals first” areas of the EU enlargement process. Given the European Council decision of December 2023 to open accession negotiations with Ukraine, this report provides data and recommendations on how Ukraine could better meet the standards set by the Principles.
The report follows up on the 2018 SIGMA Baseline Measurement Report and provides comparative information on reform successes and remaining challenges. It covers the six thematic areas of the Principles (strategic framework of public administration reform, policy development and co-ordination, public service and human resource management, accountability, service delivery and public financial management). The report provides indicator values and comparison of overall trends across the administration.
L’économie mondiale a bien résisté en 2023, mais certains signes indiquent que la croissance a ralenti avec le resserrement de la politique monétaire qui commence à produire ses effets. Selon les projections, la croissance mondiale devrait rester modérée en 2024 et 2025, l’inflation revenant vers son objectif dans la plupart des pays d’ici 2025. Les principaux risques à court terme tiennent aux tensions géopolitiques, surtout si le conflit au Moyen-Orient devait entraîner des perturbations sur les marchés de l’énergie, et aux incertitudes entourant l’ampleur de l’impact du relèvement des taux d’intérêt.
Selon cette édition intermédiaire, la politique monétaire devrait rester prudente pour s’assurer que l’inflation revienne durablement vers l’objectif visé, même si les taux directeurs pourront être abaissés à mesure que l’inflation va diminuer. Les pouvoirs publics doivent avoir pour priorité de garantir la viabilité des finances publiques, notamment en prenant des mesures visant à réduire les tensions futures sur les dépenses. Des réformes structurelles s’imposent pour renforcer les fondements d’une croissance durable, et doivent viser de manière prioritaire à accélérer la décarbonation, à redynamiser les échanges mondiaux et à améliorer les résultats dans le domaine de l’éducation.
Les Perspectives économiques intermédiaires constituent une actualisation de l’évaluation présentée dans les Perspectives économiques de l’OCDE, volume 2023, Numéro 2 (édition numéro 114).
L'economia mondiale ha dimostrato di essere resiliente nel 2023, ma alcuni segnali lasciano intravedere una riduzione della crescita, sulla scia degli effetti dell'inasprimento monetario che iniziano a farsi sentire. Si prevede che la crescita globale rimarrà contenuta nel 2024 e nel 2025, con l'inflazione che tornerà all'obiettivo nella maggior parte dei Paesi entro il 2025. I principali rischi a breve termine sono rappresentati dalle tensioni geopolitiche, soprattutto se il conflitto in Medio Oriente dovesse portare a interruzioni nei mercati dell'energia, e dalle incertezze sull'entità dell'impatto a lungo termine dell'aumento dei tassi di interesse.
Secondo il presente Rapporto intermedio la politica monetaria dovrebbe rimanere prudente per garantire che l'inflazione ritorni in modo sostenibile all'obiettivo, sebbene i tassi di riferimento possano essere abbassati man mano che l'inflazione cala. I governi devono adoperarsi per garantire la sostenibilità di bilancio, anche adottando misure per ridurre le future pressioni sulla spesa. Occorrono riforme strutturali per rafforzare le basi di una crescita sostenibile, concentrandosi in via prioritaria sull'accelerazione della decarbonizzazione, sul rilancio del commercio globale e sul potenziamento dei risultati scolastici.
Il Rapporto intermedio fornisce un aggiornamento delle valutazioni riportate nelle Prospettive economiche dell'OCSE, Volume 2023, Numero 2 (n. 114).
The global economy proved resilient in 2023, but there are signs that growth is easing as restrictive monetary policy takes effect. Global growth is projected to remain moderate in 2024 and 2025, with inflation declining towards target in most countries by 2025. Key near term risks include high geopolitical tensions, particularly if the conflict in the Middle East were to disrupt energy markets, and uncertainty about the strength of the ongoing impact from higher interest rates.
The Interim Report says that monetary policy should remain prudent to ensure that inflation returns durably to target, though policy interest rates can be lowered as inflation declines. Governments need to focus on ensuring fiscal sustainability, including through measures to reduce future spending pressures. Structural policy reforms are needed to strengthen the foundations for sustainable growth, with key priorities being to accelerate decarbonisation, revive global trade and improve educational outcomes.
The Interim Report is an update on the assessment in the OECD Economic Outlook, Volume 2023 Issue 2 (Number 114).
Cancer causes almost a quarter of all deaths in the EU27, Norway and Iceland, with five new cancer cases diagnosed every minute in 2022. Assessing and improving cancer care from prevention to treatment is essential for promoting longer, healthier lives. This report addresses the latest trends in cancer incidence and mortality in the EU and reviews key cancer risk factors, cancer screening programmes and early diagnoses, and issues in the provision of high-quality cancer care. Country performance, cross-cutting challenges and new developments are examined with a particular focus on disparities by regions, socio-economic status and gender. The report provides policy makers with fiscal, regulatory and health systems organisation tools, as well as examples of initiatives that can be undertaken in primary care, workplaces, and schools to better control cancer and counter inequalities.
Return migration has emerged as a critical policy concern for both destination and origin countries. While policy attention in destination countries has been focused on assisted voluntary return and reintegration (AVRR) programs, particularly for migrants with expulsion orders, these efforts represent only a fraction of broader return movements. This report, based on a project carried out by the OECD with support from the German Corporation for International Co-operation (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH – GIZ), commissioned by the Federal Ministry for Economic Co-operation and Development, analyses the scope and characteristics of different categories of return migration.
The report draws on three workshops, held in Tunis, Rabat and Brussels, that discussed return migration in different contexts. It examines the multiple factors that influence migrants' decisions to return to their countries of origin and their reintegration at home, including the role of family and community. The report emphasises the pre-existing structures and networks of returning migrants in origin countries and their role in supporting different types of return migrants. The report also looks at potential re-migration.
As countries scale up climate action, they face the challenge of expanding renewable power while tackling biodiversity loss. Transitioning away from fossil fuels can reduce climate-related pressure on biodiversity, but brings its own risks. Unless carefully managed, the expansion of renewable power could compromise biodiversity. This report synthesises evidence on biodiversity impacts from renewable power infrastructure, with a focus on solar power, wind power and power lines. It identifies opportunities for mainstreaming biodiversity into power sector planning and policy to deliver better outcomes for nature and the climate. Drawing on good practice insights from across the globe, the report offers governments recommendations to align renewable power expansion with biodiversity goals.
This publication presents guidance for the compilation of distributional results on household income, consumption and saving consistent with national accounts totals. These results are a key input for evidence-based policies targeting inequality and fostering inclusive growth, providing insights into key dimensions of material well-being across household groups. The results complement existing inequality measures by including elements that are often lacking from micro statistics and by providing inequality measures consistent with macroeconomic aggregates, broadening the scope for analyses, while also capturing households and transactions that are typically underrepresented in micro data. Moreover, while the estimates do require a number of statistical choices and assumptions, they have a high degree of international comparability because of the common methodology and their alignment to national accounts results. The handbook provides an overview of the conceptual framework underlying the distributional results and discusses various aspects in relation to the compilation and presentation of the distributional results. It aims to assist compilers in deriving high-quality distributional results and to provide users with more insights into the main benefits of these results as well as into the way that the results have been derived.