Kyrgyzstan
The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a highly influential instrument for monitoring the quality of education systems and provides a strong evidence base for informed policy making and education research. PISA also has a proven potential to trigger reforms and stimulate stakeholder involvement in the process.
Notwithstanding the importance of its ranking, the full strength of PISA unfolds when data it delivers is utilised in the national policy domain. Linking PISA outcomes and policy choices, and monitoring the impact on education quality is thereby a demanding task, which requires sound analytical capacity, and also knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of the respective education system. The OECD Directorate for Education addresses the demand of non-member economies for policy support in understanding and analysing PISA data in the broader context of education system management and policy formulation.
This report explains the reasons for the dramatically low performance of Kyrgyz students in the 2006 PISA survey, despite significant resources and efforts invested in education by schools, parents and government. The report reveals that a number of policy areas are in need of urgent attention and recommends ways to close the currently existing gap between aspirations and education reform achievement.
В данной публикации ОЭСР предлагается обзор текущей образовательной политики в отношении детей с особыми образовательными потребностями в Казахстане, Кыргызской Pеспублике и Таджикистане. Дается представление о социально-
историческом контексте, системах образования и соответствующего законодательства, критически анализируются принятые взгляды на доступ к образованию для самой уязвимой группы детского населения в данных странах. Особое внимание уделяется
политическим мерам, направленным на обеспечения инклюзивности образования, процедурам идентификации и оценки, общей координации предоставления образовательных услуг, интеграции в общеобразовательную систему, а также наиболее
успешным практикам и роли НПО и общественных доноров. Публикация входит в серию изданий ОЭСР “Oбзор национал ьной политики в области образования”, ее готовит Программа по Сотрудничеству со странами, не входящими в
состав ОЭСР Директората по Образованию.
This OECD publication reviews the current state of education policies for children with special education needs and those with disabilities in Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan. It offers an overview of the respective country backgrounds, education systems and relevant legislation, and takes a critical look at access to education for what is considered to be the most vulnerable group of children in the countries reviewed. Particular attention is paid to inclusive education policies, to the processes of identification and assessment, to overall policy co-ordination for the provision of education services, to integration in mainstream education, as well as to good practices and the role of NGOs and the donor community.
This book presents the outcomes of a review of legal and institutional frameworks for fighting corruption in the Kyrgyz Republic, which was carried out in the framework of the Anti-Corruption Network for Transition Economies based at the OECD. The review examined national anti-corruption policy and institutions currently in place in the Kyrgyz Republic, national anti-corruption legislation, and preventive measures to ensure the integrity of civil service and effective financial control. This publication contains the recommendations as well as the full text of the self-assessment report provided by the government of the Kyrgyz Republic.
Since 1991, the Kyrgyz Republic has made significant progress in offering an attractive environment to foreign investors. It has a stable political environment, low inflation, recent and projected growth rates of at least 6 per cent per annum, and has made significant improvements in the legal regime regulating foreign investment. The Republic had initially no foreign investments in 1991 but by the end of 1997 these approached $250 million. Substantial further investment is expected in mining, energy production, agri-business, light industry and tourism in the future. The Investment Guide for the Kyrgyz Republic has been prepared with three objectives: firstly, to identify the opportunities which are likely to interest foreign investors; secondly, to provide the investor with relevant information on the historical, political, economic, financial and legal framework, and thirdly to draw attention to areas of policy and legislation where additional measures will further increase its comparative advantages as an investment location.
This chapter assesses the progress and challenges faced by Kyrgyzstan in improving trade facilitation. It highlights initiatives to improve public consultation processes, advance rulings, and appeals, contributing to a more predictable trade environment. It also showcases the progress made in developing the Single Window, implementing pre-arrival processing, enhancing perishable goods handling, and improving transparency through online feedback mechanisms to better respond to traders’ needs. Finally, the chapter provides recommendations to overcome challenges, including the lack of domestic and regional border agency co-ordination.
В настоящей главе приводится оценка прогресса, достигнутого Кыргызстаном на пути к упрощению процедур торговли, а также проблем в данной области. В ней освещаются инициативы по улучшению процедур общественных консультаций, выдачи предварительных решений и обжалования, которые будут способствовать созданию более предсказуемых условий для торговли. В ней также рассказывается о прогрессе, достигнутом в развитии системы единого окна, внедрении системы предварительной обработки грузов, улучшении обработки скоропортящихся товаров и повышении прозрачности с помощью механизмов обратной связи в режиме онлайн для более полного удовлетворения потребностей участников ВЭД. В заключительной части главы даны рекомендации по преодолению проблем, в том числе недостаточной координации действий внутренних и региональных пограничных служб.
This chapter assesses progress in implementing the three priority reforms identified in 2020, namely streamlining legislation, simplifying the tax code and tax administration and ensuring predictable contract enforcement. It takes into account action to support business activity and economic growth during and after the COVID pandemic and in response to Russia’s war in Ukraine. Since 2020, the government has been taking measures to encourage business formalisation, facilitate interactions between the administration and firms through digitalisation, and provide tax incentives in priority sectors, such as tourism, high technologies, and creative industries. The chapter concludes with a series of policy recommendations.
В этой главе оценивается ход реализации трех приоритетных реформ, решение о проведении которых было принято в 2020 году, а именно совершенствование законодательства, упрощение налогового кодекса и налоговой администрации, а также обеспечение предсказуемости в обеспечении исполнения контрактов. с учетом действий по поддержке деловой активности и экономического роста во время и после пандемии COVID-19, а также после начала войны России с Украиной. С 2020 года правительство принимало меры по выведению бизнеса из тени, содействию взаимодействия между официальными органами и субъектами предпринимательства посредством цифровизации, а также предоставлению налоговых льгот в приоритетных секторах, таких как туризм, высокие технологии и креативные индустрии. В конце этой главы приводится ряд рекомендации в сфере государственной политики.
This chapter briefly describes the motivation for the household survey, noting the demand among the Kyrgyz population for financial products and services is poorly understood. It suggests better understanding can help commercial banks, as well as policy makers and central bankers, to design more targeted interventions. The chapter outlines methodology and content of the 2019 survey of 1 000 households on their access to and use of (green) financial products and services in the Kyrgyz Republic. It notes the survey helps fill a gap in evidence on access to and demand for green financial products and services in the Kyrgyz Republic, and supports developing solutions to promote green finance-related activities.
This chapter outlines the background to the OECD’s study and the household survey. It describes how the National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic expressed interest in working with the OECD to source new evidence on the extent to which households access and use (green) financial products and services. It describes how the Kyrgyz National Sustainable Development Strategy for 2018-2040 and the Green Economy Program contain targets on sustainable finance. Finally, the chapter presents the socio-economic context of the Kyrgyz Republic, and outlines how the banking sector could help the country achieve its sustainable development goals.
This chapter suggests interventions that can help improve access to and use of green financial products and services in the Kyrgyz Republic. Policy can play a role in making green investments more attractive. The central bank can consider mandatory requirements for financial institutions to improve their environmental governance, such as adequate pricing and disclosure of climate risks. Several other interventions are outlined, such as subsidies for climate and disaster risk insurance and information on green financial instruments within Kyrgyz financial literacy strategies. The chapter also presents options to provide long-term risk capital and alleviate collateral constraints through scaling up credit guarantees. This would especially help those household members that are individual entrepreneurs.
The National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic expressed interest in working with the Organisation for Economic Co‑operation and Development (OECD) on an analysis of household savings and investment behaviour. Ultimately, it wanted this analysis to help the Kyrgyz banking sector embed climate change into financial decisions and macroeconomic analysis. The bank monitors several indicators of financial sector breadth such as branch, automated teller machines and deposit penetration. Savings behaviour and the particular demands of the Kyrgyz population for financial products and services, however, are still little understood.
This chapter describes the challenges facing the Kyrgyz banking system. It then briefly explains why financial access and use of formal financial instruments are important for economic development. It suggests ways to increase financial access in the Kyrgyz Republic. Several instruments are proposed to improve financial literacy; to provide affordable, targeted financial products by lowering credit risk, alleviating collateral constraints and pooling demand; to increase trust in financial institutions; and to improve access to physical banking infrastructure. Some of these instruments already exist in the country and could be scaled up. Others have worked in countries from the region and beyond, and could be adopted.
The government of the Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan) needs structural reforms to strengthen macroeconomic performance, reduce poverty and address challenges posed by human-made climate change. In recognition of these challenges, the government has set out the National Sustainable Development Strategy towards 2040. In addition, it has launched the Green Economy Program 2019-2023, which guides its transition towards an economy that is green and inclusive. Managing the COVID‑19 pandemic and its consequences presents the opportunity to accelerate this transition and embed principles to implement it into short and medium-term economic planning.
This chapter presents the results of the household survey. The survey covers experience with green financial instruments, access to and use of formal banking services, including credit and use of mobile banking. It also provides insights on differences in financial behaviour and experience by region, level of education and gender. The key findings shed light on the experience of households with formal financial instruments, including green instruments. It examines perceptions of respondents around barriers for taking out a green loan, including the role of high interest rates, short lending terms, insufficient collateral and inconvenient repayment schedules. It also explores other barriers such as awareness, knowledge and understanding of green investment.