Colombia
The paper is the first in a series of two papers mapping young people’s environmental sustainability competence in EU and OECD countries that were prepared as background for the forthcoming OECD Skills Outlook 2023 publication. The papers are the results of a collaboration between the OECD Centre for Skills and the European Commission - Joint Research Centre (Unit B4) on students’ environmental sustainability competence. The second paper is titled: ‘The environmental sustainability competence toolbox: From leaving a better planet to our children to leaving better children for our planet’.
This chapter evaluates women’s political participation in Colombia within the framework of the 2015 OECD Recommendation of the Council on Gender Equality in Public Life. It assesses the current landscape of women’s political participation in the national parliament and in local councils at the national and subnational levels, specifically in the departments of Putumayo and Chocó, and in their municipalities of Mocoa and Quibdó. The chapter discusses the existing legal and policy frameworks and institutional mechanisms for promoting gender equality in political participation. It offers an assessment of key achievements, challenges and gaps in the implementation of gender-equality objectives within government decision-making frameworks and processes, namely in relation to women’s political participation.
Colombia, the fourth largest economy in Latin America, is back on stage after decades of conflict. The country is looking to open up opportunities for all by addressing its structural challenges, benefiting more from trade and investment and increasing productivity. This chapter reviews the structural performance of Colombia in the last two decades and identifies opportunities going forward.
This chapter reviews Colombia’s policy and institutional framework for waste management. It takes stock of policy initiatives to reduce waste generation, encourage recycling and ensure safe disposal of municipal and hazardous waste. The chapter also highlights progress in integrating informal waste pickers into municipal waste management. It discusses the environmental and economic implications of specific measures, such as extended producer responsibility and waste collection charges.
The review visit to Colombia was designed by the OECD in collaboration with the Colombian national co-ordinator. It was also informed by preliminary meetings between the OECD Secretariat and different national authorities and stakeholders in October 2017. These preliminary meetings involved conversations with the Ministry of National Education (MEN), the National Planning Department (DNP), the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (MinHacienda), the Territorial Renewal Agency (ART), the Colombian Institute for Educational Evaluation (ICFES), the National Learning Service (SENA), the Federation of Colombian Municipalities (FCM), the Office of the Ombudsman and Prosecutor General (PGN), the National Work and Concertation Commission on Education for the Indigenous People (CONTCEPI), Red PaPaz (the country’s largest parent organisation), and the National Association of Secondary Students (ANDES). The planning of the main visit was also informed by conversations with the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the World Bank. Some meetings during the main review visit could not be held as planned, such as with the Federation of Colombian Workers in Education (FECODE) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MADR).
This chapter examines Colombia’s vision for tertiary education, and how well the Colombian tertiary system is organised in terms of its overall structure, governance and management systems.
The chapter begins with a discussion of the reforms the government proposed to Law 30 in 2011, the debate that followed, and what that debate revealed about public attitudes towards tertiary education. It closes with a summary of recommendations, including the need to (i) review and simplify the current hierarchy of tertiary degrees and qualifications, and create clear and transparent pathways to higher-level programmes and qualifications; (ii) review the supply of and demand for tertiary education graduates at all levels; (iii) integrate SENA more fully into the tertiary education system; (iv) agree an accountability framework; and (v) build national goals into institutional decision-making processes.
The illustrations on the following pages visualize how the interaction of VAT exclusions and the FTZ exemption give raise to VAT revenue forgone in scenarios 3 and 4. Arrows represent financial flows. For simplicity, the illustrations only focus on FTZ users purchasing inputs from the national territory but the same reasoning holds for inputs purchased from outside Colombia.
This paper studies the potential drivers of governments’ approval rates in 18 Latin American countries using Internet search query data from Google Trends and traditional data sources. It employs monthly panel data between January 2006 and December 2015. The analysis tests several specifications including traditional explanatory variables of governments’ approval rates – i.e. inflation, unemployment rate, GDP growth, output gap – and subjective explanatory variables – e.g. perception of corruption and insecurity. For the latter, it uses Internet search query data to proxy citizens’ main social concerns, which are expected to drive governments’ approval rates. The results show that the perception of corruption and insecurity, and complaints about public services have a statistically significant association with governments’ approval rates. This paper also discusses the potential of Internet search query data as a tool for policy makers to understand better citizens’ perceptions, since it provides highly anonymous and high-frequency series in real-time.