Germany
Der Entwicklungsausschuss (DAC) der OECD führt alle fünf bis sechs Jahre Prüfungen der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit seiner Mitglieder durch. Bei diesen Prüfungen wird die Gesamtleistung des jeweils zu prüfenden Mitglieds – Politik, Programme und Systeme – kritisch unter die Lupe genommen. Dazu werden seine Entwicklungsaktivitäten sowie seine Konzepte für fragile Kontexte, Krisen und humanitäre Hilfe einer integrierten, systemweiten Betrachtung unterzogen.
Dieser Prüfbericht zeigt, dass sich Deutschland für eine faire und nachhaltige Globalisierung und eine regelbasierte multilaterale Ordnung einsetzt. 2020 beliefen sich die Leistungen der öffentlichen Entwicklungszusammenarbeit in Deutschland auf 0,73 % des Nationaleinkommens. Deutschland ist dabei, sein Engagement in Afrika neu auszurichten und die Methoden seiner Entwicklungszusammenarbeit zu reformieren. Bei der Analyse und Bewältigung der Spillover-Effekte, die seine Politik auf Entwicklungsländer hat, wäre ein systematischerer Ansatz zu empfehlen. Von Vorteil wären auch eine klarere Vision und stärkere Anstrengungen, um Geschlechtergleichstellung zu fördern, niemanden zurückzulassen und eine Ergebniskultur zu verankern. Deutschlands klarer und umfassender Ansatz im Umgang mit Krisen könnte weiter verbessert werden, wenn kurz- und langfristige Verpflichtungen genauer definiert würden.
Die vorliegende Kurzfassung enthält die Zusammenfassung sowie die wichtigsten Ergebnisse und Empfehlungen von OECD Development Co-operation Peer Reviews: Germany 2021.
The OECD’s Development Assistance Committee (DAC) conducts reviews of the individual development co operation efforts of its members every five to six years. DAC peer reviews critically examine the overall performance of a given member covering its policy, programmes and systems. They take an integrated, system wide perspective on the development co operation activities of the member under review and its approach to fragility, crisis and humanitarian assistance.
This peer review shows that Germany invests in fair and sustainable globalisation and a rules-based multilateral order. It provided 0.73% of its national income as official development assistance in 2020. The country is adjusting its engagement with Africa and reforming the way it delivers development co-operation. Germany could be more systematic in analysing and addressing the spill-over effects of its policies on developing countries. German development co-operation would benefit from a clearer vision and greater investment in gender equality and leaving no one behind, and embedding a culture of results. Its clear vision and comprehensive approach to crises would benefit from better defining short and long-term engagements.
This report provides an in-depth analysis of the policy ecosystem in place for social entrepreneurship and social enterprises in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. It identifies the state’s key strengths and challenges and provides policy recommendations to support the development of a stronger policy ecosystem.
It includes a conceptual framework for social entrepreneurship and social innovation (Chapter 2); with recommendations and analyses to build institutional and legal frameworks for social enterprises (Chapter 3), improve access to finance for social entrepreneurship development (Chapter 4), promote access to private and public markets for social entrepreneurship development (Chapter 5), and strengthen social impact measurement and reporting for social enterprise development (Chapter 6).
Germany has a strong skill development system. The country’s 15‑year‑old students performed above the OECD average in the last (2018) edition of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), continuing a trend of significant improvement since PISA’s first edition in 2000. Its adult population also has above‑average literacy and numeracy skills, according to the OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC). A strong and well-respected vocational education and training system is seen as one of the success factors behind these achievements. However, participation in learning beyond initial education lags behind other high-performing OECD countries and varies considerably across different groups of the population. This is problematic in a rapidly changing labour market, where participation in continuing education and training is a precondition for individuals, enterprises and economies to harness the benefits of these changes. This report assesses the current state of the German continuing education and training (CET) system. It examines how effectively and efficiently the system prepares people and enterprises for the changes occurring in the world of work, and identifies what changes are necessary to make the CET system more future ready. The report makes recommendations for the further development of the CET system based on international good practice.
This dataset contains data on metropolitan regions with demographic, labour, innovation and economic statistics by population, regional surface, population density, labour force, employment, unemployment, GDP, GDP per capita, PCT patent applications, and elderly dependency ratio.
This dataset comprises statistics on different transactions and balances to get from the GDP to the net lending/borrowing. It includes national disposable income (gross and net), consumption of fixed capital as well as net savings. It also includes transaction components such as net current transfers and net capital transfers. Data are expressed in millions of national currency as well as US dollars and available in both current and constant prices. Data are provided from 1950 onwards.
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the standard measure of the value of final goods and services produced by a country during a period minus the value of imports. This subset of Aggregate National Accounts comprises comprehensive statistics on gross domestic product (GDP) by presenting the three different approaches of its measure of GDP: output based GDP, expenditure based GDP and income based GDP. These three different measures of gross domestic product (GDP) are further detailed by transactions whereby: the output approach includes gross value added at basic prices, taxes less subsidies, statistical discrepancy; the expenditure approach includes domestic demand, gross capital formation, external balance of goods and services; and the income approach includes variables such as compensation of employees, gross operating surplus, taxes and production and imports. Gross domestic product (GDP) data are measured in national currency and are available in current prices, constant prices and per capita starting from 1950 onwards.
This dataset contains tax revenue collected by Germany. It provides detailed tax revenues by sector (Supranational, Federal or Central Government, State or Lander Government, Local Government, and Social Security Funds) and by specific tax, such as capital gains, profits and income, property, sales, etc.
Skills are central to the capacity of countries and people to thrive in a rapidly changing world. Recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic will require countries to co-ordinate interventions to help recent graduates find jobs, reactivate the skills of displaced workers and use skills effectively in workplaces. Megatrends such as globalisation, climate change, technological progress and demographic change will continue to reshape work and society. Countries should take action now to develop and use more effectively the skills required for the world of the future and at the same time make their skills systems more resilient and adaptable in the context of change and uncertainty.
The OECD Skills Strategy provides countries with a strategic approach to assess their skills challenges and opportunities. The foundation of this approach is the OECD Skills Strategy framework allowing countries to explore how they can improve i) developing relevant skills, ii) using skills effectively, and iii) strengthening the governance of the skills system.
This report applies the OECD Skills Strategy framework to Southeast Asia, providing an overview of the region’s skills challenges and opportunities in the context of COVID-19 and megatrends, and identifying good practices for improving skills outcomes. This report lays the foundation for a more fully elaborated Skills Strategy for Southeast Asia.
The COVID-19 crisis is leading to reductions in work-based learning opportunities for vocational education and training (VET) students. This policy brief argues that VET programmes can be adapted to deliver practical components of VET in school-based settings when there is a persistent shortage of work-based learning opportunities. It also describes how innovative technologies such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR) and simulators can be utilised to facilitate school-based delivery of practical learning, but also to improve the effectiveness of face-to-face and online teaching in VET in the longer‑term.
L’économie allemande est entrée dans une profonde récession en 2020 à cause de la pandémie de coronavirus. La réaction énergique du gouvernement a permis de renforcer les capacités du système de santé tout en protégeant les emplois et les entreprises. Les réponses à la crise ont consisté notamment à accroître les investissements pour faire face aux enjeux structurels découlant de la transition énergétique et de la transformation numérique. Des investissements publics plus poussés s’imposent pour rattraper les retards en matière d'infrastructures, et il faut prendre parallèlement des mesures pour venir à bout des goulets d’étranglement dans leur livraison. La tarification des émissions dans le transport et le chauffage contribuera à réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre, mais d'autres mesures seront nécessaires pour atteindre les objectifs. Les autorités allemandes ont bien progressé dans la résolution de certains obstacles à la transformation numérique, mais peuvent faire encore davantage pour que ses avantages puissent être pleinement exploités. Réduire les blocages au niveau des taux de raccordement à l’internet, développer les incitations à investir dans le capital intellectuel et soutenir la dynamique des entreprises pendant la reprise en diminuant les formalités administratives, en facilitant l’accès aux sources de financement et en accélérant l’arrivée de l'administration numérique sont autant de mesures qui peuvent favoriser la diffusion des technologies et la productivité. Afin de donner à chacun les moyens de réussir dans des environnements numériques, il faudrait enseigner plus précocement la pensée computationnelle et développer la formation des enseignants pour garantir une utilisation efficace des technologies numériques dans les établissements scolaires.
Social protection systems use a range of entitlement criteria. First-tier support typically requires contributions or past employment in many countries, while safety net benefits are granted on the basis of need. In a context of volatile and uncertain labour markets, careful and continuous monitoring of the effectiveness of income support is a key input into an evidence-based policy process. This paper proposes a novel empirical method for monitoring the accessibility and levels of safety net benefits. It focusses on minimum-income benefits (MIB) and other non-contributory transfers and relies on data on the amounts of cash support that individuals in need receive in practice. Results show that accessibility and benefit levels differ enormously across countries – for instance, in 2015/16, more than four out of five low-income workless one-person households received MIB in Australia, France and the United Kingdom, compared to only one in five in Greece, Italy and Korea, three countries that have since sought to strengthen aspects of safety-net provisions.
Die deutsche Wirtschaft ist 2020 aufgrund der Corona-Pandemie in eine tiefe Rezession geraten. Durch entschlossenes staatliches Handeln gelang es, die Kapazitäten des Gesundheitssystems zu stärken und zugleich Arbeitsplätze und Unternehmen zu schützen. Im Rahmen der Krisenantwort wurden auch die Investitionen zur Bewältigung der strukturellen Herausforderungen aufgestockt, die sich aus der Energiewende und der digitalen Transformation ergeben. Es muss aber noch mehr getan werden, um den Investitionsstau im Infrastrukturbereich aufzulösen. Die Emissionsbepreisung im Verkehrs- und Wärmesektor wird helfen, die Treibhausgasemissionen zu reduzieren. Allerdings sind weitere Schritte erforderlich, um die gesetzten Ziele zu erreichen. Die Bundesregierung hat bei der Beseitigung einiger zentraler Hindernisse für die Digitalisierung erhebliche Fortschritte erzielt. Sie kann aber noch mehr tun, um die Vorteile der digitalen Transformation voll auszuschöpfen. Technologieverbreitung und Produktivität lassen sich steigern, wenn es gelingt, Engpässe in der Internetversorgung zu beseitigen, Anreize für Investitionen in Wissenskapital zu setzen und die Unternehmensdynamik in der Erholungsphase zu unterstützen. Dazu gilt es, den Bürokratieaufwand zu reduzieren, den Zugang zu Finanzmitteln zu erleichtern und die Digitalisierung der öffentlichen Verwaltung zu beschleunigen. Damit alle in der digitalen Welt erfolgreich sein können, sollte „informatisches Denken“ zudem schon früher gefördert werden. Außerdem sollten mehr Fortbildungen für Lehrkräfte angeboten werden, um einen effektiven Einsatz digitaler Technologien in den Schulen sicherzustellen.
SCHWERPUNKTTHEMA: DIE VORTEILE DER DIGITALEN TRANSFORMATION VOLL AUSSCHÖPFEN
The German economy entered a deep recession in 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic. A strong government response has reinforced health system capacity while protecting jobs and firms. The response to the crisis has included increases in investment to meet structural challenges from the energy transition and digital transformation. Further public investment is needed to resolve the infrastructure backlog, along with steps to remove delivery bottlenecks. Emissions pricing in transport and heating will help reduce greenhouse gas emissions, though further steps will be needed to meet targets. The German government has made good progress in addressing some key barriers to digital transformation, but can do more to unleash its full benefits. Alleviating connectivity bottlenecks, incentivising investment in knowledge-based capital and supporting business dynamism during the recovery by reducing administrative burden, facilitating access to financing, and accelerating progress towards digital government can boost technology diffusion and productivity. To empower everyone to thrive in digital environments, computational thinking should be introduced earlier and training for teachers increased to ensure effective use of digital technologies in schools.
SPECIAL FEATURE: UNLEASHING THE BENEFITS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION
The work of early childhood education and care (ECEC) professionals is the major driver of the quality of an ECEC system. As evidence accumulates on the strong benefits of investing in early education, countries need effective policies to attract, maintain and retain a highly skilled workforce in the sector. This report looks at the makeup of the early childhood education and care workforce across countries, assessing how initial preparation programmes compare across different systems, what types of in-service training and informal learning activities help staff to upgrade their skills, and what staff say about their working conditions, as well as identifying policies that can reduce staff stress levels and increase well-being at work. The report also looks at which leadership and managerial practices in ECEC centres contribute to improving the skills, working conditions and working methods of staff.
The OECD Starting Strong Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS Starting Strong) is the first international survey that focuses on the early childhood education and care workforce. It offers an opportunity to learn about the characteristics of ECEC staff and centre leaders, their practices at work, and their views on the profession and the sector. This second volume of findings, Building a High-Quality Early Childhood Education and Care Workforce, examines factors that influence the skills development of ECEC professionals, their working conditions and well-being at work, and leadership in ECEC centres.
What does teaching look like? What practices are most impactful? By directly observing teaching in the classroom, this study trialled new research methods to shed light on these key questions for raising student outcomes around the world. This report provides a detailed account of classroom management, social and emotional support, and instructional practices in the classrooms of eight countries and economies, drawing upon the observation of lesson videos and instructional materials, the analysis of teacher and student questionnaires, and the measurement of students’ cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes.
Populations in OECD and emerging economies are ageing rapidly, which will have significant macroeconomic impacts, including on public expenditures and tax revenues. The rules and practices that govern fiscal relations among different levels of government, such as their responsibilities for taxation, spending and debt management, have a bearing on economic efficiency and ultimately growth. The consequences of population ageing at subnational government levels are especially intense. Many local governments are vulnerable to the ageing of their populations from a fiscal perspective. The economic and fiscal challenges of an ageing population go beyond intergovernmental boundaries, and they require complex intergovernmental policy responses. This volume brings together cross-country studies of fiscal policy, demographics and spatial productivity, as well as country studies of Brazil, Canada, China and Germany.
It is increasingly understood that entrepreneurship plays a critical role in economic growth and well-being. But which policies can governments develop to release its benefits? This publication offers guidance and inspiration.
It identifies the range of entrepreneurship policies being pursued internationally, the problems the policies seek to solve and how they are designed and implemented. The focus is on how to create a broad base of start-ups with the potential for sustainability and growth by building a pipeline of new entrepreneurs, supporting start-ups to overcome barriers in areas such as skills, finance and innovation and stimulating vibrant entrepreneurial ecosystems.
The publication examines the rationale for entrepreneurship policy, presents a typology of policy approaches and highlights principles for policy success. The points are illustrated by 16 case studies of inspiring practice policies from 12 OECD countries. These cases span policies for regulations and taxation, entrepreneurship education and training, advice and coaching, access to finance, internationalisation, innovation, and holistic packages for ecosystem building. Helpful summary tables guide readers to the information that will respond to their questions.
The publication will give readers an overview of key entrepreneurship policy interventions and tips on entrepreneurship policy success.
This policy brief was developed by the Secretariat of the OECD Network of Economic Regulators (NER) and is based on examples of practice submitted by members of the NER. It reviews emergency measures taken by economic regulators during the COVID-19 pandemic to ensure continuity of services in network sectors, as well as to adjust regulatory practices and adapt governance arrangements. It identifies long-term questions and implications of the crisis with regard to market structure, infrastructure investment and the role of regulators.
La révolution technologique qui a marqué les dernières décennies du XXe siècle a entraîné une forte augmentation de la demande de facultés de traitement de l’information et d’autres compétences cognitives et interpersonnelles sur le marché du travail. Sur la base des résultats des 33 pays et régions ayant participé aux deux premières vagues de l'Enquête sur les compétences des adultes en 2011-12 et 2014-15, ce rapport décrit les compétences dans trois domaines de traitement de l'information et examine comment les compétences sont liées au marché du travail et aux résultats sociaux. Il décrit notamment les résultats des six pays ayant participé à la troisième vague du premier cycle du PIAAC en 2017-18 (Équateur, États-Unis, Hongrie, Kazakhstan, Mexique et Pérou).
L’Évaluation des compétences des adultes, un produit du Programme de l’OCDE pour l’évaluation internationale des compétences des adultes (PIAAC), a été conçue pour montrer dans quelle mesure les individus possèdent certaines de ces facultés et compétences clés et comment ils les utilisent dans le cadre professionnel et dans la vie privée. Cette enquête, la première du genre, évalue directement le niveau de compétence dans trois domaines du traitement de l’information : la littératie, la numératie et la résolution de problèmes.