This section provides a review and discussion of legislative and enforcement policies and practices in OECD/ITF countries. In particular, it examines the two primary legislative approaches to controlling drug use by drivers – per se and behavioural/impairment – and provides practical examples of the implementation of these laws in Australia. In addition, this section will review approaches to enforcement (e.g. targeted, random), drug testing (e.g. oral fluid, urine, blood), and the distinction (if any) made between the use of illicit substances and prescription medications. A discussion of primary prevention initiatives is also provided.