This chapter considers how effective Italy’s medical education system, and in particular the continuing medical education system, are for securing a high quality workforce of health professionals. The relatively good results that Italy’s health system is delivering suggest that the medical workforce is, in general, providing care of a high quality. Looking to secure this high performance for the decades to come, and push back against any regional disparities in quality and outcomes, Italy has also been taking important steps towards ensuring nationally cohesive workforce training programmes. However, going forward, good medical education and nationally standardised continuing medical education may not be enough to secure a high quality, high performing medical workforce. There is scope to look to the scientific literature, and the experiences of other OECD countries, to try to maximise the impact of medical education, from the undergraduate level and beyond. This chapter suggests that Italy could promote workforce quality when selecting future medical professionals prior to undergraduate education, and ways to improve the quality of undergraduate medical teaching. There are also opportunities to maximise the positive impact of Italy’s existing continuing medical education programme, and this chapter suggests that there is a need for Italy to eventually develop more modern models of workforce quality insurance, including a move to continuing professional development, and using data to encourage health professionals to reflect on their practice. 3