The European Union’s eastern enlargement stimulated substantial labour migration from new to established member states. Among the latter, Italy has experienced one of the largest increases in inflows over the past decade. The number of immigrants regularly residing in the country almost doubled in the seven years following enlargement in 2004. This chapter describes the size of these flows and the functioning of transitional arrangements in Italy. A broad picture is provided of the demographic characteristics and observed skills of these immigrants from new member states, as well as their labour market outcomes. The impact on the Italian labour market and welfare system is also investigated.