This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member countries.

The economic situation and policies of Germany were reviewed at a meeting of the Economic and Development Review Committee on 23 April 2018. The draft was revised in the light of the discussions and given final approval as the agreed report of the whole Committee on 30 May 2018.

The Secretariat’s draft report was prepared for the Committee by Andrés Fuentes Hutfilter, Naomitsu Yashiro, Stephanie Lehmann under the supervision of Asa Johansson. Statistical research was provided by Eun Jung Kim. Editorial assistance was provided by Dacil Kurzweg and Carolina González.

The previous Survey of Germany was issued in April 2016.

    
Basic statistics of Germany, 2017
(Numbers in parentheses refer to the OECD average)1

LAND, PEOPLE AND ELECTORAL CYCLE

Population (million)

81.5

Population density per km²2

230.9

(37.2)

Under 15 (%)

13.0

(17.9)

Life expectancy (years, 2015)

80.7

(80.5)

Over 65 (%)

21.6

(17.0)

Men

78.3

(77.9)

Foreign-born (%, 2015)

14.1

Women

83.1

(83.1)

Latest 5-year average growth (%)

0.3

(0.6)

Latest general election

September 2017

ECONOMY

Gross domestic product (GDP)

Value added shares (%)

In current prices (billion USD)

3,677.4

Primary sector

0.7

(2.4)

In current prices (billion EUR)

3 267.3

Industry including construction

30.6

(26.9)

Latest 5-year average real growth (%)

1.7

(2.1)

Services

68.7

(70.7)

Per capita (000 USD PPP)

50.7

(43.8)

 

GENERAL GOVERNMENT

Per cent of GDP

Expenditure2

43.9

(40.6)

Gross financial debt2

71.7

(110.2)

Revenue2

45.1

(37.7)

Net financial debt2

36.6

(71.2)

EXTERNAL ACCOUNTS

Exchange rate (EUR per USD)

0.885

Main exports (% of total merchandise exports)

PPP exchange rate (USA = 1)

0.785

Machinery and transport equipment

48.4

In per cent of GDP

Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.

15.3

Exports of goods and services

47.3

(55.0)

Manufactured goods

11.9

Imports of goods and services

39.7

(50.5)

Main imports (% of total merchandise imports)

Current account balance

8.1

(0.4)

Machinery and transport equipment

36.3

Net international investment position

62.9

Chemicals and related products, n.e.s.

13.6

 

Miscellaneous manufactured articles

12.8

LABOUR MARKET, SKILLS AND INNOVATION

Employment rate for 15-64 year-olds (%)

75.3

(67.7)

Unemployment rate, Labour Force Survey (age 15 and over) (%)

3.7

(5.8)

Men

78.9

(75.4)

Youth (age 15-24, %)

6.8

(11.9)

Women

71.5

(60.1)

Long-term unemployed (1 year and over, %, 2016)

1.7

(2.0)

Participation rate for 15-64 year-olds (%, 2016)

78.0

(71.7)

Tertiary educational attainment 25-64 year-olds (%, 2016)

28.3

(35.7)

Average hours worked per year (2016)

1 363

(1 763)

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP, 2016)

2.9

(2.3)

ENVIRONMENT

Total primary energy supply per capita (toe, 2015)

3.8

(4.1)

CO2 emissions from fuel combustion per capita (tonnes, 2015)

9.0

(9.2)

Renewables (%, 2015)

12.5

(9.6)

Water abstractions per capita (1 000 m3, 2013)

0.3

Exposure to air pollution (more than 10 g/m3 of PM2.5, % of population, 2015)

99.4

(75.2)

Municipal waste per capita (tonnes, 20163)

0.6

(0.5)

SOCIETY

Income inequality (Gini coefficient, 2014)

0.289

(0.311)

Education outcomes (PISA score, 2015)

Relative poverty rate (%, 2014)

9.5

(11.3)

Reading

509

(493)

Median disposable household income (000 USD PPP, 2014)

26.2

(22.9)

Mathematics

506

(490)

Public and private spending (% of GDP)

Science

509

(493)

Health care (2016)

11.3

(9.0)

Share of women in parliament (%, 2016)

36.5

(28.7)

Pensions (2013)

10.1

(9.1)

Net official development assistance (% of GNI)

0.66

(0.38)

Education (primary, secondary, post sec. non tertiary, 2014)

3.1

(3.7)

 

 

 

← 1. Where the OECD aggregate is not provided in the source database, a simple OECD average of latest available data is calculated where data exist for at least 29 member countries.

← 2. 2016 for the OECD aggregate.

← 3. 2015 for the OECD aggregate.

Source: Calculations based on data from the OECD, IEA, IMF, Inter-Parliamentary Union and World Bank.

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