Tables and Graphs
Chapter 1. Recent pension reforms
Figure 1.1. Difficulties in entering the labour market will lower future pensionsFigure 1.2. Excess mortality between January 2020 and August 2021Figure 1.3. Median age is increasing fastFigure 1.4. The old-age to working-age ratio is acceleratingFigure 1.5. Structural breaks in life-expectancy gains in the OECD on averageFigure 1.6. Structural breaks in life-expectancy gains in the Czech Republic and AustraliaFigure 1.7. Employment rates of older workers have grown stronglyFigure 1.8. The number of pensioners increased less than the number of older peopleFigure 1.9. Relative income of older population increasedFigure 1.10. Pension indexation was above inflation in most OECD countriesFigure 1.11. The normal retirement age is rising in many OECD countriesFigure 1.12. Future net replacement rates for full-career average-wage workersFigure 1.13. Career breaks significantly lower pension entitlements in most countries
Table 1.1. Higher employment offset almost half of the demographic pressure on pension expenditure over 2000-17Table 1.2. Pension indexation rules have remained stable in most OECD countries since 2000Annex Table 1.A.1. Pension reform decided between September 2019 and September 2021Annex Table 1.B.1. Yearly change in life expectancy at age 65, in years
Chapter 2. Automatic adjustment mechanisms in pension systems
Table 2.1. Automatic adjustment mechanisms in mandatory pension schemesTable 2.2. NDC schemes in OECD countriesTable 2.3. The retirement age is linked to life expectancy in seven OECD countriesTable 2.4. Life expectancy coefficients in OECD countriesTable 2.5. Adjustment of pension benefits to size of the working population, GDP or the wage bill in OECD countriesTable 2.6. Automatic balancing mechanisms in OECD countries
Architecture of national pension systems
Basic, targeted and minimum pensions
Eligibility and indexation for first-tier benefits
Mandatory earnings-related pensions
Current retirement ages
Future retirement ages
Gross pension replacement rates
Gross replacement rates: Public vs Private, Mandatory vs Voluntary schemes
Tax treatment of pensions and pensioners
Net pension replacement rates
Net pension replacement rates: Mandatory and Voluntary schemes
Gross pension wealth
Net pension wealth
Gross pension entitlements for couples
Impact of childcare breaks on pension entitlements
Impact of unemployment breaks on pension entitlements
Impact of different earnings profile on pension entitlements
Sensitivity of replacement rates to changes in the economic assumptions
Theoretical relative pensions of the self-employed
Fertility
Life expectancy
Demographic old-age to working-age ratio
Employment rates of older workers and gender gaps
Changes in employment rates of older workers
Figure 6.10. COVID-19 has impacted the employment rates of those aged 55 to 64Figure 6.11. Employment rate at ages 60-64 vs. normal retirement age in 2020Figure 6.12. Change in employment rates of older workers and prime-age workers, 2000-20Figure 6.13. Growth of employment rates of older workers by education level
Effective age of labour market exit
Expected life years after labour market exit
Incomes of older people
Old-age income poverty
Old-age income inequality
Mandatory pension contributions
Public expenditure on pensions
Private expenditure on pensions
Long-term projections of public pension expenditure
Coverage of retirement savings plans
Contributions paid into retirement savings plans
Figure 9.1. Minimum or mandatory contribution rates (for an average earner) in mandatory and auto-enrolment plans (unless specified otherwise), 2020 (or latest year available)Figure 9.2. Average annual contribution per active account or member in selected OECD and other jurisdictions, latest year available