copy the linklink copied!Annex B1. Results for countries and economies
Table II.B1.2.1 [1/4]. Students’ socio-economic status | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coverage Index 3: Coverage of 15-year-old population | Students’ socio-economic status measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) | |||||||||||||||
All students | Variability in the index | Bottom quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | |||||||||||||
Mean index | S.E. | s | S.D. | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | |||
OECD | Australia | 0.89 | 0.32 | (0.01) |
| 0.91 | (0.01) |
| -0.91 | (0.02) |
| 0.07 | (0.02) |
| 0.75 | (0.01) |
|
Austria | 0.89 | 0.01 | (0.02) |
| 0.88 | (0.01) |
| -1.10 | (0.03) |
| -0.29 | (0.02) |
| 0.31 | (0.02) |
| |
Belgium | 0.94 | 0.07 | (0.02) |
| 0.93 | (0.01) |
| -1.17 | (0.02) |
| -0.22 | (0.02) |
| 0.50 | (0.02) |
| |
Canada | 0.86 | 0.42 | (0.01) |
| 0.82 | (0.01) |
| -0.69 | (0.02) |
| 0.21 | (0.02) |
| 0.78 | (0.01) |
| |
Chile | 0.89 | -0.58 | (0.03) |
| 1.03 | (0.01) |
| -1.86 | (0.03) |
| -0.99 | (0.03) |
| -0.26 | (0.04) |
| |
Colombia | 0.62 | -1.19 | (0.04) |
| 1.26 | (0.02) |
| -2.81 | (0.05) |
| -1.61 | (0.05) |
| -0.78 | (0.05) |
| |
Czech Republic | 0.95 | -0.21 | (0.02) |
| 0.88 | (0.02) |
| -1.26 | (0.03) |
| -0.57 | (0.02) |
| 0.04 | (0.03) |
| |
Denmark | 0.88 | 0.52 | (0.01) |
| 0.76 | (0.01) |
| -0.54 | (0.02) |
| 0.40 | (0.02) |
| 0.88 | (0.01) |
| |
Estonia | 0.93 | 0.08 | (0.02) |
| 0.81 | (0.01) |
| -0.98 | (0.02) |
| -0.20 | (0.02) |
| 0.44 | (0.02) |
| |
Finland | 0.96 | 0.30 | (0.02) |
| 0.79 | (0.01) |
| -0.78 | (0.02) |
| 0.06 | (0.03) |
| 0.69 | (0.02) |
| |
France | 0.91 | -0.03 | (0.02) |
| 0.90 | (0.01) |
| -1.22 | (0.02) |
| -0.30 | (0.02) |
| 0.34 | (0.02) |
| |
Germany | 0.99 | -0.10 | (0.03) |
| 1.04 | (0.01) |
| -1.48 | (0.03) |
| -0.41 | (0.03) |
| 0.33 | (0.03) |
| |
Greece | 0.93 | -0.11 | (0.02) |
| 0.92 | (0.01) |
| -1.30 | (0.02) |
| -0.45 | (0.03) |
| 0.27 | (0.03) |
| |
Hungary | 0.90 | -0.12 | (0.02) |
| 0.93 | (0.01) |
| -1.29 | (0.03) |
| -0.47 | (0.02) |
| 0.23 | (0.03) |
| |
Iceland | 0.92 | 0.55 | (0.01) |
| 0.81 | (0.02) |
| -0.57 | (0.03) |
| 0.41 | (0.02) |
| 0.93 | (0.01) |
| |
Ireland | 0.96 | 0.13 | (0.02) |
| 0.87 | (0.01) |
| -1.01 | (0.03) |
| -0.16 | (0.03) |
| 0.50 | (0.03) |
| |
Israel | 0.81 | 0.35 | (0.03) |
| 0.98 | (0.02) |
| -0.97 | (0.03) |
| 0.13 | (0.03) |
| 0.78 | (0.02) |
| |
Italy | 0.85 | -0.22 | (0.02) |
| 0.92 | (0.01) |
| -1.37 | (0.02) |
| -0.57 | (0.02) |
| 0.07 | (0.03) |
| |
Japan | 0.91 | -0.09 | (0.01) |
| 0.73 | (0.01) |
| -1.05 | (0.02) |
| -0.31 | (0.02) |
| 0.19 | (0.01) |
| |
Korea | 0.88 | 0.07 | (0.02) |
| 0.77 | (0.01) |
| -0.97 | (0.02) |
| -0.13 | (0.02) |
| 0.39 | (0.02) |
| |
Latvia | 0.89 | 0.00 | (0.01) |
| 0.84 | (0.01) |
| -1.11 | (0.02) |
| -0.29 | (0.02) |
| 0.39 | (0.02) |
| |
Lithuania | 0.90 | 0.03 | (0.01) |
| 0.87 | (0.01) |
| -1.13 | (0.02) |
| -0.28 | (0.02) |
| 0.46 | (0.02) |
| |
Luxembourg | 0.87 | 0.01 | (0.01) |
| 1.15 | (0.01) |
| -1.56 | (0.02) |
| -0.32 | (0.02) |
| 0.56 | (0.01) |
| |
Mexico | 0.66 | -1.19 | (0.04) |
| 1.25 | (0.02) |
| -2.76 | (0.05) |
| -1.70 | (0.04) |
| -0.77 | (0.05) |
| |
Netherlands* | 0.91 | 0.28 | (0.02) |
| 0.87 | (0.02) |
| -0.91 | (0.04) |
| 0.07 | (0.03) |
| 0.69 | (0.02) |
| |
New Zealand | 0.89 | 0.16 | (0.02) |
| 0.97 | (0.01) |
| -1.17 | (0.02) |
| -0.10 | (0.02) |
| 0.63 | (0.02) |
| |
Norway | 0.91 | 0.54 | (0.02) |
| 0.82 | (0.01) |
| -0.57 | (0.03) |
| 0.39 | (0.02) |
| 0.91 | (0.02) |
| |
Poland | 0.90 | -0.14 | (0.02) |
| 0.85 | (0.01) |
| -1.16 | (0.01) |
| -0.57 | (0.03) |
| 0.14 | (0.04) |
| |
Portugal* | 0.87 | -0.39 | (0.03) |
| 1.16 | (0.01) |
| -1.91 | (0.03) |
| -0.84 | (0.04) |
| 0.11 | (0.06) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 0.86 | -0.21 | (0.02) |
| 0.92 | (0.02) |
| -1.36 | (0.04) |
| -0.55 | (0.02) |
| 0.12 | (0.02) |
| |
Slovenia | 0.98 | 0.07 | (0.01) |
| 0.80 | (0.01) |
| -0.97 | (0.01) |
| -0.24 | (0.02) |
| 0.42 | (0.02) |
| |
Spain | 0.92 | -0.12 | (0.02) |
| 1.04 | (0.01) |
| -1.54 | (0.02) |
| -0.42 | (0.02) |
| 0.34 | (0.02) |
| |
Sweden | 0.86 | 0.36 | (0.03) |
| 0.89 | (0.01) |
| -0.87 | (0.03) |
| 0.19 | (0.03) |
| 0.79 | (0.03) |
| |
Switzerland | 0.89 | -0.01 | (0.03) |
| 0.93 | (0.01) |
| -1.25 | (0.04) |
| -0.29 | (0.03) |
| 0.39 | (0.04) |
| |
Turkey | 0.73 | -1.15 | (0.04) |
| 1.18 | (0.03) |
| -2.59 | (0.03) |
| -1.65 | (0.03) |
| -0.82 | (0.05) |
| |
United Kingdom | 0.85 | 0.27 | (0.03) |
| 0.91 | (0.01) |
| -0.95 | (0.03) |
| 0.00 | (0.03) |
| 0.67 | (0.03) |
| |
United States* | 0.86 | 0.11 | (0.04) |
| 1.02 | (0.02) |
| -1.28 | (0.05) |
| -0.17 | (0.05) |
| 0.57 | (0.04) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average |
| -0.03 | (0.00) |
| 0.93 | (0.00) |
| -1.25 | (0.00) |
| -0.33 | (0.00) |
| 0.35 | (0.00) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||
1. World Bank Estimate, year 2015. Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality. | |||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.2.1 [2/4]. Students’ socio-economic status | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coverage Index 3: Coverage of 15-year-old population | Students’ socio-economic status measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) | |||||||||||||||
All students | Variability in the index | Bottom quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | |||||||||||||
Mean index | S.E. | s | S.D. | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | |||
Partners | Albania | 0.46 | -0.87 | (0.03) |
| 0.97 | (0.01) |
| -2.07 | (0.02) |
| -1.26 | (0.03) |
| -0.57 | (0.03) |
|
Argentina | 0.81 | -0.95 | (0.03) |
| 1.19 | (0.01) |
| -2.50 | (0.03) |
| -1.38 | (0.04) |
| -0.49 | (0.04) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 0.46 | -0.56 | (0.03) |
| 0.92 | (0.01) |
| -1.69 | (0.02) |
| -0.93 | (0.03) |
| -0.23 | (0.03) |
| |
Belarus | 0.88 | -0.13 | (0.02) |
| 0.77 | (0.01) |
| -1.14 | (0.02) |
| -0.42 | (0.02) |
| 0.23 | (0.02) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.82 | -0.56 | (0.02) |
| 0.82 | (0.01) |
| -1.53 | (0.02) |
| -0.91 | (0.02) |
| -0.36 | (0.03) |
| |
Brazil | 0.56 | -1.10 | (0.03) |
| 1.23 | (0.01) |
| -2.72 | (0.04) |
| -1.50 | (0.03) |
| -0.65 | (0.03) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 0.97 | -0.26 | (0.01) |
| 0.96 | (0.01) |
| -1.50 | (0.02) |
| -0.60 | (0.01) |
| 0.08 | (0.01) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 0.81 | -0.67 | (0.03) |
| 1.07 | (0.01) |
| -1.98 | (0.03) |
| -1.14 | (0.04) |
| -0.30 | (0.05) |
| |
Bulgaria | 0.72 | -0.26 | (0.04) |
| 1.02 | (0.03) |
| -1.57 | (0.06) |
| -0.60 | (0.04) |
| 0.18 | (0.04) |
| |
Costa Rica | 0.63 | -0.96 | (0.04) |
| 1.32 | (0.02) |
| -2.71 | (0.04) |
| -1.44 | (0.05) |
| -0.42 | (0.06) |
| |
Croatia | 0.89 | -0.23 | (0.01) |
| 0.78 | (0.01) |
| -1.17 | (0.01) |
| -0.57 | (0.01) |
| 0.00 | (0.02) |
| |
Cyprus | 0.92 | 0.30 | (0.01) |
| 0.92 | (0.01) |
| -0.94 | (0.02) |
| 0.04 | (0.02) |
| 0.73 | (0.01) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 0.73 | -1.06 | (0.04) |
| 1.12 | (0.02) |
| -2.48 | (0.04) |
| -1.45 | (0.03) |
| -0.72 | (0.04) |
| |
Georgia | 0.83 | -0.41 | (0.02) |
| 0.93 | (0.01) |
| -1.59 | (0.02) |
| -0.75 | (0.02) |
| -0.08 | (0.03) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 0.98 | -0.51 | (0.03) |
| 1.04 | (0.02) |
| -1.81 | (0.03) |
| -0.90 | (0.03) |
| -0.18 | (0.04) |
| |
Indonesia | 0.85 | -1.57 | (0.05) |
| 1.10 | (0.02) |
| -2.94 | (0.04) |
| -1.99 | (0.06) |
| -1.24 | (0.06) |
| |
Jordan | 0.57 | -0.66 | (0.03) |
| 1.11 | (0.02) |
| -2.13 | (0.04) |
| -1.03 | (0.03) |
| -0.18 | (0.04) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 0.92 | -0.44 | (0.02) |
| 0.85 | (0.01) |
| -1.53 | (0.02) |
| -0.77 | (0.02) |
| -0.11 | (0.02) |
| |
Kosovo | 0.84 | -0.46 | (0.02) |
| 0.88 | (0.01) |
| -1.58 | (0.02) |
| -0.78 | (0.02) |
| -0.17 | (0.02) |
| |
Lebanon | 0.87 | -0.57 | (0.03) |
| 1.15 | (0.01) |
| -2.11 | (0.04) |
| -0.90 | (0.04) |
| -0.10 | (0.03) |
| |
Macao (China) | 0.88 | -0.52 | (0.01) |
| 0.91 | (0.01) |
| -1.65 | (0.02) |
| -0.86 | (0.02) |
| -0.23 | (0.02) |
| |
Malaysia | 0.72 | -0.77 | (0.03) |
| 1.05 | (0.02) |
| -2.03 | (0.03) |
| -1.23 | (0.03) |
| -0.46 | (0.05) |
| |
Malta | 0.97 | 0.06 | (0.01) |
| 0.96 | (0.01) |
| -1.19 | (0.02) |
| -0.29 | (0.02) |
| 0.47 | (0.02) |
| |
Moldova | 0.95 | -0.59 | (0.02) |
| 0.93 | (0.01) |
| -1.74 | (0.02) |
| -0.97 | (0.02) |
| -0.30 | (0.03) |
| |
Montenegro | 0.95 | -0.18 | (0.01) |
| 0.87 | (0.01) |
| -1.29 | (0.02) |
| -0.50 | (0.01) |
| 0.15 | (0.01) |
| |
Morocco | 0.64 | -1.89 | (0.06) |
| 1.42 | (0.02) |
| -3.62 | (0.05) |
| -2.51 | (0.06) |
| -1.43 | (0.07) |
| |
North Macedonia | 0.95 | -0.32 | (0.01) |
| 0.89 | (0.01) |
| -1.47 | (0.02) |
| -0.65 | (0.01) |
| 0.02 | (0.01) |
| |
Panama | 0.53 | -1.09 | (0.04) |
| 1.35 | (0.02) |
| -2.86 | (0.04) |
| -1.56 | (0.05) |
| -0.55 | (0.06) |
| |
Peru | 0.73 | -1.12 | (0.04) |
| 1.17 | (0.02) |
| -2.60 | (0.04) |
| -1.52 | (0.04) |
| -0.78 | (0.05) |
| |
Philippines | 0.68 | -1.42 | (0.04) |
| 1.13 | (0.02) |
| -2.86 | (0.05) |
| -1.77 | (0.04) |
| -1.08 | (0.04) |
| |
Qatar | 0.92 | 0.28 | (0.01) |
| 0.84 | (0.01) |
| -0.86 | (0.01) |
| 0.18 | (0.01) |
| 0.62 | (0.01) |
| |
Romania | 0.71 | -0.47 | (0.05) |
| 0.97 | (0.02) |
| -1.64 | (0.05) |
| -0.85 | (0.04) |
| -0.20 | (0.06) |
| |
Russia | 0.94 | 0.13 | (0.02) |
| 0.74 | (0.01) |
| -0.85 | (0.02) |
| -0.08 | (0.03) |
| 0.46 | (0.02) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 0.85 | -0.70 | (0.04) |
| 1.19 | (0.02) |
| -2.29 | (0.04) |
| -1.11 | (0.06) |
| -0.17 | (0.06) |
| |
Serbia | 0.88 | -0.24 | (0.02) |
| 0.83 | (0.01) |
| -1.28 | (0.02) |
| -0.57 | (0.02) |
| 0.07 | (0.02) |
| |
Singapore | 0.95 | 0.17 | (0.01) |
| 0.92 | (0.01) |
| -1.10 | (0.02) |
| -0.06 | (0.02) |
| 0.62 | (0.02) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 0.92 | -0.32 | (0.02) |
| 0.92 | (0.01) |
| -1.50 | (0.02) |
| -0.64 | (0.03) |
| 0.05 | (0.03) |
| |
Thailand | 0.72 | -1.30 | (0.04) |
| 1.16 | (0.02) |
| -2.70 | (0.03) |
| -1.77 | (0.04) |
| -1.01 | (0.06) |
| |
Ukraine | 0.87 | -0.20 | (0.02) |
| 0.77 | (0.01) |
| -1.21 | (0.03) |
| -0.48 | (0.03) |
| 0.11 | (0.03) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 0.92 | 0.28 | (0.02) |
| 0.88 | (0.01) |
| -0.92 | (0.02) |
| 0.12 | (0.02) |
| 0.66 | (0.02) |
| |
Uruguay | 0.77 | -0.99 | (0.04) |
| 1.16 | (0.02) |
| -2.43 | (0.04) |
| -1.43 | (0.04) |
| -0.66 | (0.05) |
| |
Viet Nam | 0.70 | -1.62 | (0.05) |
| 1.08 | (0.03) |
| -2.89 | (0.06) |
| -2.05 | (0.04) |
| -1.38 | (0.06) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||
1. World Bank Estimate, year 2015. Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality. | |||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.2.1 [3/4]. Students’ socio-economic status | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Students’ socio-economic status measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) | Gini Index1 | |||||||||||||||
Fourth quarter | Top - Bottom quarter | 5th percentile | 95th percentile | 95th - 5th percentile | |||||||||||||
Mean index | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | Value | S.E. | s | Value | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | |||
OECD | Australia | 1.36 | (0.01) |
| 2.27 | (0.02) |
| -1.28 | (0.04) |
| 1.55 | (0.01) |
| 2.83 | (0.04) | . |
|
Austria | 1.14 | (0.02) |
| 2.23 | (0.03) |
| -1.37 | (0.04) |
| 1.40 | (0.02) |
| 2.77 | (0.05) | . | 30.5 | |
Belgium | 1.18 | (0.01) |
| 2.35 | (0.02) |
| -1.49 | (0.03) |
| 1.39 | (0.01) |
| 2.88 | (0.03) | . | 27.7 | |
Canada | 1.37 | (0.01) |
| 2.05 | (0.02) |
| -1.01 | (0.02) |
| 1.55 | (0.01) |
| 2.56 | (0.02) | . |
| |
Chile | 0.78 | (0.03) |
| 2.64 | (0.03) |
| -2.16 | (0.04) |
| 1.11 | (0.02) |
| 3.27 | (0.05) | . | 47.7 | |
Colombia | 0.45 | (0.05) |
| 3.27 | (0.06) |
| -3.31 | (0.05) |
| 0.88 | (0.05) |
| 4.19 | (0.07) | . | 51.1 | |
Czech Republic | 0.95 | (0.02) |
| 2.21 | (0.03) |
| -1.51 | (0.05) |
| 1.21 | (0.02) |
| 2.72 | (0.05) | . | 25.9 | |
Denmark | 1.34 | (0.01) |
| 1.88 | (0.02) |
| -0.92 | (0.03) |
| 1.50 | (0.02) |
| 2.41 | (0.03) | . | 28.2 | |
Estonia | 1.07 | (0.02) |
| 2.06 | (0.02) |
| -1.24 | (0.02) |
| 1.26 | (0.02) |
| 2.50 | (0.03) | . | 32.7 | |
Finland | 1.21 | (0.02) |
| 1.99 | (0.02) |
| -1.01 | (0.02) |
| 1.38 | (0.02) |
| 2.39 | (0.03) | . | 27.1 | |
France | 1.04 | (0.02) |
| 2.26 | (0.02) |
| -1.56 | (0.04) |
| 1.25 | (0.02) |
| 2.82 | (0.03) | . | 32.7 | |
Germany | 1.17 | (0.02) |
| 2.65 | (0.04) |
| -1.84 | (0.07) |
| 1.43 | (0.02) |
| 3.28 | (0.07) | . | 31.7 | |
Greece | 1.05 | (0.02) |
| 2.35 | (0.02) |
| -1.59 | (0.04) |
| 1.24 | (0.02) |
| 2.83 | (0.04) | . | 36 | |
Hungary | 1.06 | (0.02) |
| 2.36 | (0.03) |
| -1.66 | (0.06) |
| 1.27 | (0.02) |
| 2.93 | (0.06) | . | 30.4 | |
Iceland | 1.42 | (0.01) |
| 1.99 | (0.03) |
| -0.90 | (0.05) |
| 1.57 | (0.03) |
| 2.47 | (0.07) | . |
| |
Ireland | 1.19 | (0.02) |
| 2.20 | (0.03) |
| -1.30 | (0.03) |
| 1.41 | (0.02) |
| 2.71 | (0.03) | . | 31.8 | |
Israel | 1.44 | (0.03) |
| 2.42 | (0.04) |
| -1.32 | (0.04) |
| 1.69 | (0.05) |
| 3.01 | (0.06) | . |
| |
Italy | 0.99 | (0.03) |
| 2.36 | (0.03) |
| -1.62 | (0.03) |
| 1.28 | (0.03) |
| 2.91 | (0.03) | . | 35.4 | |
Japan | 0.81 | (0.01) |
| 1.86 | (0.03) |
| -1.30 | (0.02) |
| 1.02 | (0.01) |
| 2.32 | (0.03) | . |
| |
Korea | 1.00 | (0.02) |
| 1.97 | (0.02) |
| -1.28 | (0.02) |
| 1.22 | (0.02) |
| 2.49 | (0.03) | . |
| |
Latvia | 1.01 | (0.01) |
| 2.12 | (0.02) |
| -1.33 | (0.02) |
| 1.20 | (0.01) |
| 2.53 | (0.03) | . | 34.2 | |
Lithuania | 1.06 | (0.01) |
| 2.18 | (0.02) |
| -1.35 | (0.02) |
| 1.24 | (0.01) |
| 2.59 | (0.02) | . | 37.4 | |
Luxembourg | 1.37 | (0.01) |
| 2.93 | (0.03) |
| -2.06 | (0.04) |
| 1.60 | (0.01) |
| 3.65 | (0.04) | . | 33.8 | |
Mexico | 0.48 | (0.05) |
| 3.23 | (0.06) |
| -3.16 | (0.05) |
| 0.89 | (0.04) |
| 4.05 | (0.07) | . |
| |
Netherlands* | 1.26 | (0.02) |
| 2.17 | (0.04) |
| -1.22 | (0.06) |
| 1.44 | (0.02) |
| 2.65 | (0.06) | . | 28.2 | |
New Zealand | 1.29 | (0.01) |
| 2.46 | (0.02) |
| -1.58 | (0.03) |
| 1.49 | (0.01) |
| 3.07 | (0.03) | . |
| |
Norway | 1.45 | (0.02) |
| 2.02 | (0.03) |
| -0.85 | (0.05) |
| 1.63 | (0.01) |
| 2.48 | (0.05) | . | 27.5 | |
Poland | 1.02 | (0.02) |
| 2.17 | (0.02) |
| -1.33 | (0.01) |
| 1.25 | (0.02) |
| 2.58 | (0.02) | . | 31.8 | |
Portugal* | 1.09 | (0.02) |
| 3.00 | (0.03) |
| -2.27 | (0.03) |
| 1.31 | (0.01) |
| 3.57 | (0.03) | . | 35.5 | |
Slovak Republic | 0.95 | (0.02) |
| 2.31 | (0.04) |
| -1.60 | (0.09) |
| 1.18 | (0.02) |
| 2.78 | (0.09) | . | 26.5 | |
Slovenia | 1.07 | (0.01) |
| 2.04 | (0.02) |
| -1.16 | (0.01) |
| 1.26 | (0.02) |
| 2.42 | (0.02) | . | 25.4 | |
Spain | 1.12 | (0.01) |
| 2.66 | (0.02) |
| -1.95 | (0.03) |
| 1.37 | (0.01) |
| 3.32 | (0.03) | . | 36.2 | |
Sweden | 1.33 | (0.02) |
| 2.20 | (0.03) |
| -1.21 | (0.04) |
| 1.49 | (0.03) |
| 2.69 | (0.05) | . | 29.2 | |
Switzerland | 1.10 | (0.02) |
| 2.34 | (0.03) |
| -1.68 | (0.04) |
| 1.31 | (0.02) |
| 2.99 | (0.03) | . | 32.3 | |
Turkey | 0.47 | (0.08) |
| 3.06 | (0.07) |
| -2.89 | (0.03) |
| 0.92 | (0.07) |
| 3.81 | (0.07) | . | 42.9 | |
United Kingdom | 1.37 | (0.02) |
| 2.31 | (0.03) |
| -1.27 | (0.03) |
| 1.60 | (0.02) |
| 2.87 | (0.03) | . | 33.2 | |
United States* | 1.31 | (0.03) |
| 2.59 | (0.05) |
| -1.69 | (0.07) |
| 1.56 | (0.04) |
| 3.25 | (0.08) | . |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | 1.10 | (0.00) |
| 2.36 | (0.01) |
| -1.57 | (0.01) |
| 1.33 | (0.00) |
| 2.91 | (0.01) |
|
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||
← 1. World Bank Estimate, year 2015. Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality. | |||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.2.1 [4/4]. Students’ socio-economic status | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Students’ socio-economic status measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) | Gini Index1 | |||||||||||||||
Fourth quarter | Top - Bottom quarter | 5th percentile | 95th percentile | 95th - 5th percentile | |||||||||||||
Mean index | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | Value | S.E. | s | Value | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | |||
Partners | Albania | 0.42 | (0.03) |
| 2.49 | (0.03) |
| -2.34 | (0.03) |
| 0.76 | (0.03) |
| 3.10 | (0.04) | . |
|
Argentina | 0.56 | (0.03) |
| 3.07 | (0.04) |
| -2.90 | (0.04) |
| 0.89 | (0.02) |
| 3.78 | (0.04) | . |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 0.63 | (0.03) |
| 2.32 | (0.02) |
| -1.93 | (0.02) |
| 0.89 | (0.02) |
| 2.82 | (0.03) | . |
| |
Belarus | 0.82 | (0.02) |
| 1.96 | (0.02) |
| -1.37 | (0.03) |
| 0.98 | (0.02) |
| 2.35 | (0.03) | . | 25.6 | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.57 | (0.03) |
| 2.10 | (0.03) |
| -1.78 | (0.03) |
| 0.88 | (0.03) |
| 2.66 | (0.04) | . |
| |
Brazil | 0.46 | (0.03) |
| 3.18 | (0.04) |
| -3.19 | (0.05) |
| 0.83 | (0.04) |
| 4.03 | (0.06) | . | 51.3 | |
Brunei Darussalam | 0.96 | (0.01) |
| 2.47 | (0.02) |
| -1.84 | (0.02) |
| 1.26 | (0.01) |
| 3.09 | (0.02) | . |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 0.77 | (0.03) |
| 2.75 | (0.03) |
| -2.27 | (0.04) |
| 1.05 | (0.02) |
| 3.32 | (0.04) | . |
| |
Bulgaria | 0.97 | (0.02) |
| 2.54 | (0.06) |
| -1.97 | (0.09) |
| 1.18 | (0.02) |
| 3.14 | (0.09) | . |
| |
Costa Rica | 0.72 | (0.04) |
| 3.43 | (0.05) |
| -3.06 | (0.04) |
| 1.02 | (0.05) |
| 4.08 | (0.06) | . | 48.4 | |
Croatia | 0.81 | (0.01) |
| 1.98 | (0.02) |
| -1.35 | (0.02) |
| 1.04 | (0.02) |
| 2.39 | (0.02) | . | 31.1 | |
Cyprus | 1.37 | (0.01) |
| 2.31 | (0.02) |
| -1.26 | (0.04) |
| 1.57 | (0.02) |
| 2.83 | (0.04) | . | 34 | |
Dominican Republic | 0.39 | (0.05) |
| 2.87 | (0.05) |
| -2.97 | (0.07) |
| 0.76 | (0.05) |
| 3.72 | (0.07) | . | 45.2 | |
Georgia | 0.79 | (0.02) |
| 2.37 | (0.03) |
| -1.87 | (0.02) |
| 1.00 | (0.02) |
| 2.86 | (0.03) | . | 36.5 | |
Hong Kong (China)* | 0.85 | (0.05) |
| 2.66 | (0.04) |
| -2.16 | (0.03) |
| 1.20 | (0.03) |
| 3.35 | (0.04) | . |
| |
Indonesia | -0.10 | (0.06) |
| 2.84 | (0.06) |
| -3.27 | (0.04) |
| 0.35 | (0.06) |
| 3.62 | (0.06) | . | 39.7 | |
Jordan | 0.69 | (0.03) |
| 2.82 | (0.04) |
| -2.55 | (0.05) |
| 0.96 | (0.04) |
| 3.51 | (0.06) | . |
| |
Kazakhstan | 0.65 | (0.02) |
| 2.18 | (0.02) |
| -1.79 | (0.02) |
| 0.87 | (0.01) |
| 2.66 | (0.02) | . | 26.8 | |
Kosovo | 0.68 | (0.02) |
| 2.26 | (0.03) |
| -1.92 | (0.03) |
| 0.96 | (0.03) |
| 2.88 | (0.05) | . |
| |
Lebanon | 0.83 | (0.03) |
| 2.94 | (0.04) |
| -2.62 | (0.06) |
| 1.15 | (0.04) |
| 3.78 | (0.07) | . |
| |
Macao (China) | 0.67 | (0.02) |
| 2.32 | (0.02) |
| -1.92 | (0.04) |
| 0.96 | (0.02) |
| 2.88 | (0.05) | . |
| |
Malaysia | 0.66 | (0.04) |
| 2.69 | (0.04) |
| -2.33 | (0.05) |
| 1.00 | (0.03) |
| 3.33 | (0.06) | . | 41 | |
Malta | 1.26 | (0.01) |
| 2.45 | (0.03) |
| -1.48 | (0.02) |
| 1.47 | (0.02) |
| 2.95 | (0.03) | . | 29.4 | |
Moldova | 0.63 | (0.03) |
| 2.38 | (0.03) |
| -2.04 | (0.03) |
| 0.89 | (0.02) |
| 2.93 | (0.04) | . | 27 | |
Montenegro | 0.92 | (0.01) |
| 2.21 | (0.02) |
| -1.56 | (0.02) |
| 1.14 | (0.02) |
| 2.70 | (0.03) | . |
| |
Morocco | 0.01 | (0.08) |
| 3.63 | (0.06) |
| -3.94 | (0.04) |
| 0.57 | (0.07) |
| 4.51 | (0.07) | . |
| |
North Macedonia | 0.81 | (0.01) |
| 2.28 | (0.02) |
| -1.80 | (0.03) |
| 1.05 | (0.02) |
| 2.85 | (0.04) | . | 35.6 | |
Panama | 0.60 | (0.05) |
| 3.46 | (0.05) |
| -3.27 | (0.06) |
| 0.92 | (0.05) |
| 4.19 | (0.07) | . | 50.8 | |
Peru | 0.41 | (0.05) |
| 3.01 | (0.05) |
| -3.05 | (0.05) |
| 0.84 | (0.04) |
| 3.89 | (0.06) | . | 43.4 | |
Philippines | 0.03 | (0.06) |
| 2.88 | (0.06) |
| -3.29 | (0.05) |
| 0.48 | (0.06) |
| 3.76 | (0.07) | . | 40.1 | |
Qatar | 1.19 | (0.01) |
| 2.05 | (0.02) |
| -1.32 | (0.02) |
| 1.39 | (0.01) |
| 2.70 | (0.03) | . |
| |
Romania | 0.83 | (0.06) |
| 2.47 | (0.05) |
| -1.99 | (0.07) |
| 1.12 | (0.04) |
| 3.11 | (0.07) | . | 35.9 | |
Russia | 1.00 | (0.02) |
| 1.85 | (0.02) |
| -1.07 | (0.03) |
| 1.17 | (0.02) |
| 2.24 | (0.03) | . | 37.7 | |
Saudi Arabia | 0.76 | (0.03) |
| 3.05 | (0.04) |
| -2.72 | (0.05) |
| 1.01 | (0.03) |
| 3.73 | (0.05) | . |
| |
Serbia | 0.83 | (0.02) |
| 2.11 | (0.02) |
| -1.49 | (0.03) |
| 1.04 | (0.01) |
| 2.53 | (0.03) | . | 28.5 | |
Singapore | 1.22 | (0.01) |
| 2.31 | (0.02) |
| -1.44 | (0.03) |
| 1.40 | (0.02) |
| 2.84 | (0.04) | . |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 0.83 | (0.02) |
| 2.34 | (0.02) |
| -1.81 | (0.03) |
| 1.09 | (0.02) |
| 2.90 | (0.03) | . |
| |
Thailand | 0.29 | (0.07) |
| 2.99 | (0.06) |
| -3.02 | (0.04) |
| 0.76 | (0.06) |
| 3.78 | (0.06) | . | 36 | |
Ukraine | 0.76 | (0.02) |
| 1.98 | (0.02) |
| -1.45 | (0.05) |
| 0.95 | (0.02) |
| 2.40 | (0.05) | . | 25.5 | |
United Arab Emirates | 1.25 | (0.01) |
| 2.18 | (0.02) |
| -1.32 | (0.02) |
| 1.46 | (0.01) |
| 2.78 | (0.03) | . |
| |
Uruguay | 0.56 | (0.06) |
| 2.99 | (0.05) |
| -2.79 | (0.05) |
| 0.99 | (0.06) |
| 3.78 | (0.07) | . | 40.2 | |
Viet Nam | -0.16 | (0.08) |
| 2.73 | (0.08) |
| -3.24 | (0.08) |
| 0.39 | (0.08) |
| 3.63 | (0.10) | . |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||
← 1. World Bank Estimate, year 2015. Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality. | |||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.3.1 [1/2]. Proportion of academically resilient students | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Reading performance, by national quarter of ESCS1 | Percentage of disadvantaged students2 who are academically resilient3 | |||||||||||||||||
Bottom quarter | Third quarter | Second quarter | Top quarter | Difference Top - Bottom | |||||||||||||||
Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 460 | (2.3) |
| 490 | (2.4) |
| 519 | (2.7) |
| 549 | (2.3) |
| 89 | (2.8) |
| 13.1 | (0.7) |
|
Austria | 440 | (3.7) |
| 475 | (3.3) |
| 496 | (3.5) |
| 533 | (3.4) |
| 93 | (5.0) |
| 10.0 | (1.0) |
| |
Belgium | 440 | (2.8) |
| 476 | (3.2) |
| 512 | (3.1) |
| 550 | (2.2) |
| 109 | (3.1) |
| 9.0 | (0.7) |
| |
Canada | 485 | (2.3) |
| 512 | (2.3) |
| 539 | (2.6) |
| 553 | (2.5) |
| 68 | (3.3) |
| 13.9 | (0.8) |
| |
Chile | 415 | (3.0) |
| 443 | (3.4) |
| 455 | (3.2) |
| 502 | (3.4) |
| 87 | (4.3) |
| 11.2 | (1.1) |
| |
Colombia | 373 | (3.5) |
| 398 | (4.2) |
| 419 | (4.0) |
| 459 | (5.2) |
| 86 | (6.5) |
| 10.0 | (1.0) |
| |
Czech Republic | 439 | (4.3) |
| 481 | (3.2) |
| 498 | (3.0) |
| 544 | (3.2) |
| 105 | (5.4) |
| 8.9 | (1.1) |
| |
Denmark | 462 | (2.7) |
| 493 | (2.8) |
| 514 | (2.8) |
| 540 | (2.8) |
| 78 | (3.7) |
| 12.2 | (1.1) |
| |
Estonia | 497 | (3.7) |
| 509 | (3.1) |
| 532 | (2.5) |
| 558 | (2.9) |
| 61 | (4.6) |
| 15.6 | (1.7) |
| |
Finland | 483 | (3.0) |
| 509 | (2.6) |
| 533 | (3.2) |
| 562 | (3.7) |
| 79 | (4.7) |
| 12.6 | (1.1) |
| |
France | 443 | (2.7) |
| 474 | (3.4) |
| 509 | (3.3) |
| 550 | (3.9) |
| 107 | (5.0) |
| 9.5 | (1.0) |
| |
Germany | 450 | (4.3) |
| 492 | (3.5) |
| 518 | (4.0) |
| 564 | (4.0) |
| 113 | (5.4) |
| 10.4 | (1.2) |
| |
Greece | 417 | (4.1) |
| 444 | (3.9) |
| 468 | (4.0) |
| 502 | (4.2) |
| 84 | (5.2) |
| 11.8 | (1.1) |
| |
Hungary | 420 | (3.4) |
| 463 | (3.2) |
| 489 | (3.2) |
| 534 | (4.0) |
| 113 | (5.4) |
| 7.7 | (0.9) |
| |
Iceland | 437 | (3.6) |
| 463 | (4.0) |
| 495 | (3.4) |
| 510 | (4.0) |
| 72 | (5.7) |
| 12.8 | (1.4) |
| |
Ireland | 482 | (3.0) |
| 511 | (3.0) |
| 527 | (2.8) |
| 557 | (3.0) |
| 75 | (4.2) |
| 13.1 | (1.1) |
| |
Israel | 407 | (4.2) |
| 455 | (4.8) |
| 507 | (4.1) |
| 529 | (4.1) |
| 121 | (5.4) |
| 8.0 | (0.8) |
| |
Italy | 436 | (3.5) |
| 474 | (2.8) |
| 487 | (3.2) |
| 511 | (3.9) |
| 75 | (5.1) |
| 12.4 | (1.1) |
| |
Japan | 465 | (4.2) |
| 499 | (3.2) |
| 517 | (3.4) |
| 537 | (3.7) |
| 72 | (5.6) |
| 11.7 | (1.1) |
| |
Korea | 477 | (3.9) |
| 503 | (3.6) |
| 525 | (3.8) |
| 552 | (4.3) |
| 75 | (5.7) |
| 13.5 | (1.0) |
| |
Latvia | 447 | (2.8) |
| 470 | (2.9) |
| 490 | (3.1) |
| 512 | (3.0) |
| 65 | (3.9) |
| 12.2 | (1.1) |
| |
Lithuania | 432 | (2.6) |
| 465 | (2.8) |
| 488 | (2.8) |
| 522 | (2.3) |
| 89 | (3.5) |
| 11.2 | (0.9) |
| |
Luxembourg | 415 | (2.3) |
| 445 | (2.4) |
| 488 | (2.7) |
| 537 | (3.0) |
| 122 | (4.1) |
| 7.6 | (0.8) |
| |
Mexico | 382 | (2.8) |
| 413 | (3.3) |
| 426 | (4.0) |
| 464 | (4.9) |
| 82 | (5.7) |
| 10.6 | (1.2) |
| |
Netherlands* | 448 | (4.8) |
| 470 | (4.2) |
| 495 | (3.6) |
| 536 | (4.0) |
| 88 | (5.9) |
| 12.6 | (1.3) |
| |
New Zealand | 462 | (3.0) |
| 490 | (2.8) |
| 525 | (3.2) |
| 558 | (3.3) |
| 96 | (4.4) |
| 11.7 | (1.0) |
| |
Norway | 459 | (3.5) |
| 496 | (3.1) |
| 520 | (2.8) |
| 532 | (3.4) |
| 73 | (4.6) |
| 12.3 | (1.0) |
| |
Poland | 469 | (3.1) |
| 504 | (3.1) |
| 518 | (3.8) |
| 560 | (4.6) |
| 90 | (5.7) |
| 10.8 | (1.0) |
| |
Portugal* | 448 | (4.1) |
| 480 | (3.4) |
| 501 | (3.2) |
| 543 | (3.2) |
| 95 | (4.7) |
| 10.0 | (1.3) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 404 | (3.9) |
| 449 | (3.1) |
| 468 | (3.0) |
| 511 | (3.9) |
| 106 | (5.7) |
| 9.1 | (0.9) |
| |
Slovenia | 462 | (2.6) |
| 476 | (2.7) |
| 506 | (2.9) |
| 541 | (3.0) |
| 80 | (3.9) |
| 11.7 | (1.0) |
| |
Spain | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Sweden | 460 | (4.3) |
| 501 | (3.5) |
| 526 | (3.6) |
| 549 | (4.1) |
| 89 | (5.9) |
| 11.4 | (1.1) |
| |
Switzerland | 435 | (3.8) |
| 469 | (3.6) |
| 499 | (3.2) |
| 539 | (5.4) |
| 104 | (6.6) |
| 9.3 | (1.1) |
| |
Turkey | 437 | (3.8) |
| 452 | (3.1) |
| 461 | (3.0) |
| 513 | (4.0) |
| 76 | (6.0) |
| 14.5 | (1.4) |
| |
United Kingdom | 471 | (3.1) |
| 493 | (2.9) |
| 516 | (2.8) |
| 550 | (3.9) |
| 80 | (4.7) |
| 14.0 | (1.1) |
| |
United States* | 460 | (4.6) |
| 488 | (4.0) |
| 517 | (3.6) |
| 558 | (4.7) |
| 99 | (6.3) |
| 10.3 | (1.1) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-36a | 445 | (0.6) |
| 476 | (0.5) |
| 500 | (0.5) |
| 534 | (0.6) |
| 89 | (0.8) |
| 11.3 | (0.2) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
← 1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | |||||||||||||||||||
← 2. A socio-economically disadvantaged student is a student in the bottom quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in his or her own country/economy. | |||||||||||||||||||
← 3. Academically resilient students are disadvantaged students who scored in the top quarter of performance in reading amongst students in their own country. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.3.1 [2/2]. Proportion of academically resilient students | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Reading performance, by national quarter of ESCS1 | Percentage of disadvantaged students2 who are academically resilient3 | |||||||||||||||||
Bottom quarter | Third quarter | Second quarter | Top quarter | Difference Top - Bottom | |||||||||||||||
Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 377 | (2.5) |
| 402 | (2.3) |
| 406 | (2.7) |
| 438 | (3.9) |
| 61 | (4.7) |
| 12.3 | (1.1) |
|
Argentina | 353 | (3.6) |
| 387 | (3.5) |
| 416 | (3.4) |
| 455 | (4.1) |
| 102 | (5.4) |
| 8.5 | (0.9) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 371 | (2.2) |
| 385 | (2.1) |
| 393 | (2.7) |
| 412 | (5.9) |
| 41 | (5.9) |
| 16.5 | (1.2) |
| |
Belarus | 423 | (3.1) |
| 458 | (3.6) |
| 489 | (2.5) |
| 525 | (3.5) |
| 102 | (4.7) |
| 8.9 | (1.0) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 373 | (2.7) |
| 402 | (3.8) |
| 408 | (3.1) |
| 431 | (4.4) |
| 58 | (4.6) |
| 13.1 | (1.0) |
| |
Brazil | 373 | (2.3) |
| 397 | (2.8) |
| 419 | (2.6) |
| 470 | (3.8) |
| 97 | (4.4) |
| 9.5 | (0.6) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 364 | (1.8) |
| 390 | (1.9) |
| 414 | (2.3) |
| 467 | (2.0) |
| 103 | (2.7) |
| 9.5 | (0.8) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 519 | (3.7) |
| 545 | (2.7) |
| 558 | (2.9) |
| 600 | (4.0) |
| 82 | (5.4) |
| 11.7 | (1.2) |
| |
Bulgaria | 369 | (4.8) |
| 403 | (4.9) |
| 438 | (4.5) |
| 475 | (5.0) |
| 106 | (6.2) |
| 6.5 | (0.9) |
| |
Costa Rica | 392 | (2.6) |
| 410 | (2.8) |
| 429 | (4.5) |
| 476 | (4.6) |
| 83 | (4.9) |
| 10.0 | (0.9) |
| |
Croatia | 455 | (3.2) |
| 463 | (3.3) |
| 480 | (3.1) |
| 518 | (3.5) |
| 63 | (3.9) |
| 15.2 | (1.1) |
| |
Cyprus | 389 | (2.9) |
| 416 | (2.5) |
| 439 | (2.5) |
| 459 | (2.8) |
| 69 | (4.3) |
| 12.8 | (1.0) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 319 | (2.5) |
| 333 | (3.1) |
| 336 | (3.4) |
| 383 | (5.7) |
| 65 | (6.3) |
| 12.3 | (1.0) |
| |
Georgia | 350 | (2.9) |
| 367 | (3.4) |
| 386 | (2.6) |
| 418 | (3.8) |
| 68 | (4.5) |
| 12.3 | (1.0) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 497 | (3.7) |
| 523 | (3.4) |
| 529 | (3.4) |
| 555 | (4.7) |
| 59 | (6.0) |
| 16.5 | (1.1) |
| |
Indonesia | 350 | (3.1) |
| 362 | (2.9) |
| 371 | (3.2) |
| 402 | (5.9) |
| 52 | (6.9) |
| 13.7 | (1.5) |
| |
Jordan | 390 | (4.3) |
| 411 | (3.3) |
| 427 | (3.3) |
| 453 | (4.1) |
| 64 | (5.6) |
| 12.4 | (1.4) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 368 | (1.8) |
| 380 | (1.6) |
| 392 | (1.8) |
| 408 | (2.8) |
| 40 | (3.1) |
| 16.0 | (0.8) |
| |
Kosovo | 339 | (2.2) |
| 347 | (2.1) |
| 350 | (2.1) |
| 378 | (2.6) |
| 40 | (3.5) |
| 17.3 | (1.4) |
| |
Lebanon | 307 | (4.1) |
| 341 | (4.5) |
| 362 | (5.9) |
| 410 | (7.5) |
| 103 | (7.7) |
| 9.1 | (1.2) |
| |
Macao (China) | 511 | (2.5) |
| 524 | (3.0) |
| 524 | (3.2) |
| 542 | (3.1) |
| 31 | (4.1) |
| 19.8 | (1.3) |
| |
Malaysia | 377 | (3.0) |
| 401 | (3.0) |
| 417 | (3.1) |
| 466 | (4.8) |
| 89 | (5.6) |
| 9.8 | (1.1) |
| |
Malta | 406 | (3.4) |
| 442 | (3.5) |
| 460 | (3.6) |
| 491 | (3.6) |
| 85 | (4.7) |
| 13.3 | (1.2) |
| |
Moldova | 374 | (2.9) |
| 414 | (3.2) |
| 433 | (3.0) |
| 476 | (4.7) |
| 102 | (5.3) |
| 8.1 | (0.9) |
| |
Montenegro | 396 | (2.1) |
| 411 | (1.9) |
| 428 | (2.3) |
| 451 | (2.1) |
| 55 | (3.0) |
| 14.3 | (1.0) |
| |
Morocco | 340 | (3.1) |
| 351 | (3.3) |
| 357 | (3.6) |
| 391 | (4.1) |
| 51 | (4.5) |
| 13.2 | (1.4) |
| |
North Macedonia | 359 | (2.8) |
| 382 | (2.8) |
| 397 | (3.0) |
| 439 | (2.7) |
| 80 | (4.0) |
| 13.1 | (1.2) |
| |
Panama | 337 | (3.4) |
| 364 | (3.1) |
| 379 | (3.2) |
| 432 | (5.5) |
| 95 | (6.5) |
| 9.2 | (1.1) |
| |
Peru | 349 | (2.9) |
| 385 | (3.0) |
| 410 | (3.2) |
| 458 | (4.3) |
| 110 | (4.9) |
| 6.2 | (0.8) |
| |
Philippines | 301 | (2.1) |
| 330 | (2.4) |
| 339 | (3.1) |
| 389 | (6.3) |
| 88 | (6.4) |
| 7.7 | (0.8) |
| |
Qatar | 360 | (1.4) |
| 395 | (1.8) |
| 429 | (1.7) |
| 453 | (1.8) |
| 93 | (2.3) |
| 9.5 | (0.5) |
| |
Romania | 375 | (5.1) |
| 417 | (4.7) |
| 437 | (4.8) |
| 484 | (5.7) |
| 109 | (7.0) |
| 8.8 | (1.2) |
| |
Russia | 443 | (4.4) |
| 469 | (3.1) |
| 493 | (3.2) |
| 510 | (4.2) |
| 67 | (5.4) |
| 12.6 | (1.0) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 362 | (4.4) |
| 392 | (3.5) |
| 409 | (2.8) |
| 437 | (4.0) |
| 74 | (6.2) |
| 10.7 | (1.2) |
| |
Serbia | 407 | (4.2) |
| 429 | (4.1) |
| 445 | (3.7) |
| 480 | (4.6) |
| 73 | (5.8) |
| 13.2 | (1.3) |
| |
Singapore | 495 | (2.7) |
| 535 | (2.8) |
| 570 | (2.5) |
| 599 | (3.4) |
| 104 | (3.8) |
| 9.7 | (0.7) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 461 | (2.9) |
| 492 | (2.8) |
| 510 | (3.6) |
| 550 | (4.3) |
| 89 | (4.8) |
| 11.8 | (0.9) |
| |
Thailand | 369 | (2.4) |
| 377 | (2.8) |
| 388 | (3.5) |
| 438 | (5.6) |
| 69 | (6.0) |
| 12.5 | (1.1) |
| |
Ukraine | 422 | (4.6) |
| 456 | (3.6) |
| 476 | (3.8) |
| 511 | (3.7) |
| 90 | (5.7) |
| 11.8 | (1.2) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 377 | (1.6) |
| 414 | (2.2) |
| 461 | (2.3) |
| 482 | (4.0) |
| 105 | (4.1) |
| 7.2 | (0.6) |
| |
Uruguay | 379 | (3.6) |
| 414 | (3.2) |
| 439 | (3.9) |
| 478 | (4.1) |
| 99 | (5.7) |
| 9.5 | (1.1) |
| |
Viet Nam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| 0.0 | c |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
← 1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | |||||||||||||||||||
← 2. A socio-economically disadvantaged student is a student in the bottom quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in his or her own country/economy. | |||||||||||||||||||
← 3. Academically resilient students are disadvantaged students who scored in the top quarter of performance in reading amongst students in their own country. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.3.4 [1/8]. Students’ well-being, by socio-economic status | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage of students; based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Students are satisfied with their lives1 | ||||||||||||||||||
All students | By national quarter of ESCS2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Bottom quarter | Third quarter | Second quarter | Top quarter | Difference Top - Bottom | |||||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
|
Austria | 66.3 | (1.4) |
| 66.4 | (1.4) |
| 70.6 | (1.4) |
| 68.5 | (1.3) |
| 72.8 | (1.3) |
| 6.4 | (1.9) |
| |
Belgium | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Canada | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Chile | 57.6 | (1.4) |
| 57.6 | (1.4) |
| 63.0 | (1.4) |
| 67.1 | (1.3) |
| 68.8 | (1.3) |
| 11.3 | (1.9) |
| |
Colombia | 75.6 | (1.4) |
| 75.6 | (1.4) |
| 72.6 | (1.1) |
| 71.5 | (1.3) |
| 72.4 | (1.2) |
| -3.2 | (2.0) |
| |
Czech Republic | 59.6 | (2.0) |
| 59.7 | (2.0) |
| 62.1 | (1.5) |
| 67.4 | (1.3) |
| 69.5 | (1.3) |
| 9.9 | (2.3) |
| |
Denmark | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Estonia | 65.1 | (1.4) |
| 65.1 | (1.4) |
| 64.8 | (1.6) |
| 72.3 | (1.4) |
| 77.3 | (1.3) |
| 12.2 | (1.9) |
| |
Finland | 71.9 | (1.3) |
| 72.0 | (1.3) |
| 75.5 | (1.4) |
| 80.1 | (1.0) |
| 82.8 | (1.0) |
| 10.8 | (1.7) |
| |
France | 62.9 | (1.5) |
| 62.9 | (1.5) |
| 67.6 | (1.4) |
| 72.3 | (1.2) |
| 75.6 | (1.3) |
| 12.7 | (2.2) |
| |
Germany | 62.8 | (1.4) |
| 62.8 | (1.4) |
| 68.4 | (1.7) |
| 65.2 | (1.5) |
| 69.9 | (1.5) |
| 7.1 | (2.2) |
| |
Greece | 63.9 | (1.5) |
| 63.8 | (1.5) |
| 67.2 | (1.2) |
| 64.9 | (1.3) |
| 65.9 | (1.4) |
| 2.1 | (2.0) |
| |
Hungary | 64.1 | (1.5) |
| 64.2 | (1.5) |
| 66.5 | (1.5) |
| 69.0 | (1.4) |
| 71.7 | (1.5) |
| 7.5 | (2.1) |
| |
Iceland | 67.8 | (1.9) |
| 67.8 | (1.9) |
| 68.6 | (1.7) |
| 76.3 | (1.6) |
| 77.1 | (1.4) |
| 9.4 | (2.4) |
| |
Ireland | 57.8 | (1.4) |
| 57.7 | (1.4) |
| 61.2 | (1.4) |
| 62.8 | (1.4) |
| 63.6 | (1.5) |
| 5.9 | (2.0) |
| |
Israel | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Italy | 61.7 | (1.5) |
| 61.7 | (1.5) |
| 66.6 | (1.4) |
| 66.9 | (1.2) |
| 72.4 | (1.0) |
| 10.7 | (1.6) |
| |
Japan | 48.7 | (1.5) |
| 48.7 | (1.5) |
| 51.1 | (1.3) |
| 48.2 | (1.3) |
| 53.0 | (1.6) |
| 4.3 | (2.2) |
| |
Korea | 53.7 | (1.3) |
| 53.8 | (1.3) |
| 57.6 | (1.4) |
| 57.0 | (1.4) |
| 58.7 | (1.2) |
| 4.9 | (1.7) |
| |
Latvia | 60.5 | (1.6) |
| 60.6 | (1.6) |
| 69.6 | (1.5) |
| 69.5 | (1.4) |
| 75.8 | (1.5) |
| 15.2 | (2.3) |
| |
Lithuania | 73.2 | (1.1) |
| 73.1 | (1.1) |
| 76.9 | (1.1) |
| 74.8 | (1.2) |
| 77.0 | (1.2) |
| 3.9 | (1.7) |
| |
Luxembourg | 61.7 | (1.6) |
| 61.7 | (1.6) |
| 65.7 | (1.3) |
| 68.6 | (1.3) |
| 76.4 | (1.3) |
| 14.7 | (1.9) |
| |
Mexico | 79.3 | (1.4) |
| 79.3 | (1.4) |
| 82.5 | (1.0) |
| 83.2 | (1.2) |
| 84.8 | (1.0) |
| 5.5 | (1.7) |
| |
Netherlands* | 79.5 | (1.7) |
| 79.5 | (1.7) |
| 76.6 | (1.5) |
| 78.9 | (1.3) |
| 82.4 | (1.6) |
| 3.0 | (2.5) |
| |
New Zealand | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Norway | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Poland | 58.1 | (1.5) |
| 58.1 | (1.5) |
| 62.9 | (1.7) |
| 62.9 | (1.4) |
| 63.5 | (1.5) |
| 5.4 | (2.1) |
| |
Portugal* | 66.3 | (1.4) |
| 66.3 | (1.4) |
| 68.0 | (1.3) |
| 67.5 | (1.4) |
| 73.8 | (1.3) |
| 7.5 | (1.6) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 63.6 | (1.6) |
| 63.5 | (1.6) |
| 69.6 | (1.1) |
| 71.2 | (1.3) |
| 72.9 | (1.3) |
| 9.4 | (2.1) |
| |
Slovenia | 65.4 | (1.4) |
| 65.5 | (1.4) |
| 64.3 | (1.5) |
| 62.1 | (1.5) |
| 64.4 | (1.8) |
| -1.1 | (2.3) |
| |
Spain | 68.9 | (0.7) |
| 68.9 | (0.7) |
| 72.3 | (0.7) |
| 74.4 | (0.7) |
| 78.5 | (0.5) |
| 9.6 | (0.9) |
| |
Sweden | 60.2 | (1.4) |
| 60.2 | (1.4) |
| 66.0 | (1.6) |
| 69.1 | (1.4) |
| 71.2 | (1.0) |
| 11.0 | (1.7) |
| |
Switzerland | 69.9 | (1.5) |
| 69.9 | (1.5) |
| 73.1 | (1.5) |
| 72.8 | (1.4) |
| 77.3 | (1.5) |
| 7.4 | (2.1) |
| |
Turkey | 38.0 | (1.3) |
| 38.0 | (1.3) |
| 41.5 | (1.2) |
| 47.2 | (1.3) |
| 47.6 | (1.5) |
| 9.7 | (1.9) |
| |
United Kingdom | 45.9 | (1.4) |
| 45.8 | (1.4) |
| 50.6 | (1.5) |
| 53.2 | (1.2) |
| 59.7 | (1.4) |
| 13.8 | (1.9) |
| |
United States* | 54.8 | (1.4) |
| 54.7 | (1.4) |
| 59.2 | (1.5) |
| 61.1 | (1.6) |
| 67.5 | (1.4) |
| 12.8 | (2.1) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | 62.8 | (0.3) |
| 62.8 | (0.3) |
| 66.1 | (0.3) |
| 67.5 | (0.2) |
| 70.8 | (0.2) |
| 8.0 | (0.4) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
← 1. In PISA 2018, students were asked “Overall, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?”. Students who rated their life with values from 7 to 10 were considered satisfied with their lives. | |||||||||||||||||||
← 2. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | |||||||||||||||||||
3. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “I feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school”. | |||||||||||||||||||
4. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “When I am failing, this makes me doubt my plans for the future”. | |||||||||||||||||||
5. Students who are satisfied with their lives, do not feel like outsiders at school and do not doubt their future plans when facing failure. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.3.4 [2/8]. Students’ well-being, by socio-economic status | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage of students; based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Students are satisfied with their lives1 | ||||||||||||||||||
All students | By national quarter of ESCS2 | ||||||||||||||||||
Bottom quarter | Third quarter | Second quarter | Top quarter | Difference Top - Bottom | |||||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 84.5 | (1.2) |
| 84.6 | (1.2) |
| 87.8 | (1.1) |
| 86.5 | (0.9) |
| 86.8 | (1.0) |
| 2.3 | (1.5) |
|
Argentina | 65.7 | (1.4) |
| 65.7 | (1.4) |
| 66.3 | (1.3) |
| 70.2 | (1.1) |
| 76.4 | (1.3) |
| 10.7 | (1.9) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 64.1 | (1.4) |
| 64.2 | (1.4) |
| 66.5 | (1.6) |
| 65.1 | (1.6) |
| 71.4 | (1.1) |
| 7.2 | (1.7) |
| |
Belarus | 82.1 | (1.1) |
| 82.1 | (1.1) |
| 83.2 | (1.1) |
| 84.2 | (1.2) |
| 84.5 | (0.9) |
| 2.5 | (1.5) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 73.7 | (1.2) |
| 73.7 | (1.2) |
| 76.5 | (1.2) |
| 77.7 | (1.3) |
| 78.0 | (1.2) |
| 4.3 | (1.7) |
| |
Brazil | 65.5 | (1.1) |
| 65.5 | (1.1) |
| 63.6 | (1.1) |
| 64.3 | (1.2) |
| 66.5 | (1.0) |
| 1.0 | (1.5) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 35.6 | (1.2) |
| 35.6 | (1.2) |
| 41.0 | (1.3) |
| 42.5 | (1.3) |
| 49.0 | (1.1) |
| 13.4 | (1.8) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 54.1 | (1.8) |
| 54.1 | (1.8) |
| 59.6 | (1.5) |
| 60.6 | (1.1) |
| 62.3 | (1.2) |
| 8.2 | (2.1) |
| |
Bulgaria | 59.8 | (1.7) |
| 59.8 | (1.7) |
| 64.8 | (1.7) |
| 66.2 | (1.3) |
| 70.1 | (1.2) |
| 10.3 | (2.1) |
| |
Costa Rica | 79.6 | (1.0) |
| 79.6 | (1.0) |
| 76.3 | (1.2) |
| 79.8 | (1.0) |
| 79.1 | (1.3) |
| -0.5 | (1.6) |
| |
Croatia | 74.0 | (1.2) |
| 74.1 | (1.2) |
| 77.5 | (1.1) |
| 77.3 | (0.9) |
| 76.8 | (1.0) |
| 2.7 | (1.6) |
| |
Cyprus | 56.8 | (1.4) |
| 56.8 | (1.4) |
| 62.8 | (1.4) |
| 62.5 | (1.4) |
| 68.3 | (1.4) |
| 11.5 | (2.0) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 75.0 | (1.8) | † | 75.0 | (1.8) | † | 78.9 | (1.5) | † | 79.0 | (1.3) | † | 80.5 | (1.3) |
| 5.5 | (2.2) | † | |
Georgia | 69.0 | (1.5) |
| 69.0 | (1.5) |
| 73.1 | (1.2) |
| 75.3 | (1.3) |
| 77.5 | (1.4) |
| 8.5 | (1.8) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 45.2 | (1.2) |
| 45.2 | (1.2) |
| 49.9 | (1.2) |
| 55.8 | (1.4) |
| 57.8 | (1.5) |
| 12.6 | (1.8) |
| |
Indonesia | 70.7 | (2.0) |
| 70.8 | (2.0) |
| 67.5 | (1.4) |
| 71.2 | (1.8) |
| 71.7 | (1.6) |
| 0.9 | (2.5) |
| |
Jordan | 52.9 | (1.7) |
| 53.0 | (1.7) |
| 62.5 | (1.3) |
| 63.2 | (1.3) |
| 68.3 | (1.3) |
| 15.3 | (2.2) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 87.1 | (0.6) |
| 87.1 | (0.6) |
| 86.9 | (0.7) |
| 86.3 | (0.6) |
| 87.4 | (0.7) |
| 0.3 | (0.9) |
| |
Kosovo | 80.5 | (1.4) |
| 80.6 | (1.4) |
| 79.4 | (1.3) |
| 84.1 | (1.2) |
| 83.4 | (1.2) |
| 2.8 | (1.8) |
| |
Lebanon | 46.0 | (1.8) | † | 46.0 | (1.8) | † | 55.1 | (1.8) |
| 59.4 | (2.0) |
| 72.0 | (1.7) |
| 26.0 | (2.6) | † | |
Macao (China) | 44.2 | (1.6) |
| 44.3 | (1.6) |
| 47.5 | (1.7) |
| 54.5 | (1.4) |
| 53.8 | (1.7) |
| 9.5 | (2.6) |
| |
Malaysia | 58.1 | (1.7) |
| 58.1 | (1.7) |
| 64.2 | (1.2) |
| 63.7 | (1.5) |
| 66.6 | (1.8) |
| 8.5 | (2.3) |
| |
Malta | 59.8 | (1.9) |
| 59.8 | (1.9) |
| 59.9 | (1.9) |
| 57.0 | (1.8) |
| 61.8 | (1.8) |
| 2.0 | (2.7) |
| |
Moldova | 67.9 | (1.4) |
| 67.9 | (1.4) |
| 74.8 | (1.3) |
| 79.3 | (1.3) |
| 84.1 | (1.3) |
| 16.1 | (1.9) |
| |
Montenegro | 71.1 | (1.2) |
| 71.2 | (1.2) |
| 77.2 | (1.1) |
| 74.1 | (1.0) |
| 76.4 | (1.1) |
| 5.3 | (1.6) |
| |
Morocco | 59.5 | (1.6) | † | 59.5 | (1.6) | † | 62.1 | (1.4) |
| 61.3 | (1.6) |
| 65.3 | (1.3) |
| 5.9 | (1.9) | † | |
North Macedonia | 82.4 | (1.1) |
| 82.4 | (1.1) |
| 82.6 | (1.1) |
| 79.3 | (1.2) |
| 81.0 | (1.1) |
| -1.4 | (1.7) |
| |
Panama | 79.1 | (1.7) | † | 79.1 | (1.7) | † | 78.8 | (1.3) | † | 75.7 | (1.4) |
| 73.8 | (1.5) |
| -5.3 | (2.4) | † | |
Peru | 68.0 | (1.5) | † | 68.0 | (1.5) | † | 68.0 | (1.5) |
| 67.8 | (1.6) |
| 68.4 | (1.2) |
| 0.5 | (1.9) | † | |
Philippines | 61.0 | (1.5) |
| 61.0 | (1.5) |
| 65.8 | (1.3) |
| 66.8 | (1.3) |
| 68.0 | (1.7) |
| 6.9 | (2.1) |
| |
Qatar | 59.2 | (0.9) |
| 59.1 | (0.9) |
| 61.5 | (0.8) |
| 60.9 | (0.9) |
| 63.8 | (0.9) |
| 4.6 | (1.1) |
| |
Romania | 75.0 | (1.3) |
| 75.1 | (1.2) |
| 77.5 | (1.5) |
| 81.3 | (1.1) |
| 84.6 | (1.1) |
| 9.5 | (1.6) |
| |
Russia | 69.8 | (1.4) |
| 69.8 | (1.4) |
| 67.8 | (1.6) |
| 68.7 | (1.0) |
| 70.4 | (1.2) |
| 0.6 | (1.7) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 71.9 | (1.5) |
| 71.8 | (1.5) |
| 70.9 | (1.2) |
| 70.9 | (1.2) |
| 72.0 | (1.4) |
| 0.2 | (2.0) |
| |
Serbia | 70.4 | (1.1) |
| 70.4 | (1.1) |
| 75.6 | (1.1) |
| 76.8 | (1.0) |
| 74.9 | (1.3) |
| 4.5 | (1.7) |
| |
Singapore | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 51.0 | (1.4) |
| 51.0 | (1.4) |
| 55.4 | (1.3) |
| 57.6 | (1.3) |
| 59.5 | (1.4) |
| 8.5 | (1.8) |
| |
Thailand | 71.6 | (1.4) |
| 71.7 | (1.4) |
| 73.8 | (1.3) |
| 73.1 | (1.2) |
| 74.6 | (1.2) |
| 3.0 | (1.8) |
| |
Ukraine | 77.1 | (1.4) |
| 77.2 | (1.4) |
| 80.7 | (1.1) |
| 83.1 | (1.0) |
| 85.5 | (1.0) |
| 8.4 | (1.8) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 60.8 | (0.8) |
| 60.8 | (0.8) |
| 61.8 | (1.0) |
| 61.3 | (1.1) |
| 61.6 | (2.0) |
| 0.9 | (2.2) |
| |
Uruguay | 67.8 | (1.5) |
| 67.7 | (1.5) |
| 72.8 | (1.4) |
| 71.7 | (1.6) |
| 81.0 | (1.5) |
| 13.3 | (2.1) |
| |
Viet Nam | 74.1 | (1.8) |
| 74.1 | (1.8) |
| 73.3 | (1.3) |
| 71.8 | (1.4) |
| 73.9 | (1.5) |
| -0.2 | (2.4) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
← 1. In PISA 2018, students were asked “Overall, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?”. Students who rated their life with values from 7 to 10 were considered satisfied with their lives. | |||||||||||||||||||
← 2. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | |||||||||||||||||||
3. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “I feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school”. | |||||||||||||||||||
4. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “When I am failing, this makes me doubt my plans for the future”. | |||||||||||||||||||
5. Students who are satisfied with their lives, do not feel like outsiders at school and do not doubt their future plans when facing failure. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.3.4 [3/8]. Students’ well-being, by socio-economic status | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage of students; based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Do not feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school,3 by students’ socio-economic status | ||||||||||||||||||
All students | By national quarter of ESCS | ||||||||||||||||||
Bottom quarter | Third quarter | Second quarter | Top quarter | Difference Top - Bottom | |||||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 68.1 | (0.9) |
| 68.1 | (0.9) |
| 72.2 | (1.1) |
| 74.7 | (0.8) |
| 76.8 | (0.8) |
| 8.7 | (1.2) |
|
Austria | 84.1 | (0.9) |
| 83.9 | (0.9) |
| 84.7 | (1.0) |
| 85.1 | (1.2) |
| 85.6 | (0.8) |
| 1.7 | (1.2) |
| |
Belgium | 83.6 | (0.9) |
| 83.6 | (0.9) |
| 84.7 | (0.9) |
| 85.3 | (0.9) |
| 87.2 | (0.7) |
| 3.6 | (1.1) |
| |
Canada | 68.0 | (0.9) |
| 68.1 | (0.9) |
| 73.5 | (1.0) |
| 73.7 | (0.8) |
| 78.9 | (0.9) |
| 10.8 | (1.2) |
| |
Chile | 76.8 | (1.4) |
| 76.8 | (1.4) |
| 78.3 | (1.1) |
| 75.7 | (1.2) |
| 78.2 | (1.2) |
| 1.4 | (1.9) |
| |
Colombia | 75.5 | (1.5) |
| 75.5 | (1.5) |
| 75.6 | (1.2) |
| 78.1 | (1.1) |
| 78.1 | (1.0) |
| 2.6 | (1.7) |
| |
Czech Republic | 70.9 | (1.5) |
| 70.9 | (1.5) |
| 76.5 | (1.2) |
| 78.6 | (1.2) |
| 77.8 | (1.2) |
| 6.9 | (1.7) |
| |
Denmark | 86.1 | (1.0) |
| 86.1 | (1.0) |
| 88.4 | (1.0) |
| 90.7 | (1.0) |
| 89.2 | (0.9) |
| 3.1 | (1.4) |
| |
Estonia | 81.0 | (1.3) |
| 81.1 | (1.3) |
| 83.5 | (1.1) |
| 84.8 | (1.0) |
| 88.6 | (0.9) |
| 7.5 | (1.7) |
| |
Finland | 82.0 | (1.1) |
| 82.0 | (1.1) |
| 85.9 | (1.0) |
| 85.2 | (0.9) |
| 86.1 | (0.9) |
| 4.1 | (1.4) |
| |
France | 63.4 | (1.3) |
| 63.3 | (1.3) |
| 66.9 | (1.5) |
| 70.8 | (1.5) |
| 76.9 | (1.2) |
| 13.5 | (1.7) |
| |
Germany | 80.8 | (1.4) |
| 80.8 | (1.4) |
| 85.7 | (1.5) |
| 83.0 | (1.2) |
| 86.9 | (1.1) |
| 6.1 | (1.6) |
| |
Greece | 76.1 | (1.3) |
| 76.1 | (1.3) |
| 81.9 | (1.3) |
| 79.9 | (1.2) |
| 82.6 | (1.0) |
| 6.5 | (1.6) |
| |
Hungary | 76.1 | (1.1) |
| 76.1 | (1.1) |
| 79.0 | (1.1) |
| 82.9 | (1.0) |
| 83.5 | (1.0) |
| 7.4 | (1.4) |
| |
Iceland | 75.5 | (1.8) |
| 75.5 | (1.8) |
| 80.3 | (1.3) |
| 82.1 | (1.2) |
| 82.4 | (1.3) |
| 6.9 | (2.3) |
| |
Ireland | 77.1 | (1.2) |
| 77.0 | (1.2) |
| 76.7 | (1.1) |
| 79.5 | (1.2) |
| 78.6 | (1.2) |
| 1.6 | (1.6) |
| |
Israel | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Italy | 83.2 | (1.4) |
| 83.2 | (1.4) |
| 87.6 | (1.0) |
| 87.5 | (0.9) |
| 87.1 | (0.9) |
| 3.9 | (1.7) |
| |
Japan | 86.7 | (1.1) |
| 86.7 | (1.1) |
| 87.6 | (0.9) |
| 87.8 | (0.9) |
| 87.8 | (1.0) |
| 1.1 | (1.4) |
| |
Korea | 87.1 | (0.9) |
| 87.1 | (0.9) |
| 89.1 | (0.9) |
| 89.5 | (0.9) |
| 91.7 | (0.8) |
| 4.6 | (1.1) |
| |
Latvia | 77.7 | (1.3) |
| 77.7 | (1.4) |
| 79.9 | (1.2) |
| 81.4 | (1.3) |
| 85.1 | (1.1) |
| 7.3 | (1.7) |
| |
Lithuania | 70.8 | (1.3) |
| 70.6 | (1.3) |
| 73.8 | (1.1) |
| 74.4 | (1.1) |
| 76.0 | (1.1) |
| 5.3 | (1.7) |
| |
Luxembourg | 76.2 | (1.2) |
| 76.3 | (1.2) |
| 80.6 | (1.1) |
| 83.4 | (1.2) |
| 85.9 | (1.1) |
| 9.6 | (1.6) |
| |
Mexico | 77.0 | (1.4) | † | 77.0 | (1.4) | † | 79.3 | (1.2) |
| 79.5 | (1.3) |
| 80.6 | (1.0) |
| 3.6 | (1.8) | † | |
Netherlands* | 89.3 | (1.0) | † | 89.3 | (1.0) | † | 92.1 | (0.9) |
| 89.7 | (1.1) |
| 91.7 | (0.9) |
| 2.4 | (1.2) | † | |
New Zealand | 71.1 | (1.2) |
| 71.1 | (1.2) |
| 73.3 | (1.1) |
| 74.2 | (1.3) |
| 77.5 | (1.2) |
| 6.4 | (1.7) |
| |
Norway | 84.0 | (1.2) |
| 84.0 | (1.2) |
| 87.6 | (0.8) |
| 90.5 | (0.9) |
| 87.8 | (1.1) |
| 3.8 | (1.6) |
| |
Poland | 78.5 | (1.1) |
| 78.5 | (1.1) |
| 80.2 | (1.2) |
| 79.0 | (1.3) |
| 76.5 | (1.2) |
| -2.0 | (1.6) |
| |
Portugal* | 83.6 | (1.2) |
| 83.6 | (1.2) |
| 87.4 | (1.0) |
| 85.5 | (1.1) |
| 90.7 | (0.9) |
| 7.1 | (1.5) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 66.0 | (1.5) |
| 65.9 | (1.6) |
| 71.0 | (1.5) |
| 72.4 | (1.5) |
| 77.3 | (1.2) |
| 11.4 | (1.8) |
| |
Slovenia | 77.1 | (1.2) |
| 77.2 | (1.2) |
| 78.3 | (1.5) |
| 80.4 | (1.2) |
| 82.0 | (1.2) |
| 4.8 | (1.5) |
| |
Spain | 86.4 | (0.7) |
| 86.4 | (0.7) |
| 88.1 | (0.6) |
| 89.3 | (0.5) |
| 90.3 | (0.5) |
| 3.9 | (0.8) |
| |
Sweden | 78.1 | (1.1) |
| 78.1 | (1.1) |
| 80.9 | (1.1) |
| 81.3 | (1.1) |
| 81.0 | (1.2) |
| 2.9 | (1.9) |
| |
Switzerland | 80.9 | (1.4) |
| 80.9 | (1.4) |
| 84.1 | (1.2) |
| 84.9 | (1.1) |
| 86.5 | (1.1) |
| 5.6 | (1.9) |
| |
Turkey | 74.3 | (1.1) |
| 74.4 | (1.1) |
| 76.4 | (1.0) |
| 76.4 | (1.1) |
| 78.5 | (1.0) |
| 4.2 | (1.4) |
| |
United Kingdom | 72.3 | (1.1) |
| 72.3 | (1.1) |
| 72.7 | (1.3) |
| 75.1 | (1.2) |
| 77.9 | (1.0) |
| 5.7 | (1.4) |
| |
United States* | 64.4 | (1.8) |
| 64.3 | (1.8) |
| 68.8 | (1.3) |
| 69.5 | (1.7) |
| 72.6 | (1.6) |
| 8.3 | (2.3) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | 77.5 | (0.2) |
| 77.5 | (0.2) |
| 80.3 | (0.2) |
| 81.2 | (0.2) |
| 82.8 | (0.2) |
| 5.3 | (0.3) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
1. In PISA 2018, students were asked “Overall, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?”. Students who rated their life with values from 7 to 10 were considered satisfied with their lives. | |||||||||||||||||||
2. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | |||||||||||||||||||
← 3. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “I feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school”. | |||||||||||||||||||
4. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “When I am failing, this makes me doubt my plans for the future”. | |||||||||||||||||||
5. Students who are satisfied with their lives, do not feel like outsiders at school and do not doubt their future plans when facing failure. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.3.4 [4/8]. Students’ well-being, by socio-economic status | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage of students; based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Do not feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school,3 by students’ socio-economic status | ||||||||||||||||||
All students | By national quarter of ESCS | ||||||||||||||||||
Bottom quarter | Third quarter | Second quarter | Top quarter | Difference Top - Bottom | |||||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 86.9 | (1.0) |
| 86.9 | (1.0) |
| 88.4 | (0.9) |
| 88.7 | (0.9) |
| 91.1 | (1.0) |
| 4.2 | (1.3) |
|
Argentina | 65.5 | (1.8) |
| 65.5 | (1.8) |
| 71.1 | (1.5) |
| 74.8 | (1.3) |
| 78.2 | (1.1) |
| 12.7 | (2.1) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 66.9 | (1.6) | † | 66.9 | (1.6) | † | 65.6 | (1.4) | † | 70.3 | (1.5) | † | 71.3 | (1.4) | † | 4.4 | (2.2) | † | |
Belarus | 86.4 | (1.0) |
| 86.3 | (1.0) |
| 88.5 | (0.9) |
| 90.4 | (0.7) |
| 88.8 | (0.8) |
| 2.5 | (1.4) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 77.0 | (1.2) |
| 77.1 | (1.2) |
| 80.2 | (1.2) |
| 79.6 | (1.3) |
| 81.2 | (1.2) |
| 4.1 | (1.8) |
| |
Brazil | 67.2 | (1.4) | † | 67.2 | (1.4) | † | 71.5 | (1.2) |
| 72.9 | (1.0) |
| 75.9 | (1.2) |
| 8.7 | (1.9) | † | |
Brunei Darussalam | 59.4 | (1.3) |
| 59.4 | (1.3) |
| 63.3 | (1.3) |
| 63.4 | (1.2) |
| 66.0 | (1.2) |
| 6.6 | (1.8) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 78.9 | (1.3) |
| 78.9 | (1.3) |
| 81.1 | (1.1) |
| 82.5 | (0.9) |
| 83.4 | (1.0) |
| 4.5 | (1.5) |
| |
Bulgaria | 57.4 | (2.0) |
| 57.4 | (2.0) |
| 67.6 | (1.5) |
| 70.8 | (1.5) |
| 74.2 | (1.5) |
| 16.8 | (2.5) |
| |
Costa Rica | 79.1 | (1.1) |
| 79.1 | (1.1) |
| 77.4 | (1.0) |
| 78.5 | (1.3) |
| 82.3 | (1.1) |
| 3.3 | (1.5) |
| |
Croatia | 83.4 | (1.0) |
| 83.4 | (1.0) |
| 84.6 | (1.1) |
| 84.5 | (0.9) |
| 86.8 | (0.9) |
| 3.4 | (1.4) |
| |
Cyprus | 74.0 | (1.3) |
| 74.0 | (1.3) |
| 75.1 | (1.4) |
| 75.4 | (1.3) |
| 77.5 | (1.2) |
| 3.6 | (1.8) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 58.3 | (2.2) | ‡ | 58.3 | (2.2) | ‡ | 65.0 | (1.7) | † | 64.2 | (1.8) | † | 69.4 | (1.6) | † | 11.0 | (2.6) | ‡ | |
Georgia | 80.9 | (1.6) |
| 80.8 | (1.6) |
| 79.9 | (1.3) |
| 80.8 | (1.5) |
| 85.9 | (1.1) |
| 5.1 | (1.8) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 66.5 | (1.4) |
| 66.5 | (1.4) |
| 72.0 | (1.3) |
| 71.8 | (1.4) |
| 74.3 | (1.2) |
| 7.8 | (1.9) |
| |
Indonesia | 81.6 | (1.5) |
| 81.6 | (1.5) |
| 78.4 | (1.2) |
| 80.9 | (1.3) |
| 80.2 | (1.2) |
| -1.4 | (2.0) |
| |
Jordan | 63.1 | (2.0) |
| 63.1 | (2.0) |
| 65.9 | (1.4) |
| 66.6 | (1.6) |
| 69.0 | (1.7) |
| 5.9 | (2.5) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 78.5 | (0.9) |
| 78.5 | (0.9) |
| 78.5 | (0.7) |
| 79.1 | (0.8) |
| 79.2 | (0.8) |
| 0.7 | (1.1) |
| |
Kosovo | 82.2 | (1.3) |
| 82.2 | (1.3) |
| 83.2 | (1.1) |
| 81.1 | (1.3) |
| 86.4 | (1.1) |
| 4.2 | (1.7) |
| |
Lebanon | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Macao (China) | 75.4 | (1.5) |
| 75.4 | (1.4) |
| 75.6 | (1.4) |
| 78.4 | (1.5) |
| 76.9 | (1.3) |
| 1.5 | (1.9) |
| |
Malaysia | 79.8 | (1.1) |
| 79.9 | (1.1) |
| 78.1 | (1.3) |
| 77.0 | (1.2) |
| 82.2 | (1.6) |
| 2.4 | (1.8) |
| |
Malta | 66.9 | (1.7) |
| 66.9 | (1.7) |
| 71.4 | (1.8) |
| 66.1 | (1.6) |
| 69.0 | (1.6) |
| 2.0 | (2.2) |
| |
Moldova | 78.8 | (1.2) |
| 78.8 | (1.2) |
| 86.5 | (1.0) |
| 85.9 | (1.0) |
| 89.1 | (0.8) |
| 10.3 | (1.5) |
| |
Montenegro | 78.8 | (1.2) |
| 78.8 | (1.1) |
| 79.2 | (0.9) |
| 81.6 | (1.0) |
| 79.8 | (1.1) |
| 1.1 | (1.6) |
| |
Morocco | 67.6 | (1.6) | † | 67.6 | (1.6) | † | 69.4 | (1.4) | † | 69.8 | (1.6) | † | 75.6 | (1.4) |
| 8.0 | (2.2) | † | |
North Macedonia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Panama | 63.9 | (2.1) | ‡ | 63.9 | (2.1) | ‡ | 70.8 | (1.7) | † | 67.5 | (1.8) | † | 74.7 | (1.5) | † | 10.8 | (2.6) | ‡ | |
Peru | 78.8 | (1.6) | ‡ | 78.8 | (1.6) | ‡ | 84.3 | (1.1) | † | 83.3 | (1.0) |
| 84.9 | (1.1) |
| 6.0 | (2.0) | ‡ | |
Philippines | 68.8 | (1.2) |
| 68.8 | (1.2) |
| 75.7 | (1.2) |
| 70.8 | (1.3) |
| 77.0 | (1.0) |
| 8.2 | (1.7) |
| |
Qatar | 65.3 | (0.8) |
| 65.3 | (0.8) |
| 67.9 | (0.8) |
| 74.0 | (0.8) |
| 73.4 | (0.7) |
| 8.1 | (0.9) |
| |
Romania | 77.5 | (1.5) |
| 77.6 | (1.5) |
| 81.0 | (1.4) |
| 85.5 | (1.0) |
| 88.3 | (1.1) |
| 10.7 | (1.8) |
| |
Russia | 70.3 | (1.6) |
| 70.3 | (1.6) |
| 75.0 | (1.3) |
| 74.5 | (1.1) |
| 77.2 | (0.9) |
| 6.9 | (2.0) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 72.0 | (1.6) |
| 72.0 | (1.6) |
| 78.1 | (1.3) |
| 76.6 | (1.4) |
| 80.9 | (1.4) |
| 8.9 | (2.0) |
| |
Serbia | 76.3 | (1.4) |
| 76.3 | (1.4) |
| 79.1 | (1.2) |
| 79.3 | (1.0) |
| 79.2 | (1.2) |
| 2.9 | (1.9) |
| |
Singapore | 73.4 | (1.1) |
| 73.4 | (1.1) |
| 76.2 | (1.1) |
| 77.9 | (1.1) |
| 79.9 | (1.1) |
| 6.5 | (1.6) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 82.7 | (1.0) |
| 82.8 | (1.0) |
| 86.1 | (0.9) |
| 86.9 | (0.7) |
| 88.8 | (0.8) |
| 6.0 | (1.3) |
| |
Thailand | 71.4 | (1.7) |
| 71.4 | (1.7) |
| 70.9 | (1.6) |
| 71.3 | (1.3) |
| 76.6 | (1.2) |
| 5.2 | (2.1) |
| |
Ukraine | 76.9 | (1.4) |
| 76.9 | (1.4) |
| 80.2 | (1.2) |
| 81.5 | (1.3) |
| 83.4 | (1.1) |
| 6.5 | (1.7) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 70.8 | (0.8) |
| 70.8 | (0.8) |
| 73.5 | (0.9) |
| 73.6 | (0.9) |
| 73.9 | (1.0) |
| 3.1 | (1.3) |
| |
Uruguay | 70.9 | (1.8) | † | 70.9 | (1.8) | † | 79.0 | (1.4) |
| 76.4 | (1.8) |
| 83.1 | (1.4) |
| 12.1 | (2.1) | † | |
Viet Nam | 73.0 | (1.3) |
| 73.0 | (1.3) |
| 74.2 | (1.5) |
| 72.3 | (1.4) |
| 69.9 | (1.5) |
| -3.1 | (2.1) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
1. In PISA 2018, students were asked “Overall, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?”. Students who rated their life with values from 7 to 10 were considered satisfied with their lives. | |||||||||||||||||||
2. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | |||||||||||||||||||
← 3. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “I feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school”. | |||||||||||||||||||
4. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “When I am failing, this makes me doubt my plans for the future”. | |||||||||||||||||||
5. Students who are satisfied with their lives, do not feel like outsiders at school and do not doubt their future plans when facing failure. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.3.4 [5/8]. Students’ well-being, by socio-economic status | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage of students; based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Do not doubt their future plans when facing failure,4 by students’ socio-economic status | ||||||||||||||||||
All students | By national quarter of ESCS | ||||||||||||||||||
Bottom quarter | Third quarter | Second quarter | Top quarter | Difference Top - Bottom | |||||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 32.1 | (0.9) |
| 32.1 | (0.9) |
| 30.8 | (0.9) |
| 33.5 | (1.0) |
| 31.5 | (0.9) |
| -0.6 | (1.2) |
|
Austria | 57.5 | (1.6) |
| 57.5 | (1.6) |
| 58.9 | (1.3) |
| 58.5 | (1.3) |
| 62.1 | (1.1) |
| 4.6 | (1.8) |
| |
Belgium | 48.2 | (1.9) |
| 48.2 | (1.9) |
| 48.5 | (1.8) |
| 47.4 | (1.3) |
| 45.5 | (1.3) |
| -2.6 | (2.5) |
| |
Canada | 32.9 | (1.0) |
| 32.9 | (1.0) |
| 31.7 | (1.1) |
| 32.4 | (1.1) |
| 29.2 | (0.9) |
| -3.7 | (1.4) |
| |
Chile | 42.1 | (1.5) |
| 42.1 | (1.5) |
| 40.9 | (1.3) |
| 40.0 | (1.4) |
| 40.7 | (1.1) |
| -1.4 | (1.7) |
| |
Colombia | 56.1 | (1.9) |
| 56.1 | (1.9) |
| 57.8 | (1.6) |
| 55.3 | (1.4) |
| 56.7 | (1.5) |
| 0.6 | (2.3) |
| |
Czech Republic | 45.8 | (1.5) |
| 45.9 | (1.5) |
| 45.7 | (1.5) |
| 45.8 | (1.4) |
| 44.1 | (1.5) |
| -1.7 | (2.2) |
| |
Denmark | 50.8 | (1.2) |
| 50.8 | (1.2) |
| 51.5 | (1.7) |
| 52.5 | (1.3) |
| 56.9 | (1.5) |
| 6.1 | (1.9) |
| |
Estonia | 56.0 | (1.7) |
| 56.1 | (1.7) |
| 54.8 | (1.5) |
| 53.4 | (1.4) |
| 54.9 | (1.6) |
| -1.2 | (2.3) |
| |
Finland | 59.7 | (1.5) |
| 59.7 | (1.5) |
| 58.7 | (1.2) |
| 57.4 | (1.4) |
| 58.9 | (1.5) |
| -0.9 | (2.3) |
| |
France | 37.8 | (1.4) |
| 37.7 | (1.4) |
| 38.9 | (1.4) |
| 36.5 | (1.4) |
| 38.1 | (1.3) |
| 0.4 | (1.9) |
| |
Germany | 60.1 | (1.4) |
| 60.0 | (1.4) |
| 62.1 | (1.4) |
| 64.8 | (1.7) |
| 63.3 | (1.4) |
| 3.3 | (1.8) |
| |
Greece | 48.6 | (1.3) |
| 48.6 | (1.3) |
| 51.3 | (1.3) |
| 50.6 | (1.3) |
| 48.9 | (1.1) |
| 0.3 | (1.7) |
| |
Hungary | 51.1 | (1.4) |
| 51.1 | (1.4) |
| 50.5 | (1.5) |
| 55.5 | (1.7) |
| 53.0 | (1.6) |
| 1.9 | (2.1) |
| |
Iceland | 48.0 | (1.9) |
| 48.0 | (1.9) |
| 49.3 | (1.8) |
| 50.7 | (1.8) |
| 50.4 | (1.7) |
| 2.3 | (2.7) |
| |
Ireland | 36.3 | (1.3) |
| 36.2 | (1.3) |
| 35.2 | (1.3) |
| 36.0 | (1.3) |
| 32.8 | (1.2) |
| -3.5 | (1.9) |
| |
Israel | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Italy | 43.0 | (1.6) |
| 43.0 | (1.6) |
| 41.0 | (1.7) |
| 40.6 | (1.6) |
| 45.4 | (1.3) |
| 2.4 | (1.9) |
| |
Japan | 39.4 | (1.3) |
| 39.4 | (1.3) |
| 40.0 | (1.1) |
| 38.7 | (1.4) |
| 38.3 | (1.3) |
| -1.2 | (1.6) |
| |
Korea | 44.7 | (1.4) |
| 44.7 | (1.4) |
| 48.2 | (1.2) |
| 45.4 | (1.4) |
| 47.6 | (1.4) |
| 2.9 | (2.1) |
| |
Latvia | 50.9 | (1.5) |
| 50.9 | (1.5) |
| 49.1 | (1.3) |
| 51.9 | (1.5) |
| 51.3 | (1.5) |
| 0.4 | (2.2) |
| |
Lithuania | 50.2 | (1.7) |
| 50.3 | (1.7) |
| 51.1 | (1.3) |
| 48.8 | (1.4) |
| 50.1 | (1.5) |
| -0.2 | (2.4) |
| |
Luxembourg | 44.0 | (1.3) |
| 43.9 | (1.3) |
| 47.0 | (1.4) |
| 48.2 | (1.4) |
| 46.1 | (1.6) |
| 2.1 | (2.0) |
| |
Mexico | 40.5 | (2.0) | † | 40.5 | (2.0) | † | 39.9 | (1.4) |
| 43.6 | (1.7) |
| 46.5 | (1.3) |
| 6.0 | (2.4) | † | |
Netherlands* | 64.9 | (1.7) | † | 64.9 | (1.7) | † | 65.3 | (1.6) |
| 65.6 | (1.8) |
| 62.0 | (1.5) |
| -2.9 | (2.3) | † | |
New Zealand | 34.9 | (1.2) |
| 34.8 | (1.2) |
| 33.7 | (1.2) |
| 30.5 | (1.3) |
| 30.4 | (1.3) |
| -4.4 | (1.6) |
| |
Norway | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Poland | 44.8 | (1.4) |
| 44.8 | (1.4) |
| 41.7 | (1.4) |
| 43.5 | (1.6) |
| 38.3 | (1.7) |
| -6.5 | (1.9) |
| |
Portugal* | 47.3 | (1.8) |
| 47.2 | (1.8) |
| 47.9 | (1.7) |
| 42.3 | (1.4) |
| 45.7 | (1.6) |
| -1.5 | (2.4) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 47.9 | (1.7) |
| 47.9 | (1.7) |
| 48.0 | (1.4) |
| 46.8 | (1.6) |
| 46.2 | (1.4) |
| -1.7 | (2.3) |
| |
Slovenia | 48.6 | (1.7) |
| 48.7 | (1.6) |
| 44.8 | (1.5) |
| 46.2 | (1.4) |
| 45.4 | (1.8) |
| -3.3 | (2.4) |
| |
Spain | 50.4 | (1.0) |
| 50.4 | (1.0) |
| 51.5 | (0.9) |
| 51.7 | (0.8) |
| 54.1 | (0.7) |
| 3.7 | (1.3) |
| |
Sweden | 45.8 | (1.4) |
| 45.9 | (1.4) |
| 47.6 | (1.4) |
| 47.3 | (1.3) |
| 49.0 | (1.3) |
| 3.2 | (1.9) |
| |
Switzerland | 53.5 | (1.6) |
| 53.5 | (1.6) |
| 55.6 | (1.7) |
| 56.9 | (1.5) |
| 52.4 | (1.4) |
| -1.1 | (2.4) |
| |
Turkey | 37.3 | (1.4) |
| 37.3 | (1.4) |
| 35.5 | (1.1) |
| 35.1 | (1.2) |
| 34.4 | (1.3) |
| -2.9 | (2.0) |
| |
United Kingdom | 27.8 | (1.2) |
| 27.9 | (1.2) |
| 29.4 | (1.2) |
| 29.4 | (1.1) |
| 30.3 | (1.2) |
| 2.5 | (1.8) |
| |
United States* | 39.2 | (1.3) |
| 39.1 | (1.3) |
| 37.4 | (1.6) |
| 35.7 | (1.6) |
| 29.4 | (1.3) |
| -9.7 | (1.8) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | 46.2 | (0.3) |
| 46.2 | (0.3) |
| 46.3 | (0.2) |
| 46.2 | (0.2) |
| 46.0 | (0.2) |
| -0.2 | (0.3) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
1. In PISA 2018, students were asked “Overall, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?”. Students who rated their life with values from 7 to 10 were considered satisfied with their lives. | |||||||||||||||||||
2. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | |||||||||||||||||||
3. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “I feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school”. | |||||||||||||||||||
← 4. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “When I am failing, this makes me doubt my plans for the future”. | |||||||||||||||||||
5. Students who are satisfied with their lives, do not feel like outsiders at school and do not doubt their future plans when facing failure. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.3.4 [6/8]. Students’ well-being, by socio-economic status | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage of students; based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Do not doubt their future plans when facing failure,4 by students’ socio-economic status | ||||||||||||||||||
All students | By national quarter of ESCS | ||||||||||||||||||
Bottom quarter | Third quarter | Second quarter | Top quarter | Difference Top - Bottom | |||||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 50.8 | (1.5) |
| 50.8 | (1.5) |
| 54.8 | (1.6) |
| 53.4 | (1.4) |
| 57.7 | (1.5) |
| 6.9 | (2.3) |
|
Argentina | 43.1 | (1.7) |
| 43.1 | (1.7) |
| 45.5 | (1.4) |
| 50.8 | (1.2) |
| 55.2 | (1.0) |
| 12.1 | (2.1) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 39.0 | (1.6) |
| 39.0 | (1.6) |
| 42.3 | (1.5) |
| 43.2 | (1.2) |
| 43.8 | (1.5) |
| 4.8 | (2.2) |
| |
Belarus | 49.6 | (1.6) |
| 49.6 | (1.6) |
| 52.9 | (1.5) |
| 49.7 | (1.4) |
| 54.9 | (1.2) |
| 5.3 | (2.1) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 50.6 | (1.3) |
| 50.6 | (1.3) |
| 54.2 | (1.3) |
| 55.2 | (1.4) |
| 56.1 | (1.4) |
| 5.5 | (1.7) |
| |
Brazil | 46.0 | (1.5) | † | 46.0 | (1.5) | † | 43.6 | (1.0) |
| 45.1 | (1.3) |
| 38.3 | (1.3) |
| -7.7 | (2.1) | † | |
Brunei Darussalam | 28.0 | (0.9) |
| 27.9 | (0.9) |
| 27.1 | (1.1) |
| 27.3 | (1.2) |
| 25.9 | (1.1) |
| -2.1 | (1.4) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 48.5 | (1.3) |
| 48.5 | (1.3) |
| 49.5 | (1.4) |
| 47.9 | (1.1) |
| 51.8 | (1.5) |
| 3.3 | (1.7) |
| |
Bulgaria | 47.3 | (1.8) |
| 47.3 | (1.8) |
| 49.0 | (1.3) |
| 48.9 | (1.7) |
| 51.0 | (1.4) |
| 3.8 | (2.2) |
| |
Costa Rica | 56.9 | (1.4) |
| 56.9 | (1.4) |
| 58.7 | (1.4) |
| 59.8 | (1.4) |
| 58.4 | (1.3) |
| 1.5 | (2.0) |
| |
Croatia | 56.5 | (1.3) |
| 56.5 | (1.3) |
| 52.7 | (1.3) |
| 55.4 | (1.2) |
| 50.1 | (1.6) |
| -6.4 | (2.1) |
| |
Cyprus | 51.3 | (1.2) |
| 51.2 | (1.2) |
| 54.6 | (1.5) |
| 50.8 | (1.5) |
| 48.7 | (1.4) |
| -2.6 | (1.8) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 45.8 | (1.8) | ‡ | 45.8 | (1.8) | ‡ | 47.6 | (1.9) | † | 48.0 | (1.4) | † | 54.6 | (1.8) |
| 8.8 | (2.7) | ‡ | |
Georgia | 51.0 | (1.6) |
| 50.9 | (1.5) |
| 54.8 | (1.5) |
| 60.4 | (1.3) |
| 64.3 | (1.5) |
| 13.4 | (2.0) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 30.1 | (1.2) |
| 30.1 | (1.2) |
| 26.7 | (1.0) |
| 27.2 | (1.2) |
| 26.7 | (1.4) |
| -3.4 | (1.7) |
| |
Indonesia | 65.7 | (1.9) |
| 65.8 | (1.9) |
| 60.3 | (1.4) |
| 62.2 | (1.6) |
| 56.6 | (1.5) |
| -9.2 | (2.3) |
| |
Jordan | 48.8 | (1.8) |
| 48.8 | (1.8) |
| 51.8 | (1.3) |
| 51.3 | (1.4) |
| 53.7 | (1.2) |
| 4.9 | (2.0) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 65.7 | (1.0) |
| 65.7 | (1.0) |
| 66.0 | (0.8) |
| 65.2 | (0.9) |
| 65.5 | (0.8) |
| -0.1 | (1.2) |
| |
Kosovo | 33.8 | (1.3) |
| 33.7 | (1.2) |
| 36.7 | (1.4) |
| 40.0 | (1.5) |
| 46.1 | (1.7) |
| 12.4 | (2.0) |
| |
Lebanon | 46.3 | (2.2) |
| 46.3 | (2.2) |
| 45.4 | (1.8) |
| 47.2 | (1.4) |
| 46.2 | (1.3) |
| -0.1 | (2.4) |
| |
Macao (China) | 34.1 | (1.6) |
| 34.1 | (1.6) |
| 34.6 | (1.6) |
| 33.4 | (1.7) |
| 33.4 | (1.5) |
| -0.7 | (2.1) |
| |
Malaysia | 35.4 | (1.3) |
| 35.4 | (1.3) |
| 31.0 | (1.2) |
| 31.2 | (1.3) |
| 34.3 | (1.6) |
| -1.1 | (2.2) |
| |
Malta | 27.1 | (1.6) |
| 27.1 | (1.6) |
| 28.1 | (1.7) |
| 26.8 | (1.4) |
| 29.0 | (1.6) |
| 1.9 | (2.4) |
| |
Moldova | 42.0 | (1.5) |
| 42.0 | (1.5) |
| 50.8 | (1.5) |
| 51.9 | (1.5) |
| 56.7 | (1.6) |
| 14.8 | (2.1) |
| |
Montenegro | 57.0 | (1.4) |
| 57.0 | (1.4) |
| 59.9 | (1.4) |
| 62.1 | (1.3) |
| 60.4 | (1.2) |
| 3.4 | (2.0) |
| |
Morocco | 45.8 | (1.6) | † | 45.8 | (1.6) | † | 46.4 | (1.5) | † | 46.0 | (1.5) |
| 47.7 | (1.5) |
| 1.9 | (2.2) | † | |
North Macedonia | 41.2 | (1.4) |
| 41.2 | (1.4) |
| 45.3 | (1.5) |
| 45.4 | (1.4) |
| 49.4 | (1.6) |
| 8.2 | (2.1) |
| |
Panama | 43.8 | (2.2) | ‡ | 43.7 | (2.2) | ‡ | 53.4 | (1.9) | † | 51.9 | (1.7) | † | 50.0 | (1.8) |
| 6.3 | (2.9) | ‡ | |
Peru | 58.4 | (2.0) | † | 58.4 | (2.0) | † | 57.1 | (1.2) | † | 58.4 | (1.5) |
| 57.7 | (1.3) |
| -0.7 | (2.3) | † | |
Philippines | 36.6 | (1.5) |
| 36.6 | (1.5) |
| 35.8 | (1.1) |
| 36.9 | (1.2) |
| 37.3 | (1.5) |
| 0.7 | (2.0) |
| |
Qatar | 45.9 | (1.1) |
| 45.9 | (1.1) |
| 43.4 | (0.9) |
| 39.7 | (0.8) |
| 38.1 | (0.9) |
| -7.8 | (1.5) |
| |
Romania | 56.8 | (1.6) |
| 57.0 | (1.6) |
| 57.9 | (1.5) |
| 60.9 | (1.3) |
| 59.8 | (1.3) |
| 2.9 | (2.0) |
| |
Russia | 49.8 | (1.3) |
| 49.8 | (1.3) |
| 50.8 | (1.2) |
| 51.9 | (1.2) |
| 51.4 | (1.5) |
| 1.5 | (2.1) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 55.9 | (1.6) |
| 56.0 | (1.6) |
| 58.9 | (1.6) |
| 59.7 | (1.4) |
| 61.4 | (1.1) |
| 5.4 | (1.9) |
| |
Serbia | 49.5 | (1.2) |
| 49.5 | (1.3) |
| 52.3 | (1.1) |
| 52.9 | (1.1) |
| 52.9 | (1.3) |
| 3.3 | (1.9) |
| |
Singapore | 20.7 | (0.9) |
| 20.6 | (0.9) |
| 22.0 | (1.1) |
| 23.0 | (0.9) |
| 24.0 | (1.0) |
| 3.4 | (1.4) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 22.1 | (0.9) |
| 22.2 | (0.9) |
| 23.0 | (1.1) |
| 23.0 | (1.2) |
| 24.9 | (1.1) |
| 2.7 | (1.4) |
| |
Thailand | 35.0 | (1.3) |
| 35.0 | (1.3) |
| 36.3 | (1.3) |
| 34.0 | (1.1) |
| 38.7 | (1.0) |
| 3.7 | (1.7) |
| |
Ukraine | 57.4 | (1.4) |
| 57.5 | (1.4) |
| 60.9 | (1.5) |
| 60.9 | (1.6) |
| 63.7 | (1.3) |
| 6.2 | (1.7) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 39.5 | (0.9) |
| 39.5 | (0.9) |
| 37.8 | (1.0) |
| 33.3 | (0.9) |
| 32.5 | (1.3) |
| -7.0 | (1.7) |
| |
Uruguay | 41.5 | (1.6) |
| 41.6 | (1.6) |
| 45.9 | (1.3) |
| 46.5 | (1.6) |
| 48.2 | (1.5) |
| 6.5 | (2.3) |
| |
Viet Nam | 48.2 | (1.7) |
| 48.3 | (1.7) |
| 49.3 | (2.1) |
| 45.7 | (1.5) |
| 46.7 | (1.8) |
| -1.6 | (2.4) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
1. In PISA 2018, students were asked “Overall, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?”. Students who rated their life with values from 7 to 10 were considered satisfied with their lives. | |||||||||||||||||||
2. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | |||||||||||||||||||
3. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “I feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school”. | |||||||||||||||||||
← 4. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “When I am failing, this makes me doubt my plans for the future”. | |||||||||||||||||||
5. Students who are satisfied with their lives, do not feel like outsiders at school and do not doubt their future plans when facing failure. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.3.4 [7/8]. Students’ well-being, by socio-economic status | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage of students; based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Students with positive wellbeing,5 by socio-economic status | ||||||||||||||||||
All students | By national quarter of ESCS | ||||||||||||||||||
Bottom quarter | Third quarter | Second quarter | Top quarter | Difference Top - Bottom | |||||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
|
Austria | 41.5 | (0.8) |
| 37.8 | (1.5) |
| 42.6 | (1.2) |
| 41.0 | (1.3) |
| 45.3 | (1.2) |
| 7.4 | (1.8) |
| |
Belgium | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Canada | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Chile | 26.4 | (0.6) |
| 24.2 | (1.3) |
| 25.9 | (1.4) |
| 26.6 | (1.3) |
| 28.9 | (1.3) |
| 4.7 | (1.7) |
| |
Colombia | 38.2 | (0.8) |
| 39.1 | (1.9) |
| 37.6 | (1.2) |
| 37.9 | (1.2) |
| 38.1 | (1.2) |
| -1.1 | (2.0) |
| |
Czech Republic | 28.8 | (0.8) |
| 24.3 | (1.7) |
| 28.2 | (1.5) |
| 30.4 | (1.3) |
| 31.4 | (1.5) |
| 7.1 | (2.3) |
| |
Denmark | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Estonia | 39.6 | (0.8) |
| 36.2 | (1.6) |
| 38.5 | (1.7) |
| 39.4 | (1.4) |
| 44.3 | (1.6) |
| 8.1 | (2.4) |
| |
Finland | 46.9 | (0.7) |
| 44.1 | (1.6) |
| 46.9 | (1.4) |
| 46.9 | (1.3) |
| 49.8 | (1.4) |
| 5.7 | (2.3) |
| |
France | 22.9 | (0.6) |
| 20.3 | (1.1) |
| 21.5 | (1.3) |
| 23.3 | (1.2) |
| 26.1 | (1.0) |
| 5.8 | (1.3) |
| |
Germany | 41.6 | (0.9) | † | 35.4 | (1.5) | † | 44.0 | (1.5) |
| 41.1 | (1.8) |
| 45.2 | (1.4) |
| 9.8 | (1.8) | † | |
Greece | 33.0 | (0.5) |
| 30.3 | (1.3) |
| 34.4 | (1.2) |
| 34.1 | (1.2) |
| 33.2 | (1.2) |
| 2.9 | (1.8) |
| |
Hungary | 35.0 | (0.8) |
| 30.9 | (1.5) |
| 32.0 | (1.5) |
| 38.8 | (1.6) |
| 38.0 | (1.6) |
| 7.1 | (2.1) |
| |
Iceland | 34.9 | (0.9) |
| 30.9 | (1.9) |
| 32.5 | (1.9) |
| 38.2 | (1.6) |
| 37.8 | (1.8) |
| 6.9 | (2.7) |
| |
Ireland | 24.1 | (0.6) |
| 23.5 | (1.1) |
| 24.6 | (1.3) |
| 24.3 | (1.2) |
| 23.9 | (1.2) |
| 0.4 | (1.7) |
| |
Israel | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Italy | 29.9 | (0.7) |
| 27.1 | (1.5) |
| 29.8 | (1.4) |
| 28.7 | (1.4) |
| 33.7 | (1.2) |
| 6.6 | (1.9) |
| |
Japan | 20.9 | (0.6) |
| 20.4 | (0.9) |
| 21.3 | (1.0) |
| 20.7 | (1.2) |
| 21.3 | (1.1) |
| 0.9 | (1.6) |
| |
Korea | 31.8 | (0.7) |
| 29.0 | (1.1) |
| 32.4 | (1.2) |
| 32.0 | (1.3) |
| 33.7 | (1.2) |
| 4.7 | (1.7) |
| |
Latvia | 34.6 | (0.7) |
| 29.9 | (1.1) |
| 33.0 | (1.3) |
| 34.8 | (1.5) |
| 40.5 | (1.8) |
| 10.6 | (2.2) |
| |
Lithuania | 33.1 | (0.7) |
| 30.9 | (1.5) |
| 33.7 | (1.3) |
| 33.2 | (1.3) |
| 34.7 | (1.4) |
| 3.7 | (2.0) |
| |
Luxembourg | 31.6 | (0.6) |
| 25.0 | (1.3) |
| 31.4 | (1.3) |
| 34.5 | (1.4) |
| 35.3 | (1.4) |
| 10.4 | (2.0) |
| |
Mexico | 32.3 | (0.8) | † | 28.2 | (1.4) | † | 31.1 | (1.5) |
| 32.4 | (1.8) |
| 35.8 | (1.4) |
| 7.7 | (2.0) | † | |
Netherlands* | 52.0 | (0.9) |
| 52.9 | (1.8) | † | 50.2 | (1.7) |
| 52.6 | (1.7) |
| 52.5 | (1.6) |
| -0.4 | (2.5) | † | |
New Zealand | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Norway | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Poland | 25.8 | (0.7) |
| 25.8 | (1.3) |
| 26.4 | (1.3) |
| 26.6 | (1.4) |
| 24.4 | (1.5) |
| -1.4 | (1.8) |
| |
Portugal* | 33.8 | (0.9) |
| 33.5 | (2.0) |
| 34.2 | (1.4) |
| 29.7 | (1.5) |
| 37.3 | (1.6) |
| 3.8 | (2.6) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 29.5 | (0.8) |
| 25.1 | (1.6) |
| 28.6 | (1.2) |
| 30.5 | (1.4) |
| 33.0 | (1.3) |
| 7.8 | (2.1) |
| |
Slovenia | 31.9 | (0.8) |
| 34.2 | (1.7) |
| 30.5 | (1.3) |
| 29.9 | (1.3) |
| 33.3 | (1.8) |
| -0.8 | (2.3) |
| |
Spain | 38.9 | (0.4) |
| 34.9 | (1.0) |
| 37.6 | (1.0) |
| 39.8 | (0.8) |
| 42.8 | (0.6) |
| 7.9 | (1.2) |
| |
Sweden | 32.3 | (0.7) |
| 29.5 | (1.4) |
| 31.6 | (1.3) |
| 34.0 | (1.4) |
| 34.3 | (1.2) |
| 4.8 | (1.8) |
| |
Switzerland | 39.5 | (0.8) |
| 34.7 | (1.6) |
| 41.1 | (1.7) |
| 40.4 | (1.8) |
| 41.0 | (1.5) |
| 6.3 | (2.4) |
| |
Turkey | 13.7 | (0.5) |
| 12.5 | (0.8) |
| 13.5 | (0.8) |
| 13.8 | (1.1) |
| 15.1 | (1.1) |
| 2.5 | (1.3) |
| |
United Kingdom | 18.1 | (0.5) |
| 15.0 | (0.9) |
| 17.1 | (1.0) |
| 18.7 | (0.9) |
| 20.5 | (1.1) |
| 5.5 | (1.4) |
| |
United States* | 22.3 | (0.7) |
| 21.9 | (1.2) |
| 23.4 | (1.5) |
| 22.5 | (1.4) |
| 21.0 | (1.2) |
| -0.9 | (1.6) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | 32.2 | (0.1) |
| 29.6 | (0.3) |
| 31.9 | (0.2) |
| 32.6 | (0.3) |
| 34.4 | (0.3) |
| 4.8 | (0.4) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
1. In PISA 2018, students were asked “Overall, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?”. Students who rated their life with values from 7 to 10 were considered satisfied with their lives. | |||||||||||||||||||
2. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | |||||||||||||||||||
3. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “I feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school”. | |||||||||||||||||||
4. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “When I am failing, this makes me doubt my plans for the future”. | |||||||||||||||||||
← 5. Students who are satisfied with their lives, do not feel like outsiders at school and do not doubt their future plans when facing failure. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.3.4 [8/8]. Students’ well-being, by socio-economic status | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage of students; based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Students with positive wellbeing,5 by socio-economic status | ||||||||||||||||||
All students | By national quarter of ESCS | ||||||||||||||||||
Bottom quarter | Third quarter | Second quarter | Top quarter | Difference Top - Bottom | |||||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 45.9 | (0.8) |
| 42.2 | (1.4) |
| 46.7 | (1.9) |
| 44.2 | (1.6) |
| 50.5 | (1.6) |
| 8.3 | (2.2) |
|
Argentina | 31.4 | (0.7) |
| 22.2 | (1.5) | † | 27.0 | (1.4) |
| 34.2 | (1.3) |
| 40.2 | (1.2) |
| 18.0 | (1.9) | † | |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 23.1 | (0.6) | † | 19.6 | (1.4) | † | 22.3 | (1.5) | † | 24.6 | (1.2) | † | 25.3 | (1.1) | † | 5.8 | (1.9) | † | |
Belarus | 42.5 | (0.7) |
| 39.6 | (1.7) |
| 43.2 | (1.6) |
| 42.0 | (1.4) |
| 45.3 | (1.1) |
| 5.7 | (2.1) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 39.2 | (0.7) |
| 34.7 | (1.3) |
| 39.8 | (1.3) |
| 40.5 | (1.4) |
| 41.4 | (1.2) |
| 6.7 | (1.7) |
| |
Brazil | 26.3 | (0.6) | † | 27.5 | (1.4) | † | 25.7 | (0.9) | † | 27.5 | (1.2) | † | 25.1 | (1.1) |
| -2.4 | (1.9) | † | |
Brunei Darussalam | 9.8 | (0.4) |
| 8.5 | (0.7) |
| 9.6 | (0.8) |
| 9.4 | (0.7) |
| 11.5 | (0.9) |
| 2.9 | (1.0) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 31.5 | (0.7) |
| 27.9 | (1.5) |
| 32.0 | (1.5) |
| 31.4 | (1.1) |
| 34.6 | (1.3) |
| 6.7 | (1.8) |
| |
Bulgaria | 28.1 | (0.8) | † | 20.8 | (1.6) | † | 27.1 | (1.3) |
| 29.0 | (1.5) |
| 34.6 | (1.3) |
| 13.8 | (2.1) | † | |
Costa Rica | 42.6 | (0.7) |
| 41.9 | (1.4) |
| 40.8 | (1.3) |
| 43.8 | (1.4) |
| 43.8 | (1.4) |
| 2.0 | (2.1) |
| |
Croatia | 41.1 | (0.7) |
| 41.7 | (1.3) |
| 40.2 | (1.3) |
| 42.5 | (1.2) |
| 40.1 | (1.6) |
| -1.6 | (2.1) |
| |
Cyprus | 30.9 | (0.6) |
| 27.3 | (1.3) |
| 31.7 | (1.5) |
| 32.0 | (1.4) |
| 32.4 | (1.3) |
| 5.1 | (1.9) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 31.3 | (1.1) | ‡ | 24.5 | (1.9) | ‡ | 29.6 | (1.8) | ‡ | 29.5 | (1.8) | ‡ | 37.4 | (1.6) | † | 12.8 | (2.2) | ‡ | |
Georgia | 39.9 | (1.0) |
| 33.0 | (1.7) | † | 36.1 | (1.5) |
| 42.4 | (1.5) |
| 47.4 | (2.0) |
| 14.3 | (2.4) | † | |
Hong Kong (China)* | 14.1 | (0.6) |
| 12.7 | (0.9) |
| 12.5 | (0.9) |
| 15.7 | (1.0) |
| 15.7 | (1.2) |
| 3.0 | (1.4) |
| |
Indonesia | 40.2 | (1.0) |
| 43.7 | (2.2) |
| 37.8 | (1.4) |
| 41.4 | (1.9) |
| 38.0 | (1.5) |
| -5.7 | (2.5) |
| |
Jordan | 28.4 | (0.7) |
| 23.5 | (1.7) |
| 28.9 | (1.3) |
| 29.0 | (1.3) |
| 32.3 | (1.2) |
| 8.8 | (2.0) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 50.1 | (0.6) |
| 50.1 | (1.2) |
| 50.1 | (0.8) |
| 49.2 | (0.9) |
| 51.0 | (1.1) |
| 0.9 | (1.5) |
| |
Kosovo | 29.8 | (0.6) |
| 25.0 | (1.2) |
| 26.3 | (1.4) |
| 29.5 | (1.3) |
| 38.0 | (1.5) |
| 13.0 | (1.9) |
| |
Lebanon | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Macao (China) | 17.5 | (0.7) |
| 15.8 | (1.3) |
| 17.3 | (1.3) |
| 19.0 | (1.4) |
| 18.1 | (1.2) |
| 2.3 | (1.8) |
| |
Malaysia | 19.6 | (0.5) |
| 18.5 | (1.0) |
| 17.9 | (1.0) |
| 18.6 | (0.9) |
| 23.5 | (1.2) |
| 5.0 | (1.6) |
| |
Malta | 15.6 | (0.6) |
| 13.8 | (1.1) |
| 18.1 | (1.4) |
| 14.0 | (1.4) |
| 16.0 | (1.1) |
| 2.2 | (1.6) |
| |
Moldova | 39.1 | (0.8) |
| 29.1 | (1.4) |
| 37.3 | (1.5) |
| 41.4 | (1.5) |
| 48.0 | (1.5) |
| 18.9 | (2.0) |
| |
Montenegro | 41.3 | (0.6) |
| 37.6 | (1.2) |
| 42.1 | (1.4) |
| 42.3 | (1.5) |
| 43.3 | (1.3) |
| 5.7 | (1.9) |
| |
Morocco | 25.8 | (0.8) | † | 22.9 | (1.8) | ‡ | 24.3 | (1.3) | † | 25.6 | (1.5) | † | 29.2 | (1.3) | † | 6.3 | (2.1) | ‡ | |
North Macedonia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Panama | 33.4 | (1.0) | † | 28.7 | (2.6) | ‡ | 35.7 | (1.9) | † | 32.3 | (1.9) | † | 35.2 | (1.9) | † | 6.5 | (3.4) | ‡ | |
Peru | 38.7 | (1.0) | † | 38.5 | (1.9) | ‡ | 38.5 | (1.7) | † | 38.1 | (1.6) |
| 39.5 | (1.3) |
| 1.0 | (2.3) | ‡ | |
Philippines | 21.1 | (0.7) |
| 18.2 | (1.2) |
| 21.6 | (1.1) |
| 21.4 | (1.2) |
| 22.9 | (1.2) |
| 4.7 | (1.6) |
| |
Qatar | 23.0 | (0.4) |
| 22.4 | (0.9) |
| 22.9 | (0.8) |
| 23.9 | (0.7) |
| 22.7 | (0.8) |
| 0.3 | (1.2) |
| |
Romania | 46.1 | (0.8) |
| 40.1 | (1.5) |
| 43.7 | (1.7) |
| 49.3 | (1.2) |
| 51.2 | (1.5) |
| 11.1 | (2.2) |
| |
Russia | 32.5 | (0.9) |
| 28.5 | (1.4) |
| 31.6 | (1.4) |
| 34.0 | (1.5) |
| 35.7 | (1.5) |
| 7.1 | (2.0) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 37.1 | (0.9) |
| 33.5 | (1.7) |
| 38.1 | (1.6) |
| 36.0 | (1.5) |
| 41.3 | (1.3) |
| 7.8 | (2.1) |
| |
Serbia | 36.3 | (0.7) |
| 33.3 | (1.4) |
| 35.9 | (1.3) |
| 37.0 | (1.2) |
| 38.6 | (1.3) |
| 5.3 | (1.9) |
| |
Singapore | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 14.1 | (0.5) |
| 11.7 | (0.7) |
| 13.8 | (1.0) |
| 14.7 | (1.1) |
| 16.2 | (1.0) |
| 4.5 | (1.1) |
| |
Thailand | 23.6 | (0.8) |
| 22.5 | (1.3) |
| 23.3 | (1.3) |
| 21.5 | (1.1) |
| 26.8 | (1.0) |
| 4.3 | (1.5) |
| |
Ukraine | 44.9 | (0.9) |
| 38.7 | (1.6) |
| 45.0 | (1.5) |
| 46.4 | (1.7) |
| 49.5 | (1.5) |
| 10.8 | (2.2) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 21.0 | (0.5) |
| 21.0 | (0.8) |
| 21.1 | (0.8) |
| 20.6 | (0.9) |
| 21.3 | (1.1) |
| 0.3 | (1.5) |
| |
Uruguay | 31.5 | (0.8) | † | 23.3 | (1.6) | † | 32.2 | (1.3) | † | 31.5 | (1.6) |
| 37.6 | (1.7) |
| 14.3 | (2.3) | † | |
Viet Nam | 28.9 | (1.0) |
| 29.9 | (1.7) |
| 30.7 | (1.6) |
| 27.0 | (1.5) |
| 28.2 | (1.6) |
| -1.7 | (2.3) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
1. In PISA 2018, students were asked “Overall, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole these days?”. Students who rated their life with values from 7 to 10 were considered satisfied with their lives. | |||||||||||||||||||
2. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | |||||||||||||||||||
3. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “I feel like an outsider (or left out of things) at school”. | |||||||||||||||||||
4. Students who disagreed with the following statement: “When I am failing, this makes me doubt my plans for the future”. | |||||||||||||||||||
← 5. Students who are satisfied with their lives, do not feel like outsiders at school and do not doubt their future plans when facing failure. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.4.3 [1/4]. School admissions policies, by school type | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on principals’ reports | ||||||||||||||||||
| Sample size | Coverage1 | Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following criterion is “always” considered for admission to school: | |||||||||||||||
Residence in a particular area | ||||||||||||||||||
All students | By type of school | |||||||||||||||||
Public | Private government-dependent | Private independent | Private - Public2 | |||||||||||||||
Number of schools | % | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 665 | 87.3 | 47.6 | (1.5) |
| 74.6 | (1.9) |
| 15.9 | (3.1) |
| 3.0 | (2.0) |
| -63.7 | (2.9) |
|
Austria | 291 | m | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Belgium | m | m | 4.2 | (1.4) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Canada | 767 | 96.1 | 68.4 | (2.3) |
| 74.3 | (2.5) |
| 6.5 | (6.2) |
| 0.0 | c |
| -71.7 | (3.2) |
| |
Chile | 203 | 85.0 | 9.8 | (2.4) |
| 15.4 | (5.2) |
| 8.5 | (3.2) |
| 2.6 | (1.8) |
| -8.2 | (5.8) |
| |
Colombia | 245 | 99.0 | 18.8 | (3.0) |
| 18.1 | (3.4) |
| c | c |
| 21.9 | (6.8) |
| 3.5 | (7.4) |
| |
Czech Republic | 319 | 95.3 | 29.7 | (2.1) |
| 31.9 | (2.3) |
| 0.0 | c |
| c | c |
| -31.9 | (2.3) |
| |
Denmark | 260 | 77.8 | 39.8 | (2.7) |
| 54.5 | (3.7) |
| 2.5 | (2.4) |
| 4.0 | (4.1) |
| -51.7 | (4.3) |
| |
Estonia | 224 | 99.5 | 64.5 | (2.1) |
| 66.7 | (2.1) |
| 19.9 | (17.7) |
| 0.0 | c |
| -55.0 | (11.2) |
| |
Finland | 209 | 98.8 | 74.0 | (3.2) |
| 75.6 | (3.2) |
| 37.5 | (20.2) |
| m | m |
| -38.1 | (20.8) |
| |
France | 156 | 73.1 | 63.0 | (2.8) |
| 76.9 | (2.8) |
| 14.2 | (8.8) |
| 12.6 | (9.3) |
| -63.6 | (7.3) |
| |
Germany | 183 | 81.5 | 52.9 | (4.1) |
| 53.4 | (4.1) |
| 38.7 | (24.8) |
| c | c |
| -6.0 | (21.7) |
| |
Greece | 200 | 92.5 | 73.1 | (3.2) |
| 76.1 | (3.3) |
| m | m |
| 13.8 | (10.2) |
| -62.3 | (10.6) |
| |
Hungary | 158 | 88.2 | 11.2 | (2.6) |
| 12.7 | (3.2) |
| 6.4 | (3.7) |
| c | c |
| -6.8 | (4.6) |
| |
Iceland | 126 | 96.5 | 57.2 | (0.2) |
| 56.8 | (0.2) |
| c | c |
| m | m |
| c | c |
| |
Ireland | 0 | 0.0 | 36.4 | (3.9) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Israel | 161 | 93.8 | 42.3 | (3.7) |
| 42.3 | (3.7) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Italy | 482 | 93.3 | 30.4 | (3.3) |
| 31.0 | (3.5) |
| 38.9 | (22.6) |
| 0.7 | (0.8) |
| -14.6 | (12.4) |
| |
Japan | 183 | 100.0 | 17.8 | (2.6) |
| 23.8 | (3.6) |
| 0.0 | c |
| 6.7 | (3.8) |
| -17.9 | (4.9) |
| |
Korea | 149 | 81.1 | 18.8 | (3.1) |
| 25.7 | (4.4) |
| 9.1 | (3.9) |
| 11.8 | (11.2) |
| -16.2 | (5.4) |
| |
Latvia | 288 | 93.9 | 26.7 | (1.4) |
| 27.1 | (1.5) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| -27.1 | (1.5) |
| |
Lithuania | 360 | 99.2 | 46.9 | (1.8) |
| 48.4 | (1.9) |
| 17.6 | (3.0) |
| c | c |
| -35.8 | (2.6) |
| |
Luxembourg | 39 | 90.4 | 48.4 | (0.1) |
| 56.0 | (0.1) |
| 19.0 | (0.4) |
| c | c |
| -41.1 | (0.3) |
| |
Mexico | 204 | 76.9 | 9.3 | (2.1) |
| 9.5 | (2.3) |
| m | m |
| 8.0 | (5.7) |
| -1.5 | (6.2) |
| |
Netherlands* | 144 | 92.6 | 10.3 | (2.4) |
| 14.9 | (4.9) |
| 7.8 | (2.8) |
| c | c |
| -7.1 | (5.8) |
| |
New Zealand | 181 | 94.7 | 48.9 | (2.8) |
| 51.6 | (2.9) |
| m | m |
| 6.7 | (7.0) |
| -44.9 | (7.5) |
| |
Norway | 230 | 92.6 | 57.7 | (3.0) |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| |
Poland | 229 | 98.6 | 72.9 | (2.8) |
| 76.4 | (2.9) |
| 0.0 | c |
| c | c |
| -76.4 | (2.9) |
| |
Portugal* | 227 | 85.9 | 55.4 | (3.3) |
| 62.1 | (3.7) |
| 26.8 | (10.0) |
| 10.9 | (9.6) |
| -43.5 | (7.8) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 350 | 92.9 | 19.3 | (2.1) |
| 21.6 | (2.3) |
| 2.9 | (2.9) |
| c | c |
| -18.8 | (3.4) |
| |
Slovenia | 273 | 86.1 | 0.1 | (0.0) |
| 0.1 | (0.0) |
| 0.0 | c |
| m | m |
| -0.1 | (0.0) |
| |
Spain | 1012 | 93.3 | 62.9 | (2.0) |
| 66.2 | (2.3) |
| 58.2 | (4.1) |
| 40.6 | (8.2) |
| -11.5 | (4.2) |
| |
Sweden | 199 | 94.8 | 35.6 | (2.7) |
| 43.7 | (3.3) |
| 0.0 | c |
| c | c |
| -43.7 | (3.3) |
| |
Switzerland | 153 | 72.5 | 80.4 | (3.0) |
| 84.6 | (3.0) |
| c | c |
| 7.6 | (7.6) |
| -77.9 | (7.3) |
| |
Turkey | 176 | 97.7 | 12.6 | (2.2) |
| 13.5 | (2.6) |
| c | c |
| 6.9 | (3.2) |
| -7.2 | (4.0) |
| |
United Kingdom | 375 | 75.8 | 52.1 | (3.2) |
| 57.0 | (5.7) |
| 57.4 | (4.6) |
| 0.0 | c |
| -8.1 | (6.9) |
| |
United States* | 145 | 88.9 | 62.4 | (3.7) |
| 67.6 | (3.9) |
| c | c |
| 0.0 | c |
| -67.6 | (3.9) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | m | m | 40.6 | (0.4) |
| 45.8 | (0.6) |
| 16.9 | (2.0) |
| 8.3 | (1.4) |
| -32.8 | (1.4) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||||
← 1. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution. | ||||||||||||||||||
← 2. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and private independent schools combined, and public schools. Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report. | ||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.4.3 [2/4]. School admissions policies, by school type | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on principals’ reports | ||||||||||||||||||
| Sample size | Coverage1 | Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following criterion is “always” considered for admission to school: | |||||||||||||||
Residence in a particular area | ||||||||||||||||||
All students | By type of school | |||||||||||||||||
Public | Private government-dependent | Private independent | Private - Public2 | |||||||||||||||
Number of schools | % | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 324 | 99.6 | 45.1 | (3.1) |
| 45.1 | (3.1) |
| m | m |
| 45.1 | (13.0) |
| 0.0 | (13.4) |
|
Argentina | 418 | 93.0 | 18.9 | (2.4) |
| 23.5 | (3.4) |
| 8.3 | (4.0) |
| 8.7 | (5.4) |
| -15.1 | (4.7) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 122 | 60.6 | 65.6 | (4.5) | † | 65.9 | (4.6) | † | m | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Belarus | 234 | 100.0 | 53.6 | (3.3) |
| 53.9 | (3.4) |
| m | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 127 | 82.6 | 7.4 | (1.9) |
| 7.5 | (2.0) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Brazil | 412 | 75.7 | 35.0 | (2.6) |
| 41.1 | (2.9) |
| m | m |
| 7.2 | (3.8) |
| -33.8 | (4.8) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 55 | 100.0 | 76.4 | (0.1) |
| 89.8 | (0.0) |
| m | m |
| 4.1 | (0.1) |
| -85.7 | (0.1) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 361 | 100.0 | 38.5 | (3.0) |
| 43.0 | (3.1) |
| c | c |
| 10.3 | (6.0) |
| -31.5 | (6.8) |
| |
Bulgaria | 185 | 94.2 | 16.1 | (2.4) |
| 15.9 | (2.4) |
| m | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Costa Rica | 205 | 100.0 | 57.3 | (3.6) |
| 61.7 | (3.8) |
| c | c |
| 31.6 | (7.8) |
| -31.6 | (7.5) |
| |
Croatia | 172 | 95.5 | 5.2 | (1.8) |
| 5.4 | (1.8) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| -5.4 | (1.8) |
| |
Cyprus | 77 | 96.0 | 67.7 | (0.1) |
| 81.9 | (0.1) |
| m | m |
| 0.0 | c |
| -81.9 | (0.1) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 206 | 87.7 | 18.2 | (2.6) |
| 17.8 | (3.1) |
| c | c |
| 22.6 | (5.8) |
| 2.9 | (6.6) |
| |
Georgia | 303 | 96.9 | 22.5 | (2.7) |
| 24.2 | (2.8) |
| c | c |
| 7.4 | (5.8) |
| -16.2 | (6.0) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 111 | 74.9 | 24.3 | (4.3) |
| 32.7 | (16.7) |
| 24.5 | (4.6) |
| c | c |
| -9.0 | (17.5) |
| |
Indonesia | 323 | 84.6 | 52.3 | (4.5) |
| 54.9 | (5.2) |
| 58.0 | (10.2) |
| 29.8 | (10.2) |
| -9.2 | (9.6) |
| |
Jordan | 297 | 94.7 | 56.2 | (3.1) |
| 65.7 | (3.8) |
| m | m |
| 20.6 | (6.3) |
| -45.1 | (7.8) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 516 | 80.4 | 54.7 | (2.7) |
| 55.5 | (2.7) |
| 15.0 | (17.9) |
| c | c |
| -45.3 | (11.6) |
| |
Kosovo | 84 | 70.2 | 6.9 | (1.0) |
| 7.2 | (1.0) |
| m | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Lebanon | 145 | 53.8 | 23.0 | (2.8) |
| 33.1 | (4.8) |
| c | c |
| 16.2 | (5.1) |
| -17.5 | (6.7) |
| |
Macao (China) | 45 | 100.0 | 5.2 | (0.0) |
| 0.0 | c |
| 6.1 | (0.0) |
| c | c |
| 5.5 | (0.0) |
| |
Malaysia | 191 | 100.0 | 36.2 | (3.6) |
| 38.0 | (3.7) |
| c | c |
| 9.6 | (9.6) |
| -29.2 | (9.6) |
| |
Malta | 49 | 99.9 | 42.0 | (0.1) |
| 76.4 | (0.2) |
| 0.0 | c |
| 0.0 | c |
| -76.4 | (0.2) |
| |
Moldova | 212 | 92.8 | 47.2 | (3.2) |
| 47.5 | (3.2) |
| m | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Montenegro | 49 | 96.7 | 17.1 | (0.0) |
| 16.9 | (0.0) |
| m | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Morocco | 170 | 94.6 | 41.0 | (3.6) |
| 44.3 | (3.7) |
| c | c |
| 0.0 | c |
| -44.3 | (3.7) |
| |
North Macedonia | 92 | 86.3 | 6.3 | (0.1) |
| 6.1 | (0.1) |
| m | m |
| 32.6 | (1.3) |
| 26.6 | (1.3) |
| |
Panama | 138 | 69.1 | 17.0 | (2.1) |
| 18.7 | (2.2) |
| c | c |
| 8.6 | (5.5) |
| -10.6 | (5.7) |
| |
Peru | 323 | 97.7 | 13.9 | (2.2) |
| 15.0 | (2.4) |
| c | c |
| 10.7 | (3.3) |
| -4.5 | (3.6) |
| |
Philippines | 185 | 99.1 | 54.7 | (3.5) |
| 58.0 | (3.8) |
| 48.3 | (13.5) |
| 28.6 | (9.7) |
| -19.2 | (9.1) |
| |
Qatar | 136 | 86.0 | 47.7 | (0.1) |
| 78.9 | (0.1) |
| c | c |
| 15.2 | (0.1) |
| -63.1 | (0.1) |
| |
Romania | 139 | 91.2 | 8.1 | (2.4) |
| 8.3 | (2.4) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Russia | 235 | 91.5 | 53.5 | (3.6) |
| 53.5 | (3.6) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 156 | 74.5 | 64.5 | (3.8) |
| 71.6 | (3.8) |
| m | m |
| 18.1 | (9.6) |
| -53.6 | (10.3) |
| |
Serbia | 177 | 98.5 | 3.6 | (1.4) |
| 3.8 | (1.4) |
| m | m |
| 0.0 | c |
| -3.8 | (1.4) |
| |
Singapore | 166 | 100.0 | 9.6 | (0.6) |
| 9.5 | (0.1) |
| c | c |
| 12.6 | (8.7) |
| 0.5 | (6.8) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 178 | 92.6 | 28.2 | (3.2) |
| 33.5 | (4.2) |
| 1.3 | (1.3) |
| 23.9 | (6.6) |
| -17.6 | (6.5) |
| |
Thailand | 204 | 93.0 | 48.3 | (4.1) |
| 49.8 | (4.3) |
| 44.4 | (12.8) |
| 36.9 | (16.3) |
| -8.9 | (10.8) |
| |
Ukraine | 247 | 98.9 | 47.9 | (3.7) |
| 47.9 | (3.8) |
| m | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 587 | 90.5 | 39.5 | (1.2) |
| 74.3 | (0.9) |
| c | c |
| 19.4 | (1.7) |
| -54.9 | (2.0) |
| |
Uruguay | 189 | 100.0 | 29.1 | (2.8) |
| 34.0 | (3.2) |
| c | c |
| 0.0 | c |
| -30.5 | (4.7) |
| |
Viet Nam | 123 | 95.2 | 35.0 | (4.1) |
| 35.2 | (4.0) |
| m | m |
| 30.6 | (31.4) |
| -4.7 | (31.7) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||||
← 1. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution. | ||||||||||||||||||
← 2. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and private independent schools combined, and public schools. Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report. | ||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.4.3 [3/4]. School admissions policies, by school type | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on principals’ reports | ||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following criterion is “always” considered for admission to school: | |||||||||||||||
Student’s record of academic performance, including placement tests | ||||||||||||||||
All students | By type of school | |||||||||||||||
Public | Private government-dependent | Private independent | Private - Public2 | |||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 24.0 | (1.6) |
| 23.5 | (2.2) |
| 24.0 | (3.7) |
| 26.6 | (4.8) |
| 1.5 | (3.5) |
|
Austria | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Belgium | 19.4 | (2.5) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Canada | 16.5 | (1.7) |
| 11.2 | (1.7) |
| 56.0 | (10.7) |
| 86.0 | (6.2) |
| 63.1 | (6.6) |
| |
Chile | 6.1 | (1.4) |
| 5.8 | (3.4) |
| 0.0 | c |
| 28.6 | (5.5) |
| 0.5 | (3.4) |
| |
Colombia | 44.9 | (3.9) |
| 38.4 | (4.2) |
| c | c |
| 74.6 | (6.4) |
| 35.1 | (6.6) |
| |
Czech Republic | 52.3 | (1.9) |
| 49.7 | (2.3) |
| 84.2 | (8.3) |
| c | c |
| 35.9 | (8.4) |
| |
Denmark | 4.9 | (1.5) |
| 2.3 | (0.8) |
| 12.1 | (5.5) |
| 10.1 | (9.5) |
| 9.4 | (4.9) |
| |
Estonia | 25.1 | (1.4) |
| 22.8 | (1.1) |
| 70.9 | (11.7) |
| 91.1 | (10.5) |
| 56.4 | (7.4) |
| |
Finland | 3.2 | (1.2) |
| 2.8 | (1.1) |
| 12.5 | (13.3) |
| m | m |
| 9.7 | (13.3) |
| |
France | 29.2 | (3.6) |
| 20.0 | (3.7) |
| 48.3 | (14.1) |
| 85.4 | (10.8) |
| 46.8 | (10.1) |
| |
Germany | 40.1 | (3.2) |
| 38.4 | (3.2) |
| 68.5 | (21.3) |
| c | c |
| 34.5 | (19.5) |
| |
Greece | 2.9 | (1.2) |
| 2.5 | (1.1) |
| m | m |
| 11.3 | (10.2) |
| 8.8 | (10.3) |
| |
Hungary | 95.3 | (1.6) |
| 95.5 | (1.7) |
| 93.7 | (4.3) |
| c | c |
| -1.4 | (4.3) |
| |
Iceland | 3.4 | (0.1) |
| 3.5 | (0.1) |
| c | c |
| m | m |
| c | c |
| |
Ireland | 13.2 | (3.0) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Israel | 37.0 | (4.0) |
| 37.0 | (4.0) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Italy | 44.2 | (3.3) |
| 44.2 | (3.5) |
| 43.4 | (22.6) |
| 53.1 | (18.0) |
| 4.9 | (14.4) |
| |
Japan | 95.6 | (1.8) |
| 97.7 | (1.4) |
| 100.0 | (0.0) |
| 90.6 | (4.2) |
| -6.0 | (3.3) |
| |
Korea | 60.7 | (3.5) |
| 57.2 | (4.7) |
| 66.7 | (5.9) |
| 59.4 | (16.6) |
| 8.5 | (7.6) |
| |
Latvia | 25.4 | (1.4) |
| 25.1 | (1.4) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| 20.5 | (25.2) |
| |
Lithuania | 20.2 | (1.1) |
| 19.0 | (1.1) |
| 47.4 | (7.1) |
| c | c |
| 29.5 | (6.9) |
| |
Luxembourg | 54.9 | (0.1) |
| 51.6 | (0.1) |
| 52.6 | (0.4) |
| c | c |
| 10.2 | (0.4) |
| |
Mexico | 60.9 | (3.4) |
| 61.6 | (3.7) |
| m | m |
| 56.4 | (8.4) |
| -5.2 | (9.0) |
| |
Netherlands* | 66.7 | (4.4) |
| 66.7 | (7.6) |
| 67.5 | (5.1) |
| c | c |
| 0.7 | (8.9) |
| |
New Zealand | 33.5 | (3.5) |
| 32.3 | (3.4) |
| m | m |
| 51.0 | (14.4) |
| 18.6 | (14.5) |
| |
Norway | 4.9 | (1.3) |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| |
Poland | 16.2 | (2.6) |
| 14.9 | (2.5) |
| 41.3 | (21.3) |
| c | c |
| 28.4 | (15.8) |
| |
Portugal* | 7.6 | (1.8) |
| 3.0 | (1.3) |
| 52.7 | (10.9) |
| 20.0 | (11.0) |
| 33.0 | (8.3) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 56.6 | (1.7) |
| 54.1 | (1.8) |
| 72.4 | (7.5) |
| c | c |
| 19.4 | (7.7) |
| |
Slovenia | 26.2 | (0.1) |
| 25.4 | (0.1) |
| 55.1 | (1.2) |
| m | m |
| 29.7 | (1.2) |
| |
Spain | 2.7 | (0.6) |
| 1.3 | (0.4) |
| 2.6 | (1.8) |
| 19.0 | (6.2) |
| 4.6 | (1.9) |
| |
Sweden | 1.0 | (0.7) |
| 1.2 | (0.9) |
| 0.0 | c |
| c | c |
| -1.2 | (0.9) |
| |
Switzerland | 46.2 | (4.2) |
| 47.7 | (4.6) |
| c | c |
| 10.2 | (7.6) |
| -26.9 | (10.6) |
| |
Turkey | 80.4 | (2.7) |
| 82.5 | (3.0) |
| c | c |
| 71.8 | (9.4) |
| -17.3 | (12.0) |
| |
United Kingdom | 18.2 | (2.0) |
| 9.5 | (2.0) |
| 10.1 | (3.4) |
| 99.2 | (0.5) |
| 13.9 | (4.1) |
| |
United States* | 28.8 | (4.3) |
| 25.0 | (4.5) |
| c | c |
| 80.1 | (10.5) |
| 47.2 | (11.0) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | 32.5 | (0.4) |
| 32.5 | (0.5) |
| 47.0 | (2.2) |
| 53.9 | (2.3) |
| 16.5 | (1.8) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||
1. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution. | ||||||||||||||||
← 2. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and private independent schools combined, and public schools. Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report. | ||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.4.3 [4/4]. School admissions policies, by school type | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on principals’ reports | ||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the following criterion is “always” considered for admission to school: | |||||||||||||||
Student’s record of academic performance, including placement tests | ||||||||||||||||
All students | By type of school | |||||||||||||||
Public | Private government-dependent | Private independent | Private - Public | |||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 58.2 | (3.3) |
| 55.5 | (3.6) |
| m | m |
| 79.7 | (8.4) |
| 24.2 | (9.0) |
|
Argentina | 14.0 | (2.0) |
| 11.1 | (2.1) |
| 17.8 | (4.6) |
| 26.2 | (10.0) |
| 9.0 | (4.6) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 57.4 | (4.4) | † | 57.2 | (4.4) | † | m | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Belarus | 31.5 | (2.6) |
| 31.2 | (2.6) |
| m | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 73.5 | (3.8) |
| 73.2 | (3.9) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Brazil | 16.7 | (2.1) |
| 13.2 | (2.2) |
| m | m |
| 32.5 | (7.4) |
| 19.3 | (7.9) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 51.1 | (0.1) |
| 44.6 | (0.1) |
| m | m |
| 85.8 | (0.1) |
| 41.2 | (0.2) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 57.2 | (3.2) |
| 56.6 | (3.4) |
| c | c |
| 60.7 | (9.7) |
| 4.3 | (10.1) |
| |
Bulgaria | 81.0 | (3.0) |
| 80.7 | (3.0) |
| m | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Costa Rica | 43.0 | (3.4) |
| 35.1 | (3.8) |
| c | c |
| 95.4 | (3.4) |
| 57.1 | (6.3) |
| |
Croatia | 90.2 | (2.0) |
| 91.6 | (1.8) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| -34.8 | (23.7) |
| |
Cyprus | 21.6 | (0.1) |
| 6.1 | (0.1) |
| m | m |
| 94.8 | (0.3) |
| 88.7 | (0.3) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 21.0 | (2.7) |
| 14.7 | (2.9) |
| c | c |
| 52.3 | (8.7) |
| 34.6 | (9.2) |
| |
Georgia | 27.5 | (2.9) |
| 23.9 | (3.2) |
| c | c |
| 55.0 | (7.7) |
| 32.9 | (8.1) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 92.4 | (2.6) |
| 93.0 | (7.3) |
| 92.1 | (2.8) |
| c | c |
| -0.6 | (7.8) |
| |
Indonesia | 68.0 | (3.6) |
| 68.8 | (4.9) |
| 64.1 | (9.0) |
| 76.9 | (8.7) |
| 0.9 | (7.7) |
| |
Jordan | 28.1 | (3.0) |
| 22.4 | (3.6) |
| m | m |
| 49.5 | (6.7) |
| 27.1 | (8.0) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 51.7 | (2.7) |
| 51.2 | (2.6) |
| 87.4 | (10.6) |
| c | c |
| 31.5 | (12.1) |
| |
Kosovo | 92.2 | (1.3) |
| 92.0 | (1.4) |
| m | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Lebanon | 77.0 | (2.8) |
| 63.2 | (5.2) |
| c | c |
| 92.4 | (2.1) |
| 27.7 | (5.8) |
| |
Macao (China) | 78.2 | (0.1) |
| 42.6 | (0.1) |
| 79.4 | (0.1) |
| c | c |
| 37.8 | (0.1) |
| |
Malaysia | 35.4 | (3.3) |
| 32.8 | (3.3) |
| c | c |
| 73.1 | (14.6) |
| 42.4 | (12.9) |
| |
Malta | 39.0 | (0.1) |
| 52.3 | (0.2) |
| 5.6 | (0.0) |
| 61.9 | (0.5) |
| -29.5 | (0.3) |
| |
Moldova | 36.0 | (3.4) |
| 35.4 | (3.4) |
| m | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Montenegro | 50.4 | (0.1) |
| 50.3 | (0.1) |
| m | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Morocco | 25.4 | (3.5) |
| 22.4 | (3.4) |
| c | c |
| 65.0 | (13.8) |
| 36.5 | (13.9) |
| |
North Macedonia | 49.3 | (0.1) |
| 49.3 | (0.1) |
| m | m |
| 100.0 | c |
| 50.7 | (0.1) |
| |
Panama | 67.5 | (2.2) |
| 59.3 | (2.4) |
| c | c |
| 99.3 | (0.8) |
| 40.1 | (2.5) |
| |
Peru | 14.4 | (2.0) |
| 7.7 | (1.7) |
| c | c |
| 36.0 | (6.4) |
| 27.9 | (6.7) |
| |
Philippines | 68.2 | (3.1) |
| 65.0 | (3.6) |
| 81.8 | (9.3) |
| 84.9 | (10.4) |
| 18.3 | (8.3) |
| |
Qatar | 59.5 | (0.1) |
| 27.7 | (0.1) |
| c | c |
| 92.0 | (0.1) |
| 64.6 | (0.1) |
| |
Romania | 82.4 | (3.4) |
| 83.5 | (3.2) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Russia | 19.7 | (3.2) |
| 19.7 | (3.2) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 49.0 | (3.7) |
| 44.1 | (3.8) |
| m | m |
| 76.2 | (11.0) |
| 32.1 | (11.5) |
| |
Serbia | 84.8 | (2.3) |
| 85.8 | (2.1) |
| m | m |
| 53.3 | (27.9) |
| -32.6 | (27.9) |
| |
Singapore | 88.0 | (0.8) |
| 87.7 | (0.1) |
| c | c |
| 88.2 | (10.9) |
| 3.0 | (8.7) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 47.4 | (3.3) |
| 57.4 | (4.5) |
| 21.0 | (11.4) |
| 29.7 | (6.3) |
| -30.8 | (6.2) |
| |
Thailand | 84.1 | (3.2) |
| 86.7 | (3.1) |
| 46.9 | (16.4) |
| 100.0 | c |
| -15.5 | (10.2) |
| |
Ukraine | 37.2 | (3.0) |
| 36.6 | (3.0) |
| m | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 70.2 | (1.1) |
| 53.8 | (0.6) |
| c | c |
| 79.7 | (1.6) |
| 25.9 | (1.7) |
| |
Uruguay | 29.8 | (3.4) |
| 27.7 | (3.6) |
| c | c |
| 42.5 | (10.0) |
| 13.3 | (10.8) |
| |
Viet Nam | 82.9 | (3.3) |
| 82.0 | (3.5) |
| m | m |
| 100.0 | c |
| 18.0 | (3.5) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||
1. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution. | ||||||||||||||||
2. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and private independent schools combined, and public schools. Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report. | ||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.5.5 [1/2]. Novice teachers, by school characteristics | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Teachers with less than five years of experience; results based on teachers’ reports | ||||||||||||||||
| All schools1 | Proportion of novice teachers, by schools’ socio-economic profile4 | ||||||||||||||
Sample size | Coverage2 | Average proportion of novice teachers3 | Bottom quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Top quarter | Top - bottom quarter | |||||||||
Number of teachers | Number of schools | % | % | S.E. | % | S.E. | % | S.E. | % | S.E. | % | S.E. | % dif | S.E. | ||
OECD | Chile | 689 | 223 | 81.3 | 25.4 | (1.3) | 27.2 | (2.0) | 30.1 | (3.9) | 26.0 | (2.8) | 20.2 | (1.8) | -7.0 | (2.7) |
Germany | 996 | 218 | 70.6 | 20.8 | (1.0) | 20.6 | (1.7) | 19.8 | (1.9) | 23.0 | (2.2) | 20.8 | (2.2) | 0.2 | (2.8) | |
Korea | 635 | 154 | 83.4 | 16.5 | (1.1) | 19.4 | (2.7) | 15.5 | (2.2) | 14.7 | (1.2) | 14.7 | (1.5) | -4.6 | (3.1) | |
Portugal* | 99 | 234 | 81.1 | 3.7 | (0.6) | 4.5 | (1.5) | 3.6 | (0.8) | 2.5 | (0.8) | 3.4 | (1.2) | -1.0 | (1.9) | |
Spain | 2981 | 1079 | 85.5 | 16.8 | (0.5) | 18.2 | (0.9) | 17.4 | (1.3) | 14.9 | (1.0) | 16.5 | (1.1) | -1.6 | (1.3) | |
Scotland (United Kingdom) | 249 | 97 | 35.7 | 17.2 | (1.3) | 18.6 | (2.5) | 21.0 | (1.8) | 14.4 | (2.8) | 12.1 | (1.9) | -6.5 | (3.2) | |
United States* | 514 | 157 | 78.2 | 19.3 | (1.5) | 25.6 | (2.9) | 20.0 | (3.0) | 17.5 | (2.7) | 12.3 | (2.4) | -13.3 | (3.8) | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-7 | m | m | m | 17.1 | (0.4) | 19.1 | (0.8) | 18.2 | (0.9) | 16.2 | (0.8) | 14.3 | (0.7) | -4.9 | (1.1) | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Partners | Albania | 575 | 324 | 95.2 | 18.9 | (0.8) | 19.0 | (1.4) | 18.4 | (2.4) | 16.2 | (2.2) | 21.2 | (2.4) | 2.2 | (2.9) |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 99 | 153 | 49.3 | 4.9 | (0.8) | 9.9 | (2.2) | 6.0 | (1.9) | 0.7 | (0.3) | 2.8 | (0.9) | -7.1 | (2.3) | |
Brazil | 861 | 435 | 71.4 | 14.2 | (1.0) | 18.0 | (1.8) | 12.3 | (1.0) | 10.8 | (1.2) | 14.8 | (2.4) | -3.3 | (2.8) | |
Dominican Republic | 573 | 222 | 83.1 | 33.2 | (2.2) | 39.6 | (3.9) | 30.1 | (4.3) | 30.7 | (4.6) | 26.9 | (5.0) | -12.7 | (6.1) | |
Hong Kong (China)* | 367 | 147 | 84.7 | 11.8 | (0.8) | 9.9 | (1.3) | 12.4 | (1.3) | 11.2 | (1.7) | 14.8 | (2.3) | 5.0 | (2.7) | |
Macao (China) | 588 | 45 | 98.0 | 21.3 | c | 12.9 | c | 24.4 | c | 19.3 | c | 28.8 | c | 15.9 | c | |
Malaysia | 676 | 191 | 97.5 | 16.2 | (1.2) | 14.2 | (1.6) | 11.3 | (1.8) | 15.4 | (2.1) | 23.8 | (3.0) | 9.6 | (3.4) | |
Morocco | 763 | 177 | 85.6 | 28.4 | (2.1) | 44.8 | (5.1) | 32.3 | (3.9) | 19.7 | (2.9) | 15.8 | (5.0) | -29.0 | (7.3) | |
Panama | 385 | 157 | 70.7 | 23.7 | (2.5) | 28.7 | (5.4) | 12.7 | (4.5) | 10.1 | (4.4) | 29.7 | (4.7) | 1.0 | (7.1) | |
Peru | 790 | 324 | 95.6 | 21.6 | (1.0) | 27.9 | (1.6) | 13.4 | (1.6) | 18.1 | (3.9) | 19.2 | (2.1) | -8.7 | (2.7) | |
Chinese Taipei | 473 | 192 | 87.6 | 12.5 | (1.2) | 16.9 | (2.9) | 9.4 | (1.5) | 10.6 | (1.5) | 10.4 | (1.3) | -6.5 | (3.2) | |
United Arab Emirates | 1469 | 619 | 85.8 | 15.2 | (0.7) | 12.5 | (1.7) | 13.6 | (0.6) | 17.5 | (1.8) | 16.7 | (0.8) | 4.2 | (1.9) | |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||
← 1. In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students. | ||||||||||||||||
← 2. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution. | ||||||||||||||||
← 3. The average proportion is computed as the proportion of novice teachers amongst all teachers in the school, averaged across all schools included in this analysis. | ||||||||||||||||
← 4. The socio-economic profile is measured by the school’s average PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS). | ||||||||||||||||
5. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and independent schools combined, and public schools. Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report. | ||||||||||||||||
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.5.5 [2/2]. Novice teachers, by school characteristics | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Teachers with less than five years of experience; results based on teachers’ reports | |||||||||
| Proportion of novice teachers, by type of school | ||||||||
Public | Private government-dependent | Private independent | Private-Public5 | ||||||
% | S.E. | % | S.E. | % | S.E. | % dif. | S.E. | ||
OECD | Chile | 26.2 | (1.4) | 26.9 | (1.9) | 18.2 | (2.1) | -1.8 | (2.2) |
Germany | 20.6 | (1.1) | 26.4 | (9.9) | 29.6 | (0.0) | 6.4 | (8.3) | |
Korea | 18.3 | (1.8) | 13.4 | (1.1) | 16.4 | (2.2) | -4.5 | (2.1) | |
Portugal* | 1.6 | (0.3) | 10.5 | (3.2) | 6.7 | (1.7) | 7.1 | (1.8) | |
Spain | 16.6 | (0.6) | 16.1 | (1.0) | 21.7 | (1.8) | 0.7 | (1.1) | |
Scotland (United Kingdom) | 17.7 | (1.3) | m | m | 12.6 | (3.8) | -5.1 | (4.0) | |
United States* | 18.7 | (1.5) | 41.3 | (2.9) | 16.9 | (7.6) | 5.4 | (7.7) | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-7 | 17.1 | (0.5) | 22.5 | (1.8) | 17.4 | (1.3) | 1.2 | (1.8) | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Partners | Albania | 17.2 | (0.9) | m | m | 32.4 | (3.4) | 15.2 | (3.7) |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 4.8 | (0.8) | m | m | 13.5 | (0.4) | 8.7 | (0.9) | |
Brazil | 13.6 | (0.8) | m | m | 15.5 | (3.2) | 1.9 | (3.3) | |
Dominican Republic | 33.2 | (2.4) | 19.9 | (2.9) | 29.4 | (3.9) | -4.7 | (4.3) | |
Hong Kong (China)* | 6.7 | (2.7) | 11.7 | (0.9) | 21.0 | (10.6) | 5.5 | (2.9) | |
Macao (China) | 12.7 | c | 22.2 | c | 21.4 | c | 9.4 | c | |
Malaysia | 13.7 | (1.2) | 38.9 | (0.0) | 41.4 | (8.0) | 27.3 | (7.6) | |
Morocco | 29.1 | (2.1) | 33.3 | (0.0) | 26.3 | (7.9) | -2.3 | (7.8) | |
Panama | 17.7 | (2.8) | 37.5 | (0.0) | 36.1 | (5.5) | 18.5 | (6.1) | |
Peru | 20.9 | (1.2) | 9.1 | (0.0) | 23.5 | (1.9) | 2.5 | (2.4) | |
Chinese Taipei | 12.0 | (1.4) | 14.6 | (4.0) | 14.1 | (1.8) | 2.2 | (2.5) | |
United Arab Emirates | 7.5 | (0.1) | 6.7 | c | 18.9 | (1.1) | 11.3 | (1.1) | |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||
1. In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students. | |||||||||
2. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution. | |||||||||
3. The average proportion is computed as the proportion of novice teachers amongst all teachers in the school, averaged across all schools included in this analysis. | |||||||||
4. The socio-economic profile is measured by the school’s average PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS). | |||||||||
← 5. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and independent schools combined, and public schools. Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report. | |||||||||
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||
Table II.B1.5.7 [1/4]. Teacher absenteeism, by school characteristics | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Results based on school principals’ reports | |||||||||||||||
| All schools1 | Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered at least to some extent by teacher absenteeism, by schools’ socio-economic profile3 | |||||||||||||
Sample size | Coverage1 | Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school's capacity to provide instruction is hindered at least to some extent by teacher absenteeism | Bottom quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Top quarter | Top - bottom quarter | ||||||||
Number of schools | % | % | S.E. | % | S.E. | % | S.E. | % | S.E. | % | S.E. | % dif. | S.E. | ||
OECD | Australia | 692 | 91.0 | 19.5 | (1.3) | 28.2 | (3.7) | 24.8 | (3.8) | 20.7 | (3.8) | 5.2 | (2.0) | -23.0 | (4.3) |
Austria | 291 | m | 17.6 | (2.7) | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Belgium | 255 | 92.0 | 42.4 | (2.9) | 65.0 | (5.8) | 33.2 | (7.0) | 35.9 | (5.8) | 35.0 | (5.8) | -29.9 | (8.5) | |
Canada | 772 | 96.7 | 19.4 | (2.1) | 19.6 | (4.2) | 21.6 | (5.3) | 17.7 | (5.3) | 19.1 | (5.8) | -0.5 | (6.4) | |
Chile | 200 | 84.2 | 34.9 | (4.0) | 41.6 | (9.1) | 50.0 | (9.4) | 22.1 | (7.7) | 25.9 | (6.4) | -15.7 | (10.7) | |
Colombia | 245 | 99.0 | 31.8 | (3.3) | 50.3 | (9.9) | 30.4 | (8.0) | 29.0 | (8.5) | 18.4 | (7.0) | -31.8 | (12.4) | |
Czech Republic | 325 | 97.5 | 12.1 | (1.6) | 11.9 | (3.7) | 8.2 | (4.6) | 14.5 | (5.6) | 13.7 | (3.8) | 1.8 | (5.7) | |
Denmark | 256 | 76.8 | 17.3 | (2.7) | 20.3 | (7.1) | 19.4 | (8.7) | 11.8 | (4.9) | 18.0 | (5.9) | -2.3 | (9.1) | |
Estonia | 224 | 99.5 | 19.7 | (1.5) | 19.8 | (4.3) | 20.6 | (4.3) | 21.9 | (4.4) | 16.6 | (0.9) | -3.1 | (4.4) | |
Finland | 210 | 99.3 | 12.8 | (2.3) | 12.2 | (4.1) | 13.2 | (4.7) | 14.8 | (5.2) | 10.8 | (4.7) | -1.4 | (5.8) | |
France | 164 | 76.7 | 12.4 | (2.5) | 20.6 | (6.9) | 5.4 | (4.9) | 14.7 | (6.4) | 8.5 | (2.7) | -12.1 | (8.3) | |
Germany | 185 | 82.2 | 41.8 | (3.6) | 44.3 | (8.1) | 64.7 | (8.5) | 27.7 | (8.7) | 30.4 | (7.2) | -13.9 | (10.4) | |
Greece | 205 | 95.0 | 14.0 | (2.6) | 8.0 | (4.1) | 20.2 | (6.6) | 13.6 | (7.2) | 14.5 | (4.6) | 6.4 | (6.3) | |
Hungary | 160 | 88.9 | 5.2 | (1.8) | 7.6 | (4.5) | 3.8 | (3.1) | 6.5 | (3.9) | 2.7 | (2.7) | -4.9 | (5.2) | |
Iceland | 127 | 98.7 | 29.2 | (0.2) | 19.8 | (0.5) | 29.2 | (0.4) | 39.3 | (0.5) | 28.6 | (0.3) | 8.8 | (0.6) | |
Ireland | 155 | 98.9 | 19.6 | (3.2) | 30.4 | (7.0) | 15.8 | (6.8) | 19.0 | (6.6) | 13.5 | (5.6) | -17.0 | (8.8) | |
Israel | 161 | 93.9 | 46.3 | (4.4) | 46.6 | (8.9) | 43.1 | (8.3) | 59.5 | (10.7) | 36.0 | (7.8) | -10.6 | (11.7) | |
Italy | 490 | 94.7 | 11.4 | (2.1) | 17.0 | (5.4) | 6.9 | (5.1) | 15.1 | (5.5) | 6.5 | (3.4) | -10.5 | (6.2) | |
Japan | 183 | 100.0 | 6.4 | (1.8) | 6.7 | (3.3) | 8.9 | (4.5) | 3.2 | (3.8) | 6.7 | (3.8) | 0.0 | (5.1) | |
Korea | 153 | 83.3 | 4.9 | (1.7) | 3.6 | (2.4) | 10.3 | (5.5) | 2.9 | (4.8) | 2.6 | (4.0) | -1.0 | (4.7) | |
Latvia | 292 | 95.2 | 8.5 | (1.4) | 4.6 | (2.4) | 5.9 | (2.1) | 8.0 | (3.2) | 15.8 | (2.6) | 11.3 | (3.1) | |
Lithuania | 360 | 99.7 | 1.3 | (0.3) | 0.7 | (0.7) | 0.2 | (0.0) | 1.2 | (0.1) | 3.1 | (0.7) | 2.4 | (1.0) | |
Luxembourg | 42 | 96.0 | 4.8 | (0.0) | 9.4 | (0.6) | 9.5 | (0.6) | 0.0 | c | 0.0 | c | -9.4 | (0.6) | |
Mexico | 209 | 78.5 | 15.2 | (2.7) | 8.1 | (4.7) | 19.3 | (6.5) | 26.6 | (7.4) | 6.2 | (4.1) | -1.9 | (6.6) | |
Netherlands* | 145 | 93.1 | 46.9 | (4.9) | 34.0 | (8.4) | 52.8 | (11.7) | 47.8 | (12.6) | 53.6 | (11.0) | 19.6 | (13.1) | |
New Zealand | 183 | 95.6 | 9.8 | (2.0) | 20.2 | (5.9) | 7.1 | (5.2) | 4.8 | (3.2) | 6.8 | (4.4) | -13.4 | (7.3) | |
Norway | 243 | 97.6 | 30.7 | (3.1) | 42.9 | (7.8) | 22.1 | (10.1) | 29.0 | (9.8) | 29.1 | (6.8) | -13.8 | (10.9) | |
Poland | 229 | 98.6 | 9.3 | (1.9) | 7.4 | (3.8) | 11.8 | (5.0) | 11.9 | (5.9) | 6.2 | (3.6) | -1.3 | (5.2) | |
Portugal* | 231 | 87.5 | 12.9 | (2.7) | 5.7 | (2.6) | 17.8 | (7.5) | 14.6 | (7.4) | 13.7 | (5.9) | 8.0 | (6.4) | |
Slovak Republic | 355 | 94.7 | 6.9 | (1.5) | 4.8 | (2.2) | 4.2 | (3.6) | 3.7 | (3.0) | 14.8 | (4.5) | 10.0 | (5.4) | |
Slovenia | 276 | 87.4 | 22.8 | (0.2) | 31.1 | (0.3) | 32.4 | (0.3) | 12.0 | (0.2) | 16.0 | (0.3) | -15.1 | (0.5) | |
Spain | 1053 | 97.4 | 7.3 | (1.2) | 13.6 | (3.3) | 6.8 | (2.0) | 4.1 | (1.7) | 4.9 | (2.5) | -8.7 | (4.1) | |
Sweden | 201 | 96.1 | 20.8 | (2.9) | 41.0 | (7.6) | 24.8 | (7.4) | 10.5 | (5.5) | 6.7 | (3.7) | -34.3 | (8.5) | |
Switzerland | 156 | 73.9 | 6.2 | (2.2) | 2.3 | (3.2) | 8.5 | (5.4) | 3.3 | (3.5) | 10.6 | (6.0) | 8.2 | (6.4) | |
Turkey | 179 | 99.1 | 6.9 | (2.0) | 4.3 | (3.5) | 6.4 | (4.8) | 13.8 | (6.2) | 2.8 | (4.2) | -1.5 | (5.5) | |
United Kingdom | 389 | 78.9 | 20.5 | (2.9) | 21.8 | (6.1) | 29.0 | (8.7) | 11.5 | (6.7) | 21.1 | (7.5) | -0.7 | (9.6) | |
United States* | 146 | 88.8 | 14.1 | (2.8) | 25.4 | (8.2) | 19.3 | (7.4) | 9.6 | (5.2) | 2.5 | (3.2) | -22.8 | (9.1) | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | m | m | 17.9 | (0.4) | 20.9 | (0.9) | 19.7 | (1.0) | 16.7 | (1.0) | 14.6 | (0.8) | -6.2 | (1.2) | |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||
← 1. In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students. | |||||||||||||||
2. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution. | |||||||||||||||
← 3. The socio-economic profile is measured by the school’s average PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS). | |||||||||||||||
4. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and independent schools combined, and public schools. Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report. | |||||||||||||||
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.5.7 [2/4]. Teacher absenteeism, by school characteristics | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Results based on school principals’ reports | |||||||||||||||
| All schools1 | Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered at least to some extent by teacher absenteeism, by schools’ socio-economic profile3 | |||||||||||||
Sample size | Coverage2 | Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school's capacity to provide instruction is hindered at least to some extent by teacher absenteeism | Bottom quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Top quarter | Top - bottom quarter | ||||||||
Number of schools | % | % | S.E. | % | S.E. | % | S.E. | % | S.E. | % | S.E. | % dif. | S.E. | ||
Partners | Albania | 324 | 99.5 | 4.8 | (1.3) | 7.6 | (3.5) | 2.6 | (1.7) | 5.4 | (3.3) | 3.3 | (3.0) | -4.3 | (4.5) |
Argentina | 440 | 96.7 | 53.7 | (3.2) | 57.7 | (7.1) | 67.8 | (6.1) | 60.9 | (6.3) | 28.3 | (6.2) | -29.3 | (9.2) | |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 112 | 53.7 | 24.1 | (4.0) | 30.1 | (7.9) | 14.8 | (8.5) | 33.6 | (10.6) | 18.1 | (8.9) | -12.1 | (11.7) | |
Belarus | 234 | 100.0 | 4.5 | (1.3) | 3.3 | (2.8) | 5.5 | (3.7) | 4.9 | (3.8) | 4.3 | (3.2) | 1.0 | (5.0) | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 129 | 83.5 | 20.0 | (3.0) | 12.9 | (5.4) | 17.9 | (6.2) | 19.9 | (7.0) | 29.7 | (9.2) | 16.8 | (10.9) | |
Brazil | 421 | 77.9 | 38.2 | (2.4) | 36.5 | (4.9) | 51.5 | (6.2) | 44.8 | (6.5) | 19.8 | (4.7) | -16.6 | (7.2) | |
Brunei Darussalam | 55 | 100.0 | 15.8 | (0.1) | 37.6 | (0.2) | 0.0 | c | 23.8 | (0.1) | 0.0 | c | -37.6 | (0.2) | |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 361 | 100.0 | 31.8 | (3.3) | 32.9 | (5.8) | 41.1 | (10.7) | 27.3 | (9.2) | 25.9 | (4.8) | -7.0 | (7.1) | |
Bulgaria | 185 | 93.9 | 20.2 | (3.3) | 15.3 | (8.4) | 24.1 | (8.3) | 17.7 | (7.2) | 24.0 | (8.4) | 8.6 | (13.5) | |
Costa Rica | 205 | 100.0 | 31.5 | (3.3) | 48.5 | (9.3) | 38.5 | (7.3) | 24.1 | (8.4) | 14.6 | (7.0) | -33.9 | (10.7) | |
Croatia | 178 | 99.1 | 15.4 | (2.5) | 13.8 | (7.9) | 18.7 | (8.8) | 23.1 | (7.1) | 6.6 | (2.8) | -7.2 | (8.3) | |
Cyprus | 77 | 96.0 | 10.6 | (0.0) | 18.6 | (0.2) | 14.4 | (0.1) | 0.0 | c | 8.9 | (0.1) | -9.6 | (0.2) | |
Dominican Republic | 215 | 91.6 | 6.0 | (1.8) | 4.4 | (3.1) | 7.9 | (3.9) | 7.3 | (3.9) | 4.4 | (3.1) | 0.0 | (5.1) | |
Georgia | 309 | 98.3 | 11.0 | (1.9) | 12.5 | (3.5) | 9.6 | (4.9) | 11.6 | (5.0) | 10.4 | (4.6) | -2.1 | (5.3) | |
Hong Kong (China)* | 112 | 75.5 | 13.3 | (3.3) | 27.1 | (10.2) | 12.1 | (7.8) | 13.7 | (6.7) | 0.0 | c | -27.1 | (10.2) | |
Indonesia | 336 | 88.9 | 9.0 | (3.1) | 13.4 | (6.6) | 7.0 | (6.4) | 5.5 | (3.7) | 9.9 | (8.2) | -3.5 | (10.8) | |
Jordan | 311 | 99.1 | 41.5 | (3.6) | 34.9 | (7.5) | 41.4 | (6.7) | 54.3 | (8.1) | 35.6 | (7.3) | 0.8 | (10.6) | |
Kazakhstan | 516 | 80.4 | 59.6 | (2.5) | 57.6 | (5.1) | 64.4 | (5.6) | 50.5 | (6.9) | 65.9 | (5.5) | 8.3 | (7.7) | |
Kosovo | 90 | 74.6 | 18.6 | (1.3) | 17.0 | (2.1) | 38.3 | (6.0) | 12.1 | (5.9) | 5.9 | (2.2) | -11.1 | (3.0) | |
Lebanon | 207 | 76.9 | 23.0 | (2.7) | 11.6 | (5.3) | 33.7 | (6.7) | 29.2 | (6.4) | 17.1 | (5.3) | 5.5 | (6.6) | |
Macao (China) | 45 | 100.0 | 14.3 | (0.0) | 4.3 | (0.1) | 28.7 | (0.1) | 22.8 | (0.1) | 3.7 | (0.1) | -0.6 | (0.1) | |
Malaysia | 191 | 100.0 | 24.4 | (3.3) | 28.0 | (6.2) | 24.5 | (6.6) | 27.0 | (8.6) | 18.0 | (7.2) | -10.0 | (9.3) | |
Malta | 49 | 99.9 | 22.3 | (0.1) | 29.7 | (0.3) | 44.3 | (0.4) | 13.6 | (0.2) | 0.0 | c | -29.7 | (0.3) | |
Moldova | 210 | 91.4 | 19.6 | (2.9) | 10.5 | (3.8) | 8.6 | (4.7) | 25.4 | (6.9) | 34.3 | (7.6) | 23.9 | (8.3) | |
Montenegro | 49 | 96.7 | 5.3 | (0.0) | 11.7 | (0.1) | 9.9 | (0.0) | 0.0 | c | 0.0 | c | -11.7 | (0.1) | |
Morocco | 173 | 96.6 | 34.9 | (3.7) | 35.5 | (8.0) | 37.6 | (9.0) | 31.5 | (7.2) | 35.2 | (8.2) | -0.3 | (12.6) | |
North Macedonia | 96 | 89.0 | 11.0 | (0.1) | 9.7 | (0.2) | 15.9 | (0.3) | 10.9 | (0.1) | 7.5 | (0.1) | -2.2 | (0.3) | |
Panama | 140 | 69.4 | 28.2 | (2.6) | 40.2 | (9.4) | 32.5 | (6.7) | 30.9 | (5.7) | 8.2 | (7.6) | -32.0 | (13.5) | |
Peru | 323 | 97.7 | 17.5 | (2.2) | 23.7 | (5.5) | 20.5 | (5.1) | 15.6 | (4.2) | 10.2 | (3.9) | -13.5 | (6.5) | |
Philippines | 186 | 99.7 | 13.0 | (2.8) | 8.1 | (4.8) | 10.8 | (5.8) | 21.9 | (6.7) | 11.2 | (5.9) | 3.2 | (7.5) | |
Qatar | 136 | 86.0 | 11.0 | (0.0) | 12.0 | (0.2) | 8.7 | (0.2) | 13.4 | (0.1) | 10.0 | (0.1) | -2.1 | (0.3) | |
Romania | 141 | 93.1 | 3.8 | (1.3) | 3.5 | (2.6) | 8.5 | (5.4) | 3.2 | (3.6) | 0.0 | (1.4) | -3.5 | (3.2) | |
Russia | 235 | 91.5 | 37.6 | (3.3) | 47.1 | (6.3) | 36.5 | (6.9) | 36.1 | (8.6) | 30.4 | (7.6) | -16.7 | (10.0) | |
Saudi Arabia | 170 | 81.2 | 23.2 | (3.4) | 22.9 | (7.2) | 25.9 | (8.1) | 23.6 | (8.4) | 20.2 | (7.2) | -2.7 | (10.0) | |
Serbia | 177 | 98.5 | 5.1 | (1.8) | 1.7 | (1.2) | 6.6 | (5.0) | 4.4 | (4.5) | 7.6 | (4.0) | 5.9 | (4.1) | |
Singapore | 166 | 100.0 | 4.3 | (0.4) | 7.0 | (0.2) | 2.6 | (0.1) | 6.6 | (0.2) | 1.1 | (1.5) | -5.9 | (1.5) | |
Chinese Taipei | 186 | 96.7 | 7.2 | (2.0) | 3.0 | (2.3) | 6.9 | (3.2) | 8.1 | (4.9) | 11.1 | (6.0) | 8.1 | (6.2) | |
Thailand | 204 | 93.0 | 4.1 | (1.3) | 0.0 | c | 5.9 | (3.8) | 10.2 | (7.1) | 0.0 | (6.0) | 0.0 | (6.0) | |
Ukraine | 247 | 99.2 | 19.9 | (3.1) | 21.0 | (4.9) | 19.2 | (6.1) | 26.4 | (8.0) | 12.9 | (8.0) | -8.1 | (8.6) | |
United Arab Emirates | 590 | 90.7 | 25.7 | (1.2) | 38.4 | (0.8) | 33.6 | (3.0) | 20.6 | (3.6) | 10.4 | (2.5) | -27.9 | (2.3) | |
Uruguay | 189 | 100.0 | 61.4 | (3.5) | 74.7 | (7.3) | 58.7 | (6.8) | 72.1 | (7.8) | 40.0 | (7.7) | -34.7 | (10.9) | |
Viet Nam | 121 | 93.5 | 5.7 | (2.1) | 5.7 | (4.2) | 10.4 | (6.4) | 3.2 | (3.9) | 3.7 | (2.6) | -2.1 | (5.0) | |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||
← 1. In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students. | |||||||||||||||
← 2. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution. | |||||||||||||||
← 3. The socio-economic profile is measured by the school’s average PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS). | |||||||||||||||
4. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and independent schools combined, and public schools. Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report. | |||||||||||||||
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.5.7 [3/4]. Teacher absenteeism, by school characteristics | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Results based on school principals’ reports | |||||||||
| Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered at least to some extent by teacher absenteeism, by type of school | ||||||||
Public | Private government-dependent | Private independent | Private-Public4 | ||||||
% | S.E. | % | S.E. | % | S.E. | % dif. | S.E. | ||
OECD | Australia | 22.9 | (1.8) | 19.4 | (3.1) | 6.8 | (2.8) | -8.4 | (3.0) |
Austria | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Belgium | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Canada | 20.4 | (2.2) | 9.6 | (6.5) | 7.8 | (4.9) | -11.8 | (4.5) | |
Chile | 54.7 | (8.4) | 26.1 | (5.3) | 21.0 | (6.3) | -29.7 | (9.6) | |
Colombia | 37.0 | (3.8) | m | m | 10.0 | (3.9) | -27.0 | (5.3) | |
Czech Republic | 12.4 | (1.7) | 8.1 | (5.9) | m | m | -4.3 | (6.1) | |
Denmark | 23.2 | (3.5) | 3.9 | (2.7) | 0.0 | c | -20.2 | (4.0) | |
Estonia | 20.5 | (1.6) | 0.0 | c | 0.0 | c | -20.5 | (1.6) | |
Finland | 12.8 | (2.4) | 13.0 | (13.3) | m | m | 0.3 | (13.5) | |
France | 13.4 | (3.1) | 0.8 | (0.8) | 0.0 | c | -13.0 | (3.1) | |
Germany | 42.2 | (3.6) | 29.8 | (18.8) | m | m | -12.4 | (19.1) | |
Greece | 14.3 | (2.7) | m | m | 9.7 | (10.0) | -4.6 | (10.4) | |
Hungary | 6.2 | (2.2) | 1.8 | (1.9) | m | m | -4.4 | (2.9) | |
Iceland | 29.8 | (0.2) | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Ireland | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Israel | 46.3 | (4.4) | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Italy | 11.8 | (2.1) | 1.5 | (0.8) | 0.0 | c | -11.2 | (2.1) | |
Japan | 1.5 | (1.0) | 26.5 | (15.8) | 14.7 | (5.1) | 14.5 | (5.1) | |
Korea | 5.2 | (2.3) | 5.2 | (3.0) | 0.0 | c | -0.7 | (3.3) | |
Latvia | 8.7 | (1.4) | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Lithuania | 1.4 | (0.3) | 0.0 | c | m | m | -1.4 | (0.3) | |
Luxembourg | 5.9 | (0.1) | 0.0 | c | m | m | -5.9 | (0.1) | |
Mexico | 17.4 | (3.1) | m | m | 0.0 | c | -17.4 | (3.1) | |
Netherlands* | 51.8 | (7.5) | 44.6 | (5.8) | m | m | -7.2 | (8.9) | |
New Zealand | 10.4 | (2.1) | m | m | 0.0 | c | -10.4 | (2.1) | |
Norway | w | w | w | w | w | w | w | w | |
Poland | 9.8 | (2.0) | 0.0 | c | m | m | -9.8 | (2.0) | |
Portugal* | 14.6 | (3.1) | 8.2 | (5.5) | 0.0 | c | -10.6 | (3.9) | |
Slovak Republic | 6.8 | (1.7) | 8.0 | (5.0) | m | m | 1.2 | (5.6) | |
Slovenia | 22.0 | (0.1) | 55.1 | (1.2) | m | m | 33.2 | (1.2) | |
Spain | 10.2 | (1.6) | 1.0 | (0.8) | 2.6 | (1.5) | -8.8 | (1.6) | |
Sweden | 21.7 | (3.3) | 16.8 | (6.1) | m | m | -4.9 | (7.0) | |
Switzerland | 6.4 | (2.3) | m | m | 2.2 | (2.1) | -4.2 | (3.1) | |
Turkey | 7.8 | (2.3) | m | m | 0.0 | c | -7.8 | (2.3) | |
United Kingdom | 25.5 | (4.5) | 14.6 | (3.8) | 21.5 | (12.5) | -9.9 | (5.9) | |
United States* | 14.5 | (3.0) | m | m | 11.6 | (8.4) | -2.9 | (8.9) | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | 18.5 | (0.5) | 12.8 | (1.4) | 5.7 | (1.1) | -7.3 | (1.2) | |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||
1. In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students. | |||||||||
2. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution. | |||||||||
3. The socio-economic profile is measured by the school’s average PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS). | |||||||||
← 4. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and independent schools combined, and public schools. Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report. | |||||||||
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||
Table II.B1.5.7 [4/4]. Teacher absenteeism, by school characteristics | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Results based on school principals’ reports | |||||||||
| Percentage of students in schools whose principal reported that the school’s capacity to provide instruction is hindered at least to some extent by teacher absenteeism, by type of school | ||||||||
Public | Private government-dependent | Private independent | Private-Public4 | ||||||
% | S.E. | % | S.E. | % | S.E. | % dif. | S.E. | ||
Partners | Albania | 5.4 | (1.4) | m | m | 0.0 | c | -5.4 | (1.4) |
Argentina | 65.0 | (3.6) | 32.7 | (6.5) | 20.1 | (10.6) | -35.7 | (6.7) | |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 24.2 | (4.0) | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Belarus | 4.5 | (1.3) | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 20.3 | (3.0) | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Brazil | 44.1 | (2.7) | m | m | 11.7 | (4.8) | -32.4 | (5.6) | |
Brunei Darussalam | 18.7 | (0.1) | m | m | 0.0 | c | -18.7 | (0.1) | |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 31.9 | (3.5) | m | m | 30.8 | (8.5) | -1.1 | (9.1) | |
Bulgaria | 20.6 | (3.3) | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Costa Rica | 35.2 | (3.7) | m | m | 8.6 | (5.2) | -26.6 | (6.1) | |
Croatia | 15.3 | (2.7) | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Cyprus | 12.8 | (0.1) | m | m | 0.0 | c | -12.8 | (0.1) | |
Dominican Republic | 5.7 | (1.6) | 0.0 | c | 8.4 | (5.6) | 1.8 | (4.8) | |
Georgia | 11.5 | (2.1) | m | m | 7.7 | (3.3) | -3.9 | (3.9) | |
Hong Kong (China)* | 9.7 | (9.2) | 14.1 | (3.7) | m | m | 4.4 | (10.1) | |
Indonesia | 5.7 | (3.1) | 8.9 | (4.4) | 12.8 | (10.5) | 4.8 | (6.0) | |
Jordan | 42.0 | (4.5) | m | m | 40.0 | (7.7) | -2.0 | (9.5) | |
Kazakhstan | 59.4 | (2.5) | 80.8 | (16.0) | m | m | 21.4 | (16.3) | |
Kosovo | 18.0 | (1.1) | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Lebanon | 18.7 | (3.7) | m | m | 25.6 | (5.7) | 6.9 | (6.9) | |
Macao (China) | 0.0 | c | 15.7 | (0.0) | m | m | 15.7 | (0.0) | |
Malaysia | 24.9 | (3.4) | m | m | 9.2 | (6.1) | -15.7 | (7.5) | |
Malta | 35.0 | (0.2) | 9.8 | (0.2) | 0.0 | c | -28.2 | (0.2) | |
Moldova | 19.0 | (2.7) | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Montenegro | 5.4 | (0.0) | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Morocco | 34.0 | (4.1) | m | m | 46.4 | (16.8) | 12.4 | (17.7) | |
North Macedonia | 11.3 | (0.1) | m | m | 0.0 | c | -11.3 | (0.1) | |
Panama | 33.8 | (3.1) | m | m | 6.6 | (4.1) | -27.2 | (5.1) | |
Peru | 19.5 | (2.6) | m | m | 10.2 | (3.4) | -9.3 | (4.2) | |
Philippines | 13.6 | (3.0) | 19.5 | (12.2) | 0.0 | c | -3.4 | (7.1) | |
Qatar | 14.9 | (0.1) | m | m | 7.3 | (0.1) | -7.6 | (0.1) | |
Romania | 3.9 | (1.3) | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Russia | 37.6 | (3.3) | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
Saudi Arabia | 24.4 | (3.8) | m | m | 15.0 | (9.7) | -9.4 | (10.9) | |
Serbia | 4.1 | (1.5) | m | m | 32.7 | (27.7) | 28.6 | (27.8) | |
Singapore | 4.5 | (0.0) | m | m | 3.6 | (5.0) | -0.9 | (5.0) | |
Chinese Taipei | 7.1 | (2.5) | 12.5 | (6.9) | 3.8 | (2.7) | 0.0 | (4.2) | |
Thailand | 4.2 | (1.4) | 0.0 | c | 8.0 | (8.3) | -0.5 | (3.9) | |
Ukraine | 20.1 | (3.1) | m | m | m | m | m | m | |
United Arab Emirates | 41.9 | (0.5) | m | m | 16.4 | (1.8) | -25.5 | (1.9) | |
Uruguay | 69.1 | (3.9) | m | m | 21.8 | (6.3) | -47.3 | (7.4) | |
Viet Nam | 6.0 | (2.2) | m | m | 0.0 | c | -6.0 | (2.2) | |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||
1. In this chapter, all analyses are restricted to schools with the modal ISCED level for 15-year-old students. Results may thus differ from those estimated on the entire sample of 15-year-old students. | |||||||||
2. Coverage refers to the weighted share of students in the PISA sample who attend modal grade schools (see Table in Annex C). It is equal to 100% if all schools in the PISA sample are included in the analysis and no student has a missing response. For countries with a low value in the coverage index, comparisons should be interpreted with caution. | |||||||||
3. The socio-economic profile is measured by the school’s average PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS). | |||||||||
← 4. The calculation “Private-Public” is the difference between private government-dependent and independent schools combined, and public schools. Private schools refer to schools managed directly or indirectly by a non-governmental organisation, such as a church, trade union, business or other private institution. Privately managed schools are classified as independent when at least 50% of the funding comes from private sources; they are classified as government-dependent when at least 50% of the funding comes from the government (including departments, local, regional, state and national). The classification is based on the school principal’s report. | |||||||||
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||
Table II.B1.6.1 [1/8]. Career expectations, by socio-economics status and school programme orientation | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Expectations of the job students will have when they are around 30 years old; based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of students who have no clear idea about their future job | ||||||||||||||||||
All students | By students’ socio-economic status (ESCS1) | ||||||||||||||||||
Bottom quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Top quarter | Top - Bottom quarter | |||||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 28.1 | (0.8) |
| 23.3 | (0.9) |
| 21.1 | (0.8) |
| 20.9 | (1.0) |
| 19.1 | (1.2) |
| -4.2 | (1.3) |
|
Austria | 26.1 | (0.6) |
| 22.6 | (1.3) |
| 23.2 | (1.2) |
| 26.1 | (1.1) |
| 29.2 | (1.3) |
| 6.6 | (1.7) |
| |
Belgium (French Community) | 66.5 | (0.7) |
| 60.9 | (1.4) |
| 63.9 | (1.4) |
| 66.5 | (1.0) |
| 72.3 | (1.5) |
| 11.4 | (2.1) |
| |
Canada | 27.6 | (0.7) |
| 25.8 | (0.9) |
| 23.8 | (0.9) |
| 22.5 | (0.9) |
| 22.4 | (0.7) |
| -3.4 | (1.0) |
| |
Chile | 24.3 | (1.1) |
| 24.8 | (1.8) |
| 23.1 | (1.4) |
| 22.1 | (1.4) |
| 20.5 | (1.1) |
| -4.3 | (2.0) |
| |
Colombia | 15.8 | (1.1) |
| 16.5 | (1.5) |
| 12.1 | (1.1) |
| 11.1 | (1.3) |
| 8.5 | (0.8) |
| -8.0 | (1.5) |
| |
Czech Republic | 29.5 | (0.9) |
| 24.8 | (1.4) |
| 25.2 | (1.4) |
| 30.7 | (1.5) |
| 34.7 | (1.4) |
| 9.9 | (1.6) |
| |
Denmark | 35.2 | (0.9) |
| 32.8 | (1.4) |
| 34.0 | (1.6) |
| 35.5 | (1.5) |
| 33.8 | (1.9) |
| 1.0 | (2.2) |
| |
Estonia | 21.4 | (0.8) |
| 21.0 | (1.4) |
| 20.8 | (1.2) |
| 19.9 | (1.1) |
| 17.7 | (1.3) |
| -3.3 | (1.8) |
| |
Finland | 30.6 | (0.9) |
| 30.6 | (1.3) |
| 28.9 | (1.6) |
| 30.4 | (1.3) |
| 28.8 | (1.2) |
| -1.8 | (1.6) |
| |
France | 24.0 | (0.6) |
| 25.4 | (1.2) |
| 21.9 | (1.1) |
| 21.4 | (1.2) |
| 23.9 | (1.1) |
| -1.5 | (1.6) |
| |
Germany | 38.5 | (1.0) |
| 31.3 | (1.5) |
| 29.5 | (1.5) |
| 29.1 | (1.3) |
| 26.7 | (1.5) |
| -4.6 | (1.9) |
| |
Greece | 15.1 | (0.7) |
| 15.9 | (1.0) |
| 14.4 | (0.8) |
| 12.7 | (0.8) |
| 15.7 | (1.5) |
| -0.2 | (1.7) |
| |
Hungary | 20.2 | (0.7) |
| 21.0 | (1.3) |
| 18.3 | (1.2) |
| 17.8 | (1.1) |
| 21.2 | (1.2) |
| 0.3 | (1.9) |
| |
Iceland | 24.7 | (0.7) |
| 26.6 | (1.6) |
| 25.5 | (1.5) |
| 20.8 | (1.4) |
| 19.7 | (1.4) |
| -6.9 | (2.2) |
| |
Ireland | 18.7 | (0.6) |
| 20.0 | (1.2) |
| 18.9 | (1.1) |
| 17.1 | (1.0) |
| 16.9 | (1.0) |
| -3.1 | (1.5) |
| |
Israel | 34.7 | (0.9) |
| 37.4 | (1.9) |
| 35.2 | (1.5) |
| 32.1 | (1.2) |
| 27.7 | (1.3) |
| -9.7 | (2.1) |
| |
Italy | 25.5 | (0.7) |
| 24.6 | (1.3) |
| 22.5 | (1.2) |
| 25.9 | (1.3) |
| 22.9 | (1.4) |
| -1.8 | (1.8) |
| |
Japan | 22.3 | (0.8) |
| 27.1 | (1.6) |
| 23.0 | (1.1) |
| 19.1 | (1.1) |
| 17.7 | (1.0) |
| -9.5 | (1.7) |
| |
Korea | 12.0 | (0.7) |
| 14.4 | (1.1) |
| 11.6 | (1.1) |
| 10.9 | (1.0) |
| 10.0 | (0.9) |
| -4.4 | (1.4) |
| |
Latvia | 24.4 | (0.7) |
| 21.6 | (1.3) |
| 23.5 | (1.4) |
| 24.1 | (1.2) |
| 22.8 | (1.3) |
| 1.2 | (2.0) |
| |
Lithuania | 26.2 | (0.6) |
| 26.7 | (1.3) |
| 25.3 | (1.0) |
| 24.1 | (1.3) |
| 23.4 | (1.2) |
| -3.3 | (1.7) |
| |
Luxembourg | 21.3 | (0.5) |
| 22.6 | (1.1) |
| 19.0 | (0.9) |
| 20.4 | (1.0) |
| 19.1 | (1.1) |
| -3.5 | (1.6) |
| |
Mexico | 26.5 | (1.1) |
| 31.4 | (2.2) |
| 16.5 | (1.4) |
| 12.6 | (1.1) |
| 10.4 | (0.9) |
| -21.0 | (2.4) |
| |
Netherlands* | 31.3 | (1.0) |
| 25.3 | (1.8) |
| 26.9 | (1.7) |
| 31.1 | (1.5) |
| 35.2 | (1.5) |
| 9.9 | (2.3) |
| |
New Zealand | 24.0 | (0.7) |
| 23.8 | (1.3) |
| 23.8 | (1.2) |
| 21.1 | (1.0) |
| 21.6 | (1.3) |
| -2.2 | (1.7) |
| |
Norway | 25.7 | (0.7) |
| 23.3 | (1.1) |
| 23.0 | (1.2) |
| 22.6 | (1.3) |
| 24.3 | (1.2) |
| 1.0 | (1.7) |
| |
Poland | 16.1 | (0.6) |
| 15.4 | (1.0) |
| 17.3 | (1.2) |
| 15.1 | (1.0) |
| 14.5 | (1.0) |
| -0.9 | (1.4) |
| |
Portugal* | 22.3 | (0.7) |
| 17.6 | (1.4) |
| 17.7 | (1.2) |
| 17.2 | (1.1) |
| 18.8 | (1.2) |
| 1.2 | (1.9) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 27.6 | (0.8) |
| 27.8 | (1.4) |
| 25.0 | (1.3) |
| 25.7 | (1.2) |
| 28.1 | (1.1) |
| 0.3 | (1.4) |
| |
Slovenia | 21.6 | (0.7) |
| 14.9 | (1.0) |
| 18.1 | (1.2) |
| 23.2 | (1.3) |
| 26.9 | (1.5) |
| 12.0 | (1.8) |
| |
Spain | 19.4 | (0.5) |
| 21.0 | (1.0) |
| 17.4 | (0.8) |
| 17.5 | (0.7) |
| 16.7 | (0.6) |
| -4.3 | (1.1) |
| |
Sweden | 25.4 | (0.7) |
| 24.9 | (1.3) |
| 23.9 | (1.2) |
| 24.8 | (1.2) |
| 21.4 | (1.1) |
| -3.5 | (1.7) |
| |
Switzerland | 24.7 | (1.0) |
| 25.5 | (1.5) |
| 22.2 | (1.5) |
| 23.5 | (1.8) |
| 23.5 | (1.4) |
| -2.0 | (1.8) |
| |
Turkey | 6.4 | (0.4) |
| 7.2 | (0.8) |
| 5.4 | (0.5) |
| 5.5 | (0.6) |
| 5.8 | (0.7) |
| -1.3 | (1.0) |
| |
United Kingdom | 24.6 | (0.8) |
| 22.5 | (1.1) |
| 20.2 | (1.1) |
| 20.0 | (1.0) |
| 22.6 | (1.1) |
| 0.1 | (1.6) |
| |
United States* | 20.9 | (0.8) |
| 21.4 | (1.4) |
| 20.7 | (1.2) |
| 20.0 | (1.5) |
| 18.5 | (1.3) |
| -2.9 | (1.8) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | 25.1 | (0.1) |
| 24.3 | (0.2) |
| 22.8 | (0.2) |
| 22.7 | (0.2) |
| 22.8 | (0.2) |
| -1.5 | (0.3) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
← 1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.6.1 [2/8]. Career expectations, by socio-economics status and school programme orientation | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Expectations of the job students will have when they are around 30 years old; based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of students who have no clear idea about their future job | ||||||||||||||||||
All students | By students’ socio-economic status (ESCS1) | ||||||||||||||||||
Bottom quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Top quarter | Top - Bottom quarter | |||||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 5.7 | (0.4) |
| 4.0 | (0.6) |
| 4.1 | (0.6) |
| 3.9 | (0.5) |
| 5.4 | (1.0) |
| 1.3 | (1.2) |
|
Argentina | 22.3 | (0.8) |
| 25.5 | (1.6) |
| 24.3 | (1.2) |
| 19.5 | (1.0) |
| 18.0 | (1.1) |
| -7.4 | (1.8) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 29.7 | (1.0) |
| 30.7 | (1.4) |
| 27.2 | (1.4) |
| 27.6 | (1.6) |
| 23.9 | (1.6) |
| -6.8 | (2.0) |
| |
Belarus | 16.6 | (0.6) |
| 16.5 | (1.1) |
| 16.4 | (1.1) |
| 16.0 | (0.9) |
| 16.0 | (1.0) |
| -0.5 | (1.4) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 17.2 | (0.6) |
| 16.6 | (0.9) |
| 15.0 | (1.1) |
| 15.9 | (0.9) |
| 16.5 | (1.2) |
| -0.1 | (1.3) |
| |
Brazil | 29.0 | (0.7) |
| 33.4 | (1.6) |
| 28.2 | (1.1) |
| 26.8 | (1.0) |
| 22.4 | (1.0) |
| -11.0 | (1.9) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 13.7 | (0.4) |
| 16.4 | (0.9) |
| 14.0 | (0.7) |
| 12.4 | (0.9) |
| 10.5 | (0.8) |
| -5.9 | (1.3) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 17.6 | (0.6) |
| 21.1 | (1.1) |
| 19.0 | (1.0) |
| 16.9 | (1.1) |
| 11.5 | (0.7) |
| -9.6 | (1.3) |
| |
Bulgaria | 33.4 | (1.1) |
| 34.5 | (2.0) |
| 33.8 | (1.6) |
| 33.0 | (1.4) |
| 25.5 | (1.5) |
| -8.9 | (2.5) |
| |
Costa Rica | 10.3 | (0.5) |
| 10.6 | (0.9) |
| 8.7 | (0.8) |
| 9.5 | (0.8) |
| 10.5 | (0.9) |
| -0.1 | (1.2) |
| |
Croatia | 20.3 | (0.6) |
| 18.6 | (1.1) |
| 18.6 | (1.0) |
| 20.1 | (1.0) |
| 22.2 | (1.0) |
| 3.7 | (1.3) |
| |
Cyprus | 19.6 | (0.6) |
| 21.0 | (1.3) |
| 17.9 | (1.1) |
| 18.1 | (1.2) |
| 16.7 | (1.0) |
| -4.3 | (1.8) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 41.3 | (1.4) |
| 50.2 | (2.0) |
| 39.4 | (1.8) |
| 40.5 | (1.8) |
| 29.2 | (1.8) |
| -21.0 | (2.3) |
| |
Georgia | 31.4 | (0.8) |
| 35.3 | (1.7) |
| 30.3 | (1.5) |
| 29.5 | (1.2) |
| 26.6 | (1.3) |
| -8.7 | (2.1) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 23.4 | (0.8) |
| 24.6 | (1.5) |
| 21.1 | (1.4) |
| 20.3 | (1.3) |
| 18.3 | (1.3) |
| -6.3 | (2.1) |
| |
Indonesia | 8.5 | (0.8) |
| 7.8 | (0.8) |
| 6.7 | (0.9) |
| 7.3 | (1.0) |
| 7.2 | (1.6) |
| -0.6 | (1.7) |
| |
Jordan | 12.5 | (0.6) |
| 16.2 | (1.1) |
| 12.4 | (1.0) |
| 11.2 | (0.9) |
| 8.3 | (0.9) |
| -7.9 | (1.4) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 20.8 | (0.5) |
| 20.5 | (0.9) |
| 20.2 | (0.8) |
| 21.7 | (0.8) |
| 20.3 | (0.7) |
| -0.1 | (1.2) |
| |
Kosovo | 14.1 | (0.6) |
| 14.0 | (1.0) |
| 13.8 | (1.0) |
| 13.2 | (1.2) |
| 11.4 | (1.1) |
| -2.6 | (1.5) |
| |
Lebanon | 37.9 | (1.4) |
| 45.3 | (2.7) |
| 39.1 | (1.8) |
| 35.8 | (2.0) |
| 28.2 | (1.8) |
| -17.1 | (3.1) |
| |
Macao (China) | 10.3 | (0.5) |
| 11.2 | (0.9) |
| 11.8 | (1.1) |
| 9.2 | (1.1) |
| 8.9 | (0.9) |
| -2.3 | (1.5) |
| |
Malaysia | 10.8 | (0.8) |
| 9.5 | (1.0) |
| 9.9 | (1.0) |
| 11.2 | (0.9) |
| 8.2 | (0.8) |
| -1.3 | (1.1) |
| |
Malta | 16.1 | (0.6) |
| 18.4 | (1.2) |
| 13.8 | (1.1) |
| 15.8 | (1.5) |
| 10.3 | (1.0) |
| -8.1 | (1.5) |
| |
Moldova | 10.4 | (0.5) |
| 13.9 | (1.0) |
| 9.4 | (0.8) |
| 8.3 | (0.9) |
| 9.1 | (1.0) |
| -4.8 | (1.4) |
| |
Montenegro | 18.1 | (0.5) |
| 18.9 | (1.2) |
| 16.2 | (0.8) |
| 16.9 | (0.9) |
| 17.4 | (0.9) |
| -1.5 | (1.4) |
| |
Morocco | 27.8 | (1.2) |
| 34.0 | (1.6) |
| 28.6 | (1.6) |
| 24.4 | (1.5) |
| 20.8 | (1.4) |
| -13.2 | (1.9) |
| |
North Macedonia | 24.4 | (0.5) |
| 26.8 | (1.2) |
| 25.6 | (1.3) |
| 21.5 | (1.3) |
| 18.4 | (1.0) |
| -8.5 | (1.6) |
| |
Panama | 36.8 | (1.2) |
| 50.9 | (2.1) |
| 34.9 | (1.9) |
| 30.8 | (1.6) |
| 24.1 | (1.3) |
| -26.7 | (2.5) |
| |
Peru | 25.6 | (1.1) |
| 42.6 | (2.2) |
| 25.8 | (1.4) |
| 19.5 | (1.4) |
| 12.6 | (1.1) |
| -30.0 | (2.3) |
| |
Philippines | 18.7 | (0.7) |
| 23.9 | (1.3) |
| 17.0 | (1.0) |
| 18.5 | (1.0) |
| 13.9 | (1.2) |
| -10.0 | (1.8) |
| |
Qatar | 19.6 | (0.3) |
| 23.6 | (0.7) |
| 17.4 | (0.6) |
| 13.8 | (0.6) |
| 15.4 | (0.5) |
| -8.2 | (1.0) |
| |
Romania | 11.9 | (0.7) |
| 17.5 | (1.8) |
| 11.5 | (1.1) |
| 10.1 | (1.0) |
| 7.6 | (0.8) |
| -9.8 | (2.2) |
| |
Russia | 20.4 | (0.7) |
| 17.6 | (1.3) |
| 19.5 | (1.2) |
| 19.3 | (1.2) |
| 18.7 | (1.1) |
| 1.0 | (1.6) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 14.7 | (0.7) |
| 17.5 | (1.4) |
| 13.8 | (1.0) |
| 13.6 | (1.1) |
| 12.2 | (0.9) |
| -5.3 | (1.5) |
| |
Serbia | 23.0 | (1.0) |
| 22.7 | (1.4) |
| 22.6 | (1.3) |
| 22.1 | (1.2) |
| 20.9 | (1.4) |
| -1.7 | (1.8) |
| |
Singapore | 19.2 | (0.5) |
| 20.9 | (1.0) |
| 19.4 | (1.0) |
| 18.6 | (1.1) |
| 16.8 | (1.2) |
| -4.1 | (1.5) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 22.2 | (0.6) |
| 25.3 | (1.3) |
| 21.9 | (1.1) |
| 19.9 | (1.1) |
| 18.9 | (1.1) |
| -6.4 | (1.6) |
| |
Thailand | 16.9 | (0.7) |
| 23.1 | (1.0) |
| 16.8 | (0.9) |
| 15.2 | (1.1) |
| 10.9 | (0.9) |
| -12.1 | (1.2) |
| |
Ukraine | 13.7 | (0.6) |
| 17.1 | (1.1) |
| 13.4 | (1.0) |
| 13.2 | (0.9) |
| 10.2 | (0.8) |
| -6.9 | (1.3) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 16.7 | (0.6) |
| 18.7 | (0.5) |
| 16.0 | (0.8) |
| 10.9 | (0.6) |
| 12.1 | (0.7) |
| -6.6 | (0.9) |
| |
Uruguay | 25.9 | (1.1) |
| 27.1 | (1.9) |
| 22.3 | (1.7) |
| 22.2 | (1.5) |
| 19.7 | (1.4) |
| -7.4 | (2.3) |
| |
Viet Nam | 9.4 | (0.7) |
| 11.7 | (1.3) |
| 8.3 | (1.1) |
| 8.6 | (0.8) |
| 9.1 | (1.0) |
| -2.7 | (1.6) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
← 1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.6.1 [3/8]. Career expectations, by socio-economics status and school programme orientation | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Expectations of the job students will have when they are around 30 years old; based on students’ reports | ||||||||||
| Percentage of students who have no clear idea about their future job | |||||||||
By type of programme | ||||||||||
Vocational | General or modular | General or modular - Vocational | ||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 27.2 | (2.7) |
| 27.8 | (0.8) |
| 0.7 | (2.8) |
|
Austria | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Belgium (French Community) | 75.9 | (1.3) |
| 60.2 | (1.0) |
| -15.7 | (1.9) |
| |
Canada | m | m |
| 27.6 | (0.7) |
| m | m |
| |
Chile | 19.4 | (3.5) |
| 24.4 | (1.1) |
| 5.0 | (3.4) |
| |
Colombia | 13.3 | (2.1) |
| 16.4 | (1.2) |
| 3.0 | (2.2) |
| |
Czech Republic | 31.5 | (1.9) |
| 28.5 | (1.1) |
| -3.0 | (2.3) |
| |
Denmark | c | c |
| 35.3 | (0.9) |
| c | c |
| |
Estonia | c | c |
| 21.4 | (0.8) |
| c | c |
| |
Finland | c | c |
| 30.6 | (0.9) |
| c | c |
| |
France | 21.1 | (1.5) |
| 24.7 | (0.7) |
| 3.6 | (1.6) |
| |
Germany | 45.8 | (11.8) |
| 38.2 | (1.0) |
| -7.6 | (12.0) |
| |
Greece | 17.3 | (1.8) |
| 14.7 | (0.8) |
| -2.6 | (1.9) |
| |
Hungary | 18.3 | (1.5) |
| 20.6 | (0.7) |
| 2.3 | (1.7) |
| |
Iceland | m | m |
| 24.7 | (0.7) |
| m | m |
| |
Ireland | 15.8 | (5.6) |
| 18.7 | (0.6) |
| 2.9 | (5.7) |
| |
Israel | m | m |
| 34.7 | (0.9) |
| m | m |
| |
Italy | 26.4 | (1.1) |
| 24.7 | (0.9) |
| -1.7 | (1.4) |
| |
Japan | 26.6 | (2.5) |
| 20.9 | (0.7) |
| -5.7 | (2.6) |
| |
Korea | 16.6 | (2.0) |
| 11.1 | (0.6) |
| -5.5 | (2.0) |
| |
Latvia | 28.1 | (4.7) |
| 24.4 | (0.7) |
| -3.8 | (4.9) |
| |
Lithuania | 32.7 | (5.2) |
| 26.1 | (0.6) |
| -6.6 | (5.3) |
| |
Luxembourg | 18.1 | (1.2) |
| 21.9 | (0.5) |
| 3.7 | (1.4) |
| |
Mexico | 19.3 | (2.0) |
| 29.3 | (1.4) |
| 10.0 | (2.5) |
| |
Netherlands* | 26.7 | (2.1) | † | 32.1 | (1.1) |
| 5.4 | (2.4) | † | |
New Zealand | m | m |
| 24.0 | (0.7) |
| m | m |
| |
Norway | m | m |
| 25.7 | (0.7) |
| m | m |
| |
Poland | c | c |
| 16.1 | (0.6) |
| c | c |
| |
Portugal* | 17.0 | (1.6) |
| 23.3 | (0.7) |
| 6.4 | (1.8) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 27.7 | (2.6) |
| 27.6 | (0.8) |
| -0.1 | (2.8) |
| |
Slovenia | 15.8 | (0.6) |
| 29.1 | (1.4) |
| 13.3 | (1.5) |
| |
Spain | 26.4 | (4.1) |
| 19.3 | (0.5) |
| -7.1 | (4.0) |
| |
Sweden | m | m |
| 25.4 | (0.7) |
| m | m |
| |
Switzerland | 18.0 | (1.9) |
| 25.6 | (1.1) |
| 7.6 | (2.1) |
| |
Turkey | 7.1 | (0.5) |
| 6.1 | (0.5) |
| -1.0 | (0.7) |
| |
United Kingdom | 26.1 | (6.6) |
| 24.6 | (0.8) |
| -1.5 | (6.7) |
| |
United States* | m | m |
| 20.9 | (0.8) |
| m | m |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | 24.7 | (0.8) |
| 25.2 | (0.1) |
| 0.1 | (0.8) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||
1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | ||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||
Table II.B1.6.1 [4/8]. Career expectations, by socio-economics status and school programme orientation | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Expectations of the job students will have when they are around 30 years old; based on students’ reports | ||||||||||
| Percentage of students who have no clear idea about their future job | |||||||||
By type of programme | ||||||||||
Vocational | General or modular | General or modular - Vocational | ||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 4.8 | (0.5) |
| 6.7 | (0.8) |
| 1.9 | (1.0) |
|
Argentina | 21.9 | (1.9) |
| 22.4 | (0.8) |
| 0.5 | (2.1) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | m | m |
| 29.7 | (1.0) |
| m | m |
| |
Belarus | 13.2 | (1.5) |
| 17.1 | (0.6) |
| 3.9 | (1.6) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 16.6 | (0.6) |
| 18.2 | (1.2) |
| 1.6 | (1.3) |
| |
Brazil | 22.3 | (1.6) |
| 29.6 | (0.8) |
| 7.4 | (1.7) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 36.7 | (2.6) |
| 12.3 | (0.4) |
| -24.4 | (2.6) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 19.0 | (1.6) |
| 17.3 | (0.7) |
| -1.8 | (1.8) |
| |
Bulgaria | 37.1 | (1.9) |
| 29.8 | (1.4) |
| -7.3 | (2.4) |
| |
Costa Rica | 9.3 | (1.1) |
| 10.4 | (0.6) |
| 1.2 | (1.3) |
| |
Croatia | 19.6 | (0.8) |
| 21.5 | (0.9) |
| 1.9 | (1.3) |
| |
Cyprus | 30.7 | (1.6) |
| 18.1 | (0.6) |
| -12.6 | (1.7) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 20.1 | (1.4) |
| 44.3 | (1.3) |
| 24.3 | (1.7) |
| |
Georgia | m | m |
| 31.4 | (0.8) |
| m | m |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | m | m |
| 23.4 | (0.8) |
| m | m |
| |
Indonesia | 8.3 | (1.9) |
| 8.5 | (0.9) |
| 0.3 | (2.1) |
| |
Jordan | m | m |
| 12.5 | (0.6) |
| m | m |
| |
Kazakhstan | 22.8 | (1.1) |
| 20.3 | (0.5) |
| -2.5 | (1.2) |
| |
Kosovo | 17.0 | (0.9) |
| 12.1 | (0.9) |
| -4.9 | (1.3) |
| |
Lebanon | m | m |
| 37.9 | (1.4) |
| m | m |
| |
Macao (China) | 18.5 | (6.2) |
| 10.3 | (0.5) |
| -8.2 | (6.1) |
| |
Malaysia | 9.1 | (1.7) |
| 11.0 | (0.8) |
| 1.8 | (1.6) |
| |
Malta | m | m |
| 16.1 | (0.6) |
| m | m |
| |
Moldova | 10.1 | (2.4) |
| 10.4 | (0.5) |
| 0.3 | (2.5) |
| |
Montenegro | 18.7 | (0.5) |
| 17.0 | (1.1) |
| -1.7 | (1.2) |
| |
Morocco | m | m |
| 27.8 | (1.2) |
| m | m |
| |
North Macedonia | 25.2 | (0.7) |
| 23.2 | (0.8) |
| -2.0 | (1.1) |
| |
Panama | 35.8 | (1.6) |
| 37.2 | (1.5) |
| 1.4 | (2.0) |
| |
Peru | m | m |
| 25.6 | (1.1) |
| m | m |
| |
Philippines | m | m |
| 18.7 | (0.7) |
| m | m |
| |
Qatar | m | m |
| 19.6 | (0.3) |
| m | m |
| |
Romania | 15.3 | (2.0) |
| 11.4 | (0.7) |
| -4.0 | (2.1) |
| |
Russia | 12.5 | (3.2) |
| 20.7 | (0.7) |
| 8.1 | (3.1) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | m | m |
| 14.7 | (0.7) |
| m | m |
| |
Serbia | 22.9 | (1.2) |
| 23.1 | (1.8) |
| 0.2 | (2.2) |
| |
Singapore | m | m |
| 19.2 | (0.5) |
| m | m |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 24.9 | (1.5) |
| 20.8 | (0.6) |
| -4.0 | (1.6) |
| |
Thailand | 25.4 | (2.1) |
| 14.4 | (0.6) |
| -11.0 | (2.1) |
| |
Ukraine | 13.6 | (1.1) |
| 13.8 | (0.6) |
| 0.2 | (1.2) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 22.7 | (1.5) |
| 16.5 | (0.6) |
| -6.3 | (1.4) |
| |
Uruguay | 23.5 | (3.4) |
| 26.2 | (1.1) |
| 2.6 | (3.6) |
| |
Viet Nam | m | m |
| 9.4 | (0.7) |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||
1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | ||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||
Table II.B1.6.1 [5/8]. Career expectations, by socio-economics status and school programme orientation | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Expectations of the job students will have when they are around 30 years old; based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of students who expect to have a job that is included in the ten most common ones in their country | ||||||||||||||||||
All students | By students’ socio-economic status (ESCS) | ||||||||||||||||||
Bottom quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Top quarter | Top - Bottom quarter | |||||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 31.6 | (0.6) | † | 25.6 | (1.3) |
| 30.9 | (0.9) |
| 32.3 | (1.2) |
| 37.7 | (0.9) |
| 12.1 | (1.4) |
|
Austria | 29.3 | (0.9) | † | 30.1 | (1.6) | † | 28.1 | (1.6) |
| 27.5 | (1.5) | † | 31.1 | (1.8) | † | 1.1 | (2.3) | † | |
Belgium (French Community) | 33.9 | (1.2) | ‡ | 28.3 | (1.9) | ‡ | 31.8 | (2.2) | ‡ | 35.9 | (1.7) | ‡ | 41.1 | (2.3) | ‡ | 12.8 | (2.8) | ‡ | |
Canada | 39.0 | (0.6) | † | 33.9 | (1.1) | † | 37.6 | (0.9) | † | 39.9 | (1.1) |
| 44.2 | (1.1) |
| 10.3 | (1.6) | † | |
Chile | 42.9 | (0.8) |
| 36.7 | (1.5) |
| 41.6 | (1.4) |
| 42.8 | (1.5) |
| 50.4 | (1.1) |
| 13.7 | (1.9) |
| |
Colombia | 45.0 | (0.7) |
| 45.5 | (1.8) |
| 44.4 | (1.6) |
| 44.6 | (1.5) |
| 45.1 | (1.5) |
| -0.4 | (2.4) |
| |
Czech Republic | 28.9 | (0.9) | † | 28.9 | (1.7) | † | 29.8 | (1.6) | † | 27.9 | (1.4) | † | 29.2 | (1.5) | † | 0.3 | (2.3) | † | |
Denmark | 35.7 | (1.0) | † | 31.3 | (1.6) | † | 31.9 | (1.8) | † | 37.5 | (1.6) | † | 41.7 | (1.7) | † | 10.4 | (2.2) | † | |
Estonia | 34.8 | (0.8) |
| 30.2 | (1.8) |
| 33.9 | (1.7) |
| 37.1 | (1.4) |
| 37.9 | (1.5) |
| 7.7 | (2.4) |
| |
Finland | 36.6 | (0.9) | † | 29.2 | (1.5) | † | 32.9 | (1.5) | † | 37.3 | (1.6) | † | 46.7 | (1.7) | † | 17.5 | (2.3) | † | |
France | 26.9 | (0.8) |
| 24.6 | (1.4) | † | 25.2 | (1.4) |
| 27.5 | (1.5) |
| 30.5 | (1.3) |
| 5.9 | (1.7) | † | |
Germany | 32.5 | (0.9) | † | 32.0 | (1.4) | † | 32.9 | (2.1) | † | 32.1 | (1.3) | † | 32.4 | (1.7) | † | 0.4 | (2.3) | † | |
Greece | 40.0 | (0.8) |
| 35.9 | (1.5) |
| 40.1 | (1.6) |
| 43.8 | (1.4) |
| 40.3 | (1.6) |
| 4.4 | (2.2) |
| |
Hungary | 27.9 | (1.0) |
| 30.9 | (1.8) |
| 25.8 | (1.2) |
| 29.6 | (1.9) |
| 25.5 | (1.5) |
| -5.4 | (2.1) |
| |
Iceland | 39.9 | (0.9) | † | 36.8 | (1.8) | † | 38.6 | (2.2) | † | 40.3 | (1.9) |
| 43.5 | (1.7) |
| 6.6 | (2.4) | † | |
Ireland | 36.6 | (0.9) |
| 31.6 | (1.7) |
| 35.3 | (1.6) |
| 39.6 | (1.5) |
| 39.7 | (1.6) |
| 8.1 | (2.2) |
| |
Israel | 46.6 | (0.8) | † | 51.0 | (1.3) | † | 42.9 | (1.6) | † | 45.2 | (1.6) | † | 47.4 | (1.7) | † | -3.7 | (2.0) | † | |
Italy | 34.6 | (0.9) | † | 27.8 | (1.6) |
| 31.7 | (1.4) |
| 36.1 | (1.6) | † | 42.7 | (1.7) |
| 14.9 | (2.4) |
| |
Japan | 44.2 | (1.0) |
| 39.4 | (2.0) | † | 45.5 | (1.6) |
| 46.2 | (1.5) |
| 45.3 | (1.9) |
| 5.9 | (2.8) | † | |
Korea | 37.8 | (0.7) |
| 36.4 | (1.8) |
| 37.9 | (1.3) |
| 40.7 | (1.5) |
| 36.0 | (1.4) |
| -0.4 | (2.3) |
| |
Latvia | 34.8 | (0.8) |
| 26.8 | (1.6) |
| 34.2 | (1.6) |
| 36.9 | (1.7) |
| 41.5 | (2.0) |
| 14.7 | (2.9) |
| |
Lithuania | 40.5 | (0.8) | † | 34.9 | (1.5) | † | 40.1 | (1.3) | † | 43.2 | (1.7) |
| 43.9 | (1.2) |
| 9.0 | (2.1) | † | |
Luxembourg | 44.1 | (0.8) |
| 42.6 | (1.6) |
| 45.0 | (1.6) |
| 45.3 | (1.4) |
| 43.6 | (1.4) |
| 1.0 | (2.2) |
| |
Mexico | 40.4 | (0.7) | † | 42.1 | (2.0) | † | 40.7 | (1.4) |
| 39.3 | (1.5) |
| 40.1 | (1.2) |
| -2.1 | (2.3) | † | |
Netherlands* | 25.8 | (0.8) | † | 19.8 | (1.7) | † | 25.9 | (1.8) | † | 27.6 | (1.8) | † | 29.7 | (2.1) | † | 9.9 | (2.7) | † | |
New Zealand | 31.6 | (0.7) |
| 32.8 | (1.3) |
| 31.9 | (1.6) |
| 29.4 | (1.5) |
| 32.7 | (1.4) |
| -0.1 | (2.0) |
| |
Norway | 40.0 | (0.9) | † | 37.1 | (1.7) |
| 39.8 | (1.5) |
| 42.4 | (1.5) |
| 40.9 | (1.5) |
| 3.8 | (2.4) |
| |
Poland | 34.5 | (0.9) |
| 24.2 | (1.4) |
| 32.3 | (1.5) |
| 36.6 | (1.4) |
| 44.8 | (1.4) |
| 20.6 | (1.7) |
| |
Portugal* | 37.9 | (1.1) |
| 32.9 | (1.9) |
| 36.5 | (1.7) |
| 39.0 | (1.5) |
| 43.4 | (2.3) |
| 10.5 | (2.9) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 30.9 | (0.9) | † | 31.8 | (1.9) | † | 28.5 | (1.4) | † | 29.7 | (1.7) | † | 33.8 | (1.6) | † | 2.0 | (2.4) | † | |
Slovenia | 28.0 | (0.7) |
| 27.2 | (1.2) |
| 29.0 | (1.3) |
| 29.2 | (1.9) |
| 26.8 | (1.8) | † | -0.4 | (2.2) | † | |
Spain | 35.2 | (0.4) |
| 35.2 | (0.9) |
| 37.5 | (0.9) |
| 33.7 | (0.8) |
| 34.2 | (0.8) |
| -0.9 | (1.2) |
| |
Sweden | 33.5 | (0.9) | † | 29.4 | (1.5) |
| 34.5 | (1.4) |
| 32.8 | (1.6) |
| 36.9 | (1.4) |
| 7.5 | (1.9) |
| |
Switzerland | 29.6 | (0.8) |
| 29.3 | (1.7) | † | 24.7 | (1.6) |
| 29.1 | (1.7) |
| 35.1 | (1.9) |
| 5.9 | (2.8) | † | |
Turkey | 54.2 | (0.8) |
| 56.2 | (1.4) |
| 53.0 | (1.4) |
| 51.7 | (1.2) |
| 56.1 | (1.5) |
| -0.1 | (2.0) |
| |
United Kingdom | 33.5 | (0.8) |
| 34.3 | (1.6) |
| 29.9 | (1.3) |
| 31.7 | (1.5) |
| 38.7 | (1.5) |
| 4.4 | (2.2) |
| |
United States* | 38.0 | (1.0) |
| 39.0 | (1.6) |
| 37.4 | (1.5) |
| 34.8 | (1.7) |
| 40.8 | (2.3) |
| 1.8 | (2.9) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | 36.1 | (0.1) |
| 33.6 | (0.3) |
| 35.1 | (0.3) |
| 36.7 | (0.3) |
| 39.2 | (0.3) |
| 5.7 | (0.4) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.6.1 [6/8]. Career expectations, by socio-economics status and school programme orientation | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Expectations of the job students will have when they are around 30 years old; based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of students who expect to have a job that is included in the ten most common ones in their country | ||||||||||||||||||
All students | By students’ socio-economic status (ESCS) | ||||||||||||||||||
Bottom quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Top quarter | Top - Bottom quarter | |||||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 52.0 | (0.8) |
| 54.0 | (1.4) |
| 54.2 | (1.5) |
| 50.6 | (1.4) |
| 49.1 | (1.2) |
| -4.9 | (1.9) |
|
Argentina | 48.9 | (0.8) |
| 49.4 | (1.4) | † | 49.7 | (1.5) |
| 50.2 | (1.5) |
| 46.5 | (1.3) |
| -2.9 | (1.9) | † | |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 59.9 | (0.9) | † | 55.7 | (1.8) | † | 59.5 | (1.5) | † | 62.1 | (1.3) | † | 62.1 | (1.7) |
| 6.3 | (2.6) | † | |
Belarus | 35.7 | (0.7) |
| 29.4 | (1.4) |
| 31.4 | (1.4) |
| 39.1 | (1.5) |
| 42.9 | (1.5) |
| 13.5 | (2.0) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 37.7 | (1.1) |
| 36.8 | (1.6) |
| 37.1 | (1.8) |
| 40.3 | (1.5) |
| 36.8 | (1.8) |
| 0.0 | (2.3) |
| |
Brazil | 52.1 | (0.7) | † | 57.1 | (1.2) | † | 51.8 | (1.3) | † | 48.7 | (1.3) | † | 51.3 | (1.2) |
| -5.8 | (1.7) | † | |
Brunei Darussalam | 69.3 | (0.6) |
| 76.6 | (1.0) |
| 72.2 | (1.1) |
| 68.5 | (1.1) |
| 60.3 | (1.3) |
| -16.4 | (1.7) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 46.0 | (0.7) |
| 44.4 | (1.8) |
| 47.5 | (1.5) |
| 47.4 | (1.3) |
| 44.6 | (1.2) |
| 0.2 | (2.2) |
| |
Bulgaria | 40.6 | (1.0) | † | 31.7 | (2.1) | † | 39.6 | (1.8) | † | 45.4 | (1.8) | † | 45.8 | (1.6) | † | 14.1 | (2.4) | † | |
Costa Rica | 48.3 | (0.7) |
| 45.3 | (1.6) |
| 49.6 | (1.4) |
| 49.7 | (1.2) |
| 48.4 | (1.3) |
| 3.1 | (2.2) |
| |
Croatia | 30.4 | (0.8) |
| 26.2 | (1.4) |
| 28.4 | (1.3) |
| 32.2 | (1.5) |
| 35.2 | (1.4) |
| 8.9 | (1.9) |
| |
Cyprus | 40.4 | (0.9) |
| 37.1 | (1.5) |
| 40.6 | (1.7) |
| 42.9 | (1.5) |
| 41.1 | (1.7) |
| 4.0 | (2.4) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 63.1 | (1.0) | † | 67.7 | (1.8) | ‡ | 66.2 | (1.7) | † | 60.6 | (1.7) | † | 59.2 | (1.8) | † | -8.5 | (2.6) | ‡ | |
Georgia | 47.6 | (1.0) | † | 44.7 | (2.2) | † | 47.3 | (2.0) | † | 48.5 | (1.8) | † | 49.6 | (1.6) | † | 4.8 | (2.8) | † | |
Hong Kong (China)* | 38.3 | (0.7) |
| 36.2 | (1.5) |
| 36.6 | (1.5) |
| 40.5 | (1.5) |
| 40.1 | (1.6) |
| 4.0 | (2.2) |
| |
Indonesia | 64.0 | (1.1) |
| 67.1 | (1.6) |
| 67.0 | (1.6) |
| 63.4 | (1.9) |
| 58.5 | (1.9) |
| -8.6 | (2.5) |
| |
Jordan | 60.3 | (0.9) |
| 58.2 | (1.6) |
| 60.5 | (1.6) |
| 58.5 | (1.4) |
| 63.7 | (1.1) |
| 5.5 | (2.0) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 41.5 | (0.6) |
| 41.5 | (1.1) |
| 40.6 | (1.0) |
| 43.5 | (1.0) |
| 40.4 | (1.0) |
| -1.1 | (1.4) |
| |
Kosovo | 55.0 | (0.9) |
| 53.0 | (1.9) |
| 52.4 | (1.9) |
| 58.3 | (1.7) |
| 56.4 | (1.9) |
| 3.4 | (2.8) |
| |
Lebanon | 58.0 | (1.1) | † | 59.0 | (2.1) | † | 58.2 | (1.9) | † | 57.5 | (1.8) | † | 57.6 | (1.7) | † | -1.4 | (2.8) | † | |
Macao (China) | 41.5 | (0.9) |
| 41.3 | (1.8) |
| 41.9 | (1.9) |
| 43.7 | (1.5) |
| 39.1 | (1.5) |
| -2.2 | (2.4) |
| |
Malaysia | 42.5 | (0.7) |
| 42.2 | (1.6) |
| 45.1 | (1.3) |
| 41.6 | (1.4) |
| 40.9 | (1.5) |
| -1.3 | (2.3) |
| |
Malta | 40.0 | (1.0) |
| 33.2 | (1.9) |
| 42.1 | (1.8) |
| 39.1 | (1.9) |
| 45.6 | (1.8) |
| 12.3 | (2.6) |
| |
Moldova | 44.5 | (0.7) |
| 41.5 | (1.5) |
| 44.4 | (1.6) |
| 43.7 | (1.5) |
| 48.4 | (1.3) |
| 7.0 | (2.0) |
| |
Montenegro | 41.3 | (0.7) |
| 42.3 | (1.4) |
| 41.0 | (1.5) |
| 39.4 | (1.3) |
| 42.4 | (1.3) |
| 0.1 | (2.0) |
| |
Morocco | 62.2 | (0.9) | † | 68.3 | (1.4) | † | 64.0 | (1.4) | † | 60.0 | (1.5) |
| 57.5 | (1.7) |
| -10.9 | (2.1) | † | |
North Macedonia | 45.2 | (0.7) |
| 43.1 | (1.9) | † | 45.0 | (1.7) | † | 44.0 | (1.7) |
| 48.8 | (1.6) |
| 5.7 | (2.7) | † | |
Panama | 53.5 | (1.0) | † | 57.9 | (2.2) | ‡ | 51.7 | (1.9) | † | 52.5 | (1.9) | † | 53.3 | (1.9) |
| -4.5 | (3.1) | ‡ | |
Peru | 50.8 | (1.0) | † | 51.2 | (1.8) | † | 49.9 | (1.5) | † | 51.7 | (1.8) |
| 50.4 | (1.4) |
| -0.8 | (2.2) | † | |
Philippines | 64.1 | (0.9) |
| 74.0 | (1.3) |
| 67.2 | (1.2) |
| 64.6 | (1.6) |
| 52.0 | (1.6) |
| -22.0 | (2.0) |
| |
Qatar | 61.7 | (0.4) |
| 64.3 | (1.1) |
| 61.0 | (0.8) |
| 61.0 | (0.8) |
| 60.6 | (0.9) |
| -3.7 | (1.4) |
| |
Romania | 39.4 | (0.9) |
| 38.7 | (1.5) |
| 40.4 | (1.8) |
| 40.5 | (1.6) |
| 37.9 | (1.6) |
| -0.8 | (2.2) |
| |
Russia | 41.1 | (0.6) |
| 38.7 | (1.5) |
| 41.0 | (1.1) |
| 42.4 | (1.2) |
| 42.5 | (1.3) |
| 3.7 | (2.1) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 68.3 | (0.7) |
| 71.6 | (1.4) |
| 66.6 | (1.2) |
| 66.2 | (1.6) |
| 68.5 | (1.3) |
| -3.1 | (1.7) |
| |
Serbia | 37.9 | (1.1) |
| 28.1 | (1.6) |
| 32.0 | (1.7) |
| 43.8 | (1.9) |
| 47.5 | (1.6) |
| 19.5 | (2.3) |
| |
Singapore | 41.9 | (0.6) |
| 39.8 | (1.3) |
| 41.6 | (1.5) |
| 42.3 | (1.4) |
| 44.0 | (1.2) |
| 4.2 | (1.8) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 28.8 | (0.9) |
| 31.8 | (1.8) | † | 28.8 | (1.4) |
| 27.4 | (1.2) |
| 27.3 | (1.6) |
| -4.5 | (2.2) | † | |
Thailand | 52.8 | (1.0) |
| 55.8 | (1.7) |
| 55.9 | (1.4) |
| 54.4 | (1.4) |
| 45.9 | (1.5) |
| -9.9 | (2.0) |
| |
Ukraine | 44.4 | (1.0) |
| 40.0 | (1.7) |
| 43.7 | (1.3) |
| 44.0 | (1.5) |
| 49.5 | (1.6) |
| 9.5 | (2.0) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 62.0 | (0.5) |
| 64.7 | (1.0) |
| 60.8 | (0.9) |
| 60.5 | (0.9) |
| 62.3 | (1.1) |
| -2.4 | (1.5) |
| |
Uruguay | 46.9 | (1.0) | † | 43.4 | (1.8) | † | 43.6 | (1.6) |
| 50.5 | (1.6) |
| 50.0 | (1.7) |
| 6.6 | (2.5) | † | |
Viet Nam | 53.2 | (1.0) |
| 52.5 | (1.7) |
| 52.2 | (1.6) |
| 54.7 | (1.7) |
| 53.3 | (1.6) |
| 0.8 | (2.4) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.6.1 [7/8]. Career expectations, by socio-economics status and school programme orientation | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Expectations of the job students will have when they are around 30 years old; based on students’ reports | ||||||||||
| Percentage of students who expect to have a job that is included in the ten most common ones in their country | |||||||||
By type of programme | ||||||||||
Vocational | General or modular | General or modular - Vocational | ||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 27.7 | (1.7) | † | 32.1 | (0.6) | † | 4.3 | (1.8) | † |
Austria | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Belgium (French Community) | 15.2 | (1.8) | ‡ | 41.4 | (1.4) | ‡ | 26.2 | (2.4) | ‡ | |
Canada | m | m |
| 39.0 | (0.6) | † | m | m |
| |
Chile | 28.2 | (4.5) |
| 43.2 | (0.9) |
| 15.0 | (4.8) |
| |
Colombia | 44.4 | (1.8) |
| 45.1 | (0.9) |
| 0.7 | (2.1) |
| |
Czech Republic | 24.0 | (2.1) | † | 31.3 | (1.0) | † | 7.3 | (2.4) | † | |
Denmark | c | c |
| 35.6 | (0.9) | † | c | c |
| |
Estonia | c | c |
| 34.8 | (0.7) |
| c | c |
| |
Finland | m | m |
| 36.6 | (0.9) | † | m | m |
| |
France | 17.6 | (2.0) |
| 29.2 | (0.8) |
| 11.6 | (2.1) |
| |
Germany | 34.7 | (3.7) | † | 32.5 | (0.9) | † | -2.3 | (3.9) | † | |
Greece | 23.5 | (1.9) |
| 42.4 | (0.8) |
| 19.0 | (2.2) |
| |
Hungary | 37.4 | (3.2) |
| 26.0 | (1.0) |
| -11.4 | (3.4) |
| |
Iceland | m | m |
| 39.9 | (0.9) | † | m | m |
| |
Ireland | 6.2 | (3.4) |
| 36.8 | (0.9) |
| 30.5 | (3.5) |
| |
Israel | m | m |
| 46.6 | (0.8) | † | m | m |
| |
Italy | 26.5 | (1.1) | † | 42.3 | (1.5) |
| 15.8 | (1.9) | † | |
Japan | 37.7 | (2.8) | † | 46.1 | (1.0) |
| 8.4 | (2.9) | † | |
Korea | 35.1 | (3.0) |
| 38.3 | (0.7) |
| 3.1 | (3.1) |
| |
Latvia | 37.1 | (7.9) | † | 34.7 | (0.8) |
| -2.4 | (7.8) | † | |
Lithuania | 35.8 | (5.5) | † | 40.6 | (0.8) | † | 4.8 | (5.7) | † | |
Luxembourg | 45.9 | (2.0) |
| 43.8 | (0.8) |
| -2.1 | (2.0) |
| |
Mexico | 37.0 | (1.5) |
| 41.9 | (0.8) | † | 4.9 | (1.7) | † | |
Netherlands* | 14.8 | (2.1) | ‡ | 27.9 | (0.9) | † | 13.1 | (2.2) | ‡ | |
New Zealand | m | m |
| 31.6 | (0.7) |
| m | m |
| |
Norway | m | m |
| 40.0 | (0.9) | † | m | m |
| |
Poland | c | c |
| 34.5 | (0.9) |
| c | c |
| |
Portugal* | 19.3 | (2.1) |
| 42.1 | (1.1) |
| 22.7 | (2.3) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 44.5 | (7.9) | † | 30.2 | (0.9) | † | -14.3 | (8.0) | † | |
Slovenia | 27.9 | (0.6) |
| 28.3 | (1.3) | † | 0.5 | (1.5) | † | |
Spain | 40.6 | (5.3) | † | 35.1 | (0.4) |
| -5.5 | (5.3) | † | |
Sweden | m | m |
| 33.5 | (0.9) | † | m | m |
| |
Switzerland | 25.0 | (2.9) |
| 30.3 | (0.8) | † | 5.3 | (3.1) | † | |
Turkey | 44.4 | (1.7) |
| 59.1 | (0.9) |
| 14.7 | (1.9) |
| |
United Kingdom | 24.5 | (8.3) | † | 33.5 | (0.8) |
| 9.0 | (8.3) | † | |
United States* | m | m |
| 38.0 | (1.0) |
| m | m |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | 30.2 | (0.8) |
| 37.3 | (0.2) |
| 7.2 | (0.8) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||
1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | ||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||
Table II.B1.6.1 [8/8]. Career expectations, by socio-economics status and school programme orientation | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Expectations of the job students will have when they are around 30 years old; based on students’ reports; | ||||||||||
| Percentage of students who have no clear idea about their future job | |||||||||
By type of programme | ||||||||||
Vocational | General or modular | General or modular - Vocational | ||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 51.8 | (0.9) |
| 52.3 | (1.5) |
| 0.5 | (1.8) |
|
Argentina | 43.5 | (2.0) |
| 49.9 | (0.8) |
| 6.3 | (2.2) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | m | m |
| 59.9 | (0.9) | † | m | m |
| |
Belarus | 28.5 | (2.5) |
| 36.9 | (0.8) |
| 8.4 | (2.6) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 38.2 | (1.3) |
| 36.6 | (1.5) |
| -1.6 | (1.9) |
| |
Brazil | 48.5 | (2.8) |
| 52.5 | (0.7) | † | 4.0 | (3.0) | † | |
Brunei Darussalam | 80.6 | (2.7) | † | 68.8 | (0.6) |
| -11.9 | (2.7) | † | |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 37.5 | (2.2) |
| 47.8 | (0.7) |
| 10.3 | (2.2) |
| |
Bulgaria | 34.2 | (1.6) | † | 46.1 | (1.3) | † | 11.9 | (2.1) | † | |
Costa Rica | 45.4 | (2.0) |
| 48.7 | (0.8) |
| 3.4 | (2.2) |
| |
Croatia | 25.6 | (1.0) |
| 40.6 | (1.3) |
| 15.0 | (1.6) |
| |
Cyprus | 13.5 | (1.4) | † | 43.6 | (1.0) |
| 30.1 | (1.8) | † | |
Dominican Republic | 57.7 | (3.1) |
| 64.2 | (0.9) | † | 6.5 | (3.2) | † | |
Georgia | m | m |
| 47.6 | (1.0) | † | m | m |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | m | m |
| 38.3 | (0.7) |
| m | m |
| |
Indonesia | 58.6 | (3.6) |
| 65.3 | (1.0) |
| 6.7 | (3.8) |
| |
Jordan | m | m |
| 60.3 | (0.9) |
| m | m |
| |
Kazakhstan | 30.8 | (2.4) |
| 44.0 | (0.6) |
| 13.2 | (2.6) |
| |
Kosovo | 46.0 | (1.3) |
| 60.7 | (1.1) |
| 14.8 | (1.7) |
| |
Lebanon | m | m |
| 58.0 | (1.1) | † | m | m |
| |
Macao (China) | 19.3 | (4.4) |
| 41.7 | (0.9) |
| 22.4 | (4.5) |
| |
Malaysia | 33.4 | (2.8) |
| 43.5 | (0.8) |
| 10.1 | (2.9) |
| |
Malta | m | m |
| 40.0 | (1.0) |
| m | m |
| |
Moldova | 32.9 | (4.8) |
| 45.0 | (0.7) |
| 12.0 | (4.9) |
| |
Montenegro | 40.4 | (0.6) |
| 42.9 | (1.4) |
| 2.5 | (1.6) |
| |
Morocco | m | m |
| 62.2 | (0.9) | † | m | m |
| |
North Macedonia | 40.5 | (1.1) | † | 51.7 | (1.0) |
| 11.2 | (1.6) | † | |
Panama | 45.5 | (1.7) | † | 56.5 | (1.1) | † | 11.0 | (1.9) | † | |
Peru | m | m |
| 50.8 | (1.0) | † | m | m |
| |
Philippines | m | m |
| 64.1 | (0.9) |
| m | m |
| |
Qatar | m | m |
| 61.7 | (0.4) |
| m | m |
| |
Romania | 43.9 | (2.8) |
| 38.8 | (1.0) |
| -5.1 | (3.0) |
| |
Russia | 29.4 | (5.2) |
| 41.6 | (0.7) |
| 12.1 | (5.4) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | m | m |
| 68.3 | (0.7) |
| m | m |
| |
Serbia | 33.2 | (1.3) |
| 49.8 | (2.0) |
| 16.6 | (2.4) |
| |
Singapore | m | m |
| 41.9 | (0.6) |
| m | m |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 26.8 | (1.9) |
| 29.7 | (1.0) |
| 2.9 | (2.1) |
| |
Thailand | 40.1 | (2.1) | † | 56.1 | (1.0) |
| 15.9 | (2.3) | † | |
Ukraine | 38.2 | (2.3) |
| 46.9 | (0.9) |
| 8.7 | (2.4) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 72.0 | (2.5) |
| 61.7 | (0.5) |
| -10.4 | (2.4) |
| |
Uruguay | 32.0 | (4.3) |
| 48.4 | (0.9) | † | 16.3 | (4.5) | † | |
Viet Nam | m | m |
| 53.2 | (1.0) |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||
1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | ||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||
Table II.B1.6.5 [1/4]. Factors that influence students’ career and education expectations, by socio-economic status | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of students who considered that the following was important or very important in their decision about their future occupation: | ||||||||||||||||||
Their school grades | |||||||||||||||||||
All students | By students’ socio-economic status (ESCS)1 | ||||||||||||||||||
Bottom quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Top quarter | Top - Bottom quarter | |||||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 85.7 | (0.4) |
| 81.8 | (0.9) |
| 84.7 | (0.8) |
| 87.6 | (0.7) |
| 88.6 | (0.6) |
| 6.8 | (1.1) |
|
Austria | 80.7 | (0.7) |
| 83.6 | (1.1) |
| 82.3 | (1.3) |
| 82.4 | (1.2) |
| 75.2 | (1.3) |
| -8.4 | (1.7) |
| |
Belgium | 83.1 | (0.5) |
| 83.4 | (1.1) | † | 83.6 | (1.0) |
| 82.3 | (1.0) |
| 83.4 | (1.0) |
| 0.0 | (1.5) | † | |
Canada | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Chile | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Colombia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Czech Republic | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Denmark | 81.0 | (0.7) |
| 79.8 | (1.3) |
| 80.7 | (1.2) |
| 82.6 | (1.1) |
| 80.8 | (1.2) |
| 0.9 | (1.7) |
| |
Estonia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Finland | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
France | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Germany | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Greece | 65.0 | (0.7) |
| 65.1 | (1.3) |
| 65.4 | (1.1) |
| 65.3 | (1.1) |
| 64.3 | (1.5) |
| -0.8 | (1.9) |
| |
Hungary | 78.1 | (0.7) |
| 73.2 | (1.7) |
| 79.7 | (1.4) |
| 81.5 | (1.1) |
| 78.1 | (1.2) |
| 4.9 | (1.9) |
| |
Iceland | 81.0 | (0.6) |
| 75.8 | (1.6) |
| 79.9 | (1.6) |
| 82.2 | (1.3) |
| 85.5 | (1.4) |
| 9.7 | (2.2) |
| |
Ireland | 84.8 | (0.5) |
| 79.6 | (1.1) |
| 85.5 | (0.9) |
| 85.1 | (1.0) |
| 89.0 | (0.9) |
| 9.4 | (1.5) |
| |
Israel | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Italy | 64.3 | (0.8) |
| 62.4 | (1.1) |
| 66.3 | (1.4) |
| 63.8 | (1.4) |
| 64.4 | (1.4) |
| 2.0 | (1.7) |
| |
Japan | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Korea | 86.5 | (0.5) |
| 82.5 | (1.0) |
| 86.2 | (0.8) |
| 87.2 | (0.9) |
| 90.1 | (0.8) |
| 7.7 | (1.0) |
| |
Latvia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Lithuania | 61.3 | (0.7) |
| 59.1 | (1.4) |
| 62.6 | (1.3) |
| 62.1 | (1.3) |
| 62.0 | (1.3) |
| 2.9 | (2.0) |
| |
Luxembourg | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Mexico | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Netherlands* | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
New Zealand | 84.7 | (0.5) |
| 81.2 | (1.2) |
| 82.9 | (1.1) |
| 86.3 | (0.8) |
| 88.2 | (0.7) |
| 6.9 | (1.4) |
| |
Norway | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Poland | 63.1 | (0.7) |
| 59.4 | (1.4) |
| 62.9 | (1.4) |
| 63.7 | (1.2) |
| 65.8 | (1.5) |
| 6.4 | (2.0) |
| |
Portugal* | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Slovak Republic | 63.8 | (0.7) |
| 58.9 | (1.6) | † | 64.0 | (1.6) |
| 66.2 | (1.3) |
| 65.3 | (1.5) |
| 6.4 | (2.2) | † | |
Slovenia | 73.5 | (0.7) |
| 69.8 | (1.5) |
| 74.6 | (1.2) |
| 72.8 | (1.6) |
| 76.5 | (1.5) |
| 6.7 | (2.0) |
| |
Spain | 84.6 | (0.3) |
| 81.4 | (0.7) |
| 84.0 | (0.6) |
| 85.4 | (0.5) |
| 87.4 | (0.6) |
| 6.0 | (1.0) |
| |
Sweden | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Switzerland | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Turkey | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
United Kingdom | 90.1 | (0.5) | † | 89.7 | (1.1) | † | 90.1 | (1.1) | † | 89.4 | (0.9) | † | 91.1 | (0.9) |
| 1.3 | (1.3) | † | |
United States* | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | 77.1 | (0.2) |
| 74.5 | (0.3) |
| 77.4 | (0.3) |
| 78.0 | (0.3) |
| 78.6 | (0.3) |
| 4.0 | (0.4) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
← 1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Only countries and economies that distributed the educational career questionnaire are shown. | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.6.5 [2/4]. Factors that influence students’ career and education expectations, by socio-economic status | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of students who considered that the following was important or very important in their decision about their future occupation: | ||||||||||||||||||
Their school grades | |||||||||||||||||||
All students | By students’ socio-economic status (ESCS) | ||||||||||||||||||
Bottom quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Top quarter | Top - Bottom quarter | |||||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 86.6 | (0.6) |
| 84.1 | (0.9) |
| 86.4 | (1.0) |
| 86.5 | (1.1) |
| 89.4 | (1.0) |
| 5.2 | (1.4) |
|
Argentina | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Belarus | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Brazil | 80.9 | (0.6) | † | 77.6 | (1.2) | † | 81.4 | (1.1) | † | 81.1 | (1.1) | † | 83.2 | (1.1) |
| 5.6 | (1.7) | † | |
Brunei Darussalam | 91.2 | (0.4) |
| 87.1 | (0.9) |
| 92.3 | (0.7) |
| 90.7 | (0.7) |
| 94.6 | (0.6) |
| 7.5 | (1.0) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Bulgaria | 63.0 | (1.0) | † | 56.0 | (2.4) | † | 63.2 | (1.6) | † | 63.0 | (1.4) | † | 68.8 | (1.6) |
| 12.8 | (2.8) | † | |
Costa Rica | 92.6 | (0.4) |
| 92.1 | (1.0) |
| 92.2 | (0.7) |
| 92.7 | (0.7) |
| 93.3 | (0.6) |
| 1.3 | (1.2) |
| |
Croatia | 72.8 | (0.6) |
| 70.3 | (1.1) |
| 73.6 | (1.4) |
| 72.3 | (1.3) |
| 75.0 | (0.9) |
| 4.7 | (1.4) |
| |
Cyprus | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Dominican Republic | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Georgia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 81.7 | (0.5) |
| 78.4 | (1.4) |
| 82.3 | (1.1) |
| 81.3 | (1.2) |
| 85.3 | (0.9) |
| 6.9 | (1.7) |
| |
Indonesia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Jordan | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Kazakhstan | 73.5 | (0.5) |
| 74.9 | (0.8) |
| 74.6 | (1.0) |
| 73.0 | (0.9) |
| 71.7 | (1.0) |
| -3.3 | (1.2) |
| |
Kosovo | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Lebanon | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Macao (China) | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Malaysia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Malta | 84.8 | (0.7) |
| 83.4 | (1.6) |
| 86.2 | (1.3) |
| 83.6 | (1.5) |
| 86.4 | (1.2) |
| 3.0 | (1.9) |
| |
Moldova | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Montenegro | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Morocco | 81.4 | (0.7) |
| 80.3 | (1.1) |
| 81.7 | (1.2) |
| 79.8 | (1.0) |
| 84.0 | (1.2) |
| 3.8 | (1.5) |
| |
North Macedonia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Panama | 89.0 | (0.6) |
| 90.7 | (1.1) | † | 89.8 | (1.1) | † | 89.3 | (1.1) |
| 86.7 | (1.0) |
| -4.0 | (1.4) | † | |
Peru | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Philippines | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Qatar | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Romania | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Russia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Saudi Arabia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Serbia | 70.1 | (0.7) | † | 66.2 | (1.7) | † | 72.9 | (1.3) | † | 69.6 | (1.3) | † | 71.5 | (1.3) |
| 5.3 | (2.1) | † | |
Singapore | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 74.5 | (0.7) |
| 68.8 | (1.2) |
| 74.0 | (1.2) |
| 77.0 | (1.1) |
| 78.4 | (1.6) |
| 9.6 | (2.0) |
| |
Thailand | 87.7 | (0.6) |
| 86.9 | (0.9) |
| 88.1 | (1.1) |
| 88.1 | (1.0) |
| 87.9 | (0.9) |
| 1.0 | (1.3) |
| |
Ukraine | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
United Arab Emirates | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Uruguay | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Viet Nam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Only countries and economies that distributed the educational career questionnaire are shown. | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.6.5 [3/4]. Factors that influence students’ career and education expectations, by socio-economic status | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of students who considered that the following was important or very important in their decision about their future occupation: | ||||||||||||||||||
The school subjects they are good at | |||||||||||||||||||
All students | By students’ socio-economic status (ESCS) | ||||||||||||||||||
Bottom quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Top quarter | Top - Bottom quarter | |||||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 87.5 | (0.4) |
| 82.6 | (0.8) |
| 87.4 | (0.7) |
| 89.6 | (0.6) |
| 90.4 | (0.5) |
| 7.8 | (1.0) |
|
Austria | 79.6 | (0.7) |
| 80.2 | (1.5) |
| 79.6 | (1.2) |
| 81.8 | (1.2) |
| 77.4 | (1.2) |
| -2.8 | (1.9) |
| |
Belgium | 83.9 | (0.5) |
| 80.7 | (1.3) | † | 82.6 | (0.9) |
| 84.0 | (0.9) |
| 88.2 | (0.8) |
| 7.4 | (1.4) | † | |
Canada | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Chile | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Colombia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Czech Republic | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Denmark | 82.5 | (0.6) |
| 78.2 | (1.3) |
| 81.5 | (1.2) |
| 84.9 | (1.0) |
| 84.9 | (1.1) |
| 6.7 | (1.9) |
| |
Estonia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Finland | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
France | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Germany | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Greece | 74.3 | (0.7) |
| 71.1 | (1.4) |
| 73.0 | (1.3) |
| 75.6 | (1.2) |
| 77.3 | (1.2) |
| 6.3 | (1.7) |
| |
Hungary | 80.6 | (0.7) |
| 72.4 | (1.4) |
| 80.4 | (1.3) |
| 83.4 | (1.3) |
| 85.8 | (1.0) |
| 13.4 | (1.6) |
| |
Iceland | 83.2 | (0.7) |
| 78.0 | (1.8) |
| 81.2 | (1.4) |
| 85.5 | (1.3) |
| 87.5 | (1.3) |
| 9.5 | (2.1) |
| |
Ireland | 86.8 | (0.5) |
| 81.2 | (1.0) |
| 87.3 | (0.9) |
| 87.8 | (1.0) |
| 90.8 | (0.9) |
| 9.5 | (1.4) |
| |
Israel | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Italy | 68.2 | (0.8) |
| 64.8 | (1.4) |
| 67.9 | (1.4) |
| 69.6 | (1.3) |
| 70.4 | (1.3) |
| 5.5 | (1.9) |
| |
Japan | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Korea | 85.5 | (0.5) |
| 80.9 | (1.0) |
| 84.8 | (0.9) |
| 86.9 | (0.9) |
| 89.3 | (0.7) |
| 8.4 | (1.0) |
| |
Latvia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Lithuania | 67.7 | (0.7) |
| 62.1 | (1.3) |
| 68.3 | (1.1) |
| 69.6 | (1.3) |
| 71.3 | (1.3) |
| 9.2 | (1.9) |
| |
Luxembourg | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Mexico | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Netherlands* | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
New Zealand | 86.4 | (0.5) |
| 82.6 | (1.1) |
| 84.4 | (1.0) |
| 87.5 | (0.8) |
| 91.3 | (0.6) |
| 8.8 | (1.1) |
| |
Norway | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Poland | 69.4 | (0.7) |
| 62.6 | (1.4) |
| 67.8 | (1.4) |
| 70.2 | (1.3) |
| 76.4 | (1.3) |
| 13.8 | (1.7) |
| |
Portugal* | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Slovak Republic | 66.8 | (0.7) |
| 58.1 | (1.8) | † | 66.2 | (1.4) |
| 69.5 | (1.3) |
| 71.7 | (1.2) |
| 13.6 | (2.2) | † | |
Slovenia | 73.3 | (0.8) |
| 66.8 | (1.4) |
| 70.6 | (1.3) |
| 75.8 | (1.5) |
| 79.8 | (1.4) |
| 12.9 | (1.9) |
| |
Spain | 85.6 | (0.3) |
| 81.7 | (0.7) |
| 84.9 | (0.7) |
| 86.9 | (0.5) |
| 88.7 | (0.6) |
| 6.9 | (0.9) |
| |
Sweden | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Switzerland | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Turkey | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
United Kingdom | 87.4 | (0.6) | † | 84.0 | (1.4) | † | 86.3 | (1.2) | † | 87.6 | (1.0) | † | 91.6 | (1.0) |
| 7.6 | (1.7) | † | |
United States* | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | 79.3 | (0.2) |
| 74.6 | (0.3) |
| 78.5 | (0.3) |
| 81.0 | (0.3) |
| 83.1 | (0.3) |
| 8.5 | (0.4) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Only countries and economies that distributed the educational career questionnaire are shown. | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.6.5 [4/4]. Factors that influence students’ career and education expectations, by socio-economic status | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of students who considered that the following was important or very important in their decision about their future occupation: | ||||||||||||||||||
The school subjects they are good at | |||||||||||||||||||
All students | By students’ socio-economic status (ESCS) | ||||||||||||||||||
Bottom quarter | Second quarter | Third quarter | Top quarter | Top - Bottom quarter | |||||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 86.6 | (0.6) |
| 83.9 | (1.0) |
| 86.4 | (1.1) |
| 86.3 | (1.1) |
| 90.1 | (0.9) |
| 6.2 | (1.2) |
|
Argentina | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Belarus | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Brazil | 81.6 | (0.5) | † | 77.0 | (1.3) | † | 82.9 | (1.0) | † | 81.2 | (1.1) | † | 84.7 | (0.8) |
| 7.7 | (1.5) | † | |
Brunei Darussalam | 89.4 | (0.4) |
| 86.0 | (0.8) |
| 89.6 | (0.9) |
| 89.1 | (0.8) |
| 93.0 | (0.6) |
| 7.0 | (1.0) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Bulgaria | 65.8 | (1.1) | † | 57.6 | (2.4) | † | 64.5 | (2.0) | † | 67.1 | (1.8) | † | 73.0 | (1.4) | † | 15.4 | (2.7) | † | |
Costa Rica | 90.1 | (0.5) |
| 89.1 | (0.9) |
| 88.3 | (0.9) |
| 90.8 | (0.8) |
| 92.1 | (0.8) |
| 3.0 | (1.2) |
| |
Croatia | 73.4 | (0.7) |
| 69.2 | (1.2) |
| 73.1 | (1.4) |
| 73.4 | (1.3) |
| 77.6 | (1.0) |
| 8.4 | (1.6) |
| |
Cyprus | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Dominican Republic | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Georgia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 84.4 | (0.5) |
| 80.1 | (1.1) |
| 83.9 | (1.1) |
| 86.7 | (1.0) |
| 87.5 | (0.8) |
| 7.3 | (1.4) |
| |
Indonesia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Jordan | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Kazakhstan | 82.7 | (0.4) |
| 80.1 | (0.7) |
| 83.0 | (0.7) |
| 83.6 | (0.6) |
| 84.3 | (0.8) |
| 4.2 | (1.0) |
| |
Kosovo | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Lebanon | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Macao (China) | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Malaysia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Malta | 87.2 | (0.6) |
| 85.7 | (1.3) |
| 88.8 | (1.3) |
| 86.4 | (1.4) |
| 88.0 | (1.2) |
| 2.2 | (1.9) |
| |
Moldova | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Montenegro | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Morocco | 80.8 | (0.7) |
| 79.1 | (1.0) |
| 80.1 | (1.5) |
| 79.4 | (0.9) |
| 84.4 | (1.2) |
| 5.3 | (1.5) |
| |
North Macedonia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Panama | 88.4 | (0.6) | † | 88.9 | (1.4) | † | 87.2 | (1.2) | † | 88.6 | (1.0) |
| 88.9 | (1.0) |
| 0.1 | (1.5) | † | |
Peru | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Philippines | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Qatar | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Romania | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Russia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Saudi Arabia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Serbia | 72.5 | (0.7) | † | 68.6 | (1.5) | † | 73.8 | (1.4) | † | 71.7 | (1.1) | † | 75.4 | (1.2) |
| 6.7 | (1.8) | † | |
Singapore | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 81.4 | (0.6) |
| 75.9 | (1.1) |
| 80.3 | (1.2) |
| 84.1 | (0.9) |
| 85.5 | (1.2) |
| 9.6 | (1.6) |
| |
Thailand | 86.6 | (0.6) |
| 85.1 | (1.0) |
| 86.1 | (1.1) |
| 86.6 | (1.0) |
| 88.7 | (1.0) |
| 3.6 | (1.4) |
| |
Ukraine | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
United Arab Emirates | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Uruguay | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Viet Nam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
1. ESCS refers to the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). Only countries and economies that distributed the educational career questionnaire are shown. | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.7.3 [1/6]. Mathematics performance, by gender (2018) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys | ||||||||||||
Mean | 10th percentile | Median (50th percentile) | 90th percentile | ||||||||||
Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 494 | (2.4) |
| 369 | (4.1) |
| 496 | (2.5) |
| 616 | (4.1) |
|
Austria | 505 | (3.9) |
| 376 | (6.2) |
| 509 | (4.8) |
| 630 | (4.4) |
| |
Belgium | 514 | (2.9) |
| 381 | (5.4) |
| 520 | (3.5) |
| 636 | (3.9) |
| |
Canada | 514 | (2.5) |
| 391 | (3.5) |
| 516 | (3.1) |
| 635 | (3.4) |
| |
Chile | 421 | (3.3) |
| 310 | (4.6) |
| 420 | (4.0) |
| 536 | (4.5) |
| |
Colombia | 401 | (3.8) |
| 296 | (5.4) |
| 398 | (4.5) |
| 513 | (5.0) |
| |
Czech Republic | 501 | (2.9) |
| 378 | (4.6) |
| 502 | (3.6) |
| 623 | (4.2) |
| |
Denmark | 511 | (2.3) |
| 399 | (3.7) |
| 514 | (2.8) |
| 619 | (3.7) |
| |
Estonia | 528 | (2.2) |
| 420 | (3.8) |
| 529 | (2.9) |
| 636 | (4.2) |
| |
Finland | 504 | (2.5) |
| 392 | (4.6) |
| 506 | (3.0) |
| 615 | (3.6) |
| |
France | 499 | (2.7) |
| 370 | (4.2) |
| 505 | (3.3) |
| 619 | (3.6) |
| |
Germany | 503 | (3.0) |
| 372 | (4.5) |
| 508 | (4.2) |
| 628 | (3.8) |
| |
Greece | 452 | (3.9) |
| 329 | (5.3) |
| 453 | (4.5) |
| 572 | (4.8) |
| |
Hungary | 486 | (3.0) |
| 363 | (5.3) |
| 488 | (3.8) |
| 604 | (3.9) |
| |
Iceland | 490 | (2.5) |
| 362 | (5.8) |
| 494 | (3.4) |
| 610 | (4.2) |
| |
Ireland | 503 | (2.9) |
| 397 | (4.3) |
| 505 | (3.4) |
| 607 | (4.2) |
| |
Israel | 458 | (5.2) |
| 297 | (8.5) |
| 463 | (6.0) |
| 610 | (5.3) |
| |
Italy | 494 | (3.3) |
| 364 | (6.0) |
| 499 | (4.0) |
| 616 | (4.4) |
| |
Japan | 532 | (3.4) |
| 411 | (5.0) |
| 537 | (4.1) |
| 646 | (5.0) |
| |
Korea | 528 | (4.1) |
| 390 | (6.0) |
| 533 | (4.5) |
| 657 | (6.3) |
| |
Latvia | 500 | (2.2) |
| 392 | (3.6) |
| 500 | (2.8) |
| 607 | (4.7) |
| |
Lithuania | 480 | (2.4) |
| 356 | (4.6) |
| 481 | (3.0) |
| 604 | (4.2) |
| |
Luxembourg | 487 | (1.5) |
| 355 | (3.7) |
| 490 | (2.9) |
| 616 | (3.4) |
| |
Mexico | 415 | (2.9) |
| 315 | (5.0) |
| 413 | (3.2) |
| 518 | (4.3) |
| |
Netherlands* | 520 | (3.5) |
| 392 | (6.3) |
| 525 | (4.4) |
| 642 | (4.9) |
| |
New Zealand | 499 | (2.5) |
| 372 | (4.1) |
| 500 | (3.2) |
| 623 | (3.8) |
| |
Norway | 497 | (2.5) |
| 370 | (4.8) |
| 501 | (3.2) |
| 618 | (3.8) |
| |
Poland | 516 | (2.9) |
| 394 | (4.6) |
| 518 | (3.9) |
| 635 | (4.7) |
| |
Portugal* | 497 | (3.0) |
| 361 | (4.4) |
| 501 | (3.8) |
| 624 | (4.5) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 488 | (3.2) |
| 355 | (6.3) |
| 492 | (4.0) |
| 617 | (4.2) |
| |
Slovenia | 509 | (1.9) |
| 390 | (4.1) |
| 511 | (2.4) |
| 625 | (4.5) |
| |
Spain | 485 | (2.1) |
| 365 | (3.2) |
| 487 | (2.3) |
| 600 | (2.6) |
| |
Sweden | 502 | (3.1) |
| 380 | (6.1) |
| 504 | (3.8) |
| 620 | (4.4) |
| |
Switzerland | 519 | (3.0) |
| 394 | (4.5) |
| 521 | (3.9) |
| 641 | (5.0) |
| |
Turkey | 456 | (3.2) |
| 342 | (5.5) |
| 453 | (3.7) |
| 575 | (5.0) |
| |
United Kingdom | 508 | (3.2) |
| 384 | (5.0) |
| 511 | (4.1) |
| 628 | (4.9) |
| |
United States* | 482 | (3.9) |
| 356 | (5.4) |
| 485 | (4.2) |
| 605 | (6.0) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-36b | 491 | (0.5) |
| 368 | (0.8) |
| 494 | (0.6) |
| 611 | (0.7) |
| |
OECD average-37 | 492 | (0.5) |
| 369 | (0.8) |
| 494 | (0.6) |
| 612 | (0.7) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.7.3 [2/6]. Mathematics performance, by gender (2018) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys | ||||||||||||
Mean | 10th percentile | Median (50th percentile) | 90th percentile | ||||||||||
Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 435 | (2.8) |
| 329 | (4.0) |
| 433 | (3.3) |
| 545 | (5.4) |
|
Argentina | 387 | (3.2) |
| 275 | (5.5) |
| 387 | (3.5) |
| 501 | (5.2) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 423 | (3.1) |
| 304 | (4.5) |
| 422 | (3.6) |
| 546 | (5.0) |
| |
Belarus | 475 | (3.2) |
| 349 | (5.1) |
| 476 | (3.8) |
| 600 | (4.3) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 408 | (3.3) |
| 303 | (4.0) |
| 403 | (4.0) |
| 520 | (5.1) |
| |
Brazil | 388 | (2.6) |
| 277 | (3.2) |
| 380 | (3.0) |
| 510 | (4.9) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 426 | (1.7) |
| 307 | (2.7) |
| 421 | (2.5) |
| 557 | (3.1) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 597 | (2.9) |
| 488 | (5.7) |
| 602 | (3.0) |
| 698 | (3.6) |
| |
Bulgaria | 435 | (4.9) |
| 308 | (6.7) |
| 433 | (5.0) |
| 568 | (7.3) |
| |
Costa Rica | 411 | (3.1) |
| 318 | (4.5) |
| 410 | (3.3) |
| 507 | (5.7) |
| |
Croatia | 469 | (3.0) |
| 355 | (4.8) |
| 467 | (3.5) |
| 586 | (4.2) |
| |
Cyprus | 447 | (1.9) |
| 314 | (3.5) |
| 449 | (2.9) |
| 575 | (3.5) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 324 | (3.0) |
| 234 | (3.3) |
| 319 | (3.6) |
| 419 | (5.9) |
| |
Georgia | 396 | (3.3) |
| 280 | (4.4) |
| 392 | (3.3) |
| 518 | (6.2) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 548 | (3.6) |
| 417 | (6.7) |
| 555 | (4.2) |
| 670 | (4.5) |
| |
Indonesia | 374 | (3.6) |
| 277 | (5.5) |
| 370 | (4.2) |
| 474 | (6.2) |
| |
Jordan | 397 | (5.2) |
| 281 | (7.1) |
| 398 | (6.1) |
| 511 | (5.4) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 424 | (2.0) |
| 310 | (3.1) |
| 422 | (2.6) |
| 540 | (3.4) |
| |
Kosovo | 368 | (2.1) |
| 267 | (3.2) |
| 365 | (2.6) |
| 474 | (4.0) |
| |
Lebanon | 394 | (5.0) |
| 254 | (5.7) |
| 390 | (6.9) |
| 538 | (5.6) |
| |
Macao (China) | 560 | (2.2) |
| 451 | (4.4) |
| 562 | (2.9) |
| 664 | (3.9) |
| |
Malaysia | 437 | (3.5) |
| 330 | (4.1) |
| 434 | (3.6) |
| 550 | (5.7) |
| |
Malta | 466 | (2.4) |
| 321 | (5.3) |
| 471 | (3.9) |
| 603 | (4.3) |
| |
Moldova | 420 | (2.7) |
| 294 | (4.1) |
| 418 | (4.0) |
| 547 | (4.7) |
| |
Montenegro | 434 | (1.9) |
| 323 | (2.8) |
| 433 | (2.5) |
| 546 | (3.2) |
| |
Morocco | 368 | (3.7) |
| 274 | (3.8) |
| 362 | (4.0) |
| 473 | (5.1) |
| |
North Macedonia | 391 | (1.9) |
| 271 | (3.5) |
| 390 | (2.8) |
| 513 | (4.3) |
| |
Panama | 357 | (3.4) |
| 257 | (5.2) |
| 355 | (3.4) |
| 461 | (5.8) |
| |
Peru | 408 | (3.3) |
| 299 | (4.1) |
| 404 | (3.4) |
| 525 | (5.2) |
| |
Philippines | 346 | (4.0) |
| 247 | (5.0) |
| 341 | (3.8) |
| 455 | (7.5) |
| |
Qatar | 402 | (1.4) |
| 272 | (2.8) |
| 393 | (1.9) |
| 548 | (3.0) |
| |
Romania | 432 | (4.9) |
| 308 | (6.0) |
| 430 | (5.7) |
| 561 | (7.1) |
| |
Russia | 490 | (3.2) |
| 375 | (5.2) |
| 493 | (4.0) |
| 602 | (4.1) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 367 | (3.8) |
| 263 | (4.7) |
| 364 | (4.6) |
| 475 | (5.1) |
| |
Serbia | 450 | (3.9) |
| 323 | (5.6) |
| 446 | (4.9) |
| 582 | (4.7) |
| |
Singapore | 571 | (1.6) |
| 436 | (3.1) |
| 580 | (2.8) |
| 691 | (2.8) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 533 | (4.3) |
| 391 | (4.8) |
| 540 | (4.5) |
| 662 | (6.5) |
| |
Thailand | 410 | (4.9) |
| 299 | (5.3) |
| 405 | (5.1) |
| 530 | (8.8) |
| |
Ukraine | 456 | (4.3) |
| 329 | (5.6) |
| 459 | (4.8) |
| 580 | (6.1) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 430 | (2.4) |
| 285 | (3.9) |
| 426 | (3.2) |
| 583 | (3.5) |
| |
Uruguay | 422 | (3.3) |
| 309 | (5.1) |
| 423 | (4.2) |
| 537 | (5.2) |
| |
Viet Nam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.7.3 [3/6]. Mathematics performance, by gender (2018) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Girls | ||||||||||||
Mean | 10th percentile | Median (50th percentile) | 90th percentile | ||||||||||
Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 488 | (2.5) |
| 373 | (3.0) |
| 489 | (2.9) |
| 603 | (3.3) |
|
Austria | 492 | (3.8) |
| 371 | (6.1) |
| 498 | (4.8) |
| 603 | (4.0) |
| |
Belgium | 502 | (2.7) |
| 372 | (4.5) |
| 509 | (3.5) |
| 620 | (3.4) |
| |
Canada | 510 | (2.7) |
| 393 | (3.5) |
| 511 | (3.3) |
| 624 | (3.2) |
| |
Chile | 414 | (2.7) |
| 312 | (4.2) |
| 412 | (3.5) |
| 520 | (4.0) |
| |
Colombia | 381 | (3.1) |
| 285 | (4.4) |
| 378 | (3.3) |
| 483 | (5.2) |
| |
Czech Republic | 498 | (3.2) |
| 378 | (6.4) |
| 500 | (3.6) |
| 615 | (4.0) |
| |
Denmark | 507 | (2.3) |
| 402 | (3.4) |
| 509 | (2.8) |
| 608 | (3.7) |
| |
Estonia | 519 | (2.0) |
| 419 | (3.8) |
| 519 | (3.1) |
| 620 | (3.2) |
| |
Finland | 510 | (2.2) |
| 407 | (4.3) |
| 514 | (3.4) |
| 609 | (3.5) |
| |
France | 492 | (2.8) |
| 370 | (4.8) |
| 498 | (4.0) |
| 603 | (3.6) |
| |
Germany | 496 | (3.1) |
| 374 | (6.0) |
| 500 | (4.1) |
| 613 | (3.7) |
| |
Greece | 451 | (3.2) |
| 339 | (5.5) |
| 454 | (3.5) |
| 557 | (4.1) |
| |
Hungary | 477 | (3.2) |
| 356 | (5.4) |
| 480 | (4.1) |
| 591 | (5.0) |
| |
Iceland | 500 | (2.9) |
| 386 | (5.7) |
| 504 | (3.5) |
| 608 | (4.5) |
| |
Ireland | 497 | (2.7) |
| 397 | (4.0) |
| 499 | (3.2) |
| 592 | (3.5) |
| |
Israel | 467 | (3.5) |
| 334 | (5.6) |
| 473 | (4.3) |
| 591 | (4.1) |
| |
Italy | 479 | (3.1) |
| 362 | (6.5) |
| 481 | (3.8) |
| 591 | (4.7) |
| |
Japan | 522 | (2.9) |
| 414 | (5.3) |
| 525 | (3.7) |
| 626 | (3.9) |
| |
Korea | 524 | (4.0) |
| 397 | (6.8) |
| 527 | (4.3) |
| 645 | (5.6) |
| |
Latvia | 493 | (2.5) |
| 393 | (4.1) |
| 494 | (3.2) |
| 592 | (3.8) |
| |
Lithuania | 482 | (2.7) |
| 369 | (4.1) |
| 485 | (3.5) |
| 592 | (3.8) |
| |
Luxembourg | 480 | (1.7) |
| 352 | (4.2) |
| 481 | (2.5) |
| 605 | (3.5) |
| |
Mexico | 403 | (2.7) |
| 307 | (3.9) |
| 403 | (3.0) |
| 500 | (4.5) |
| |
Netherlands* | 519 | (2.7) |
| 396 | (5.6) |
| 524 | (3.5) |
| 632 | (4.5) |
| |
New Zealand | 490 | (2.3) |
| 373 | (4.1) |
| 492 | (2.8) |
| 605 | (3.7) |
| |
Norway | 505 | (2.6) |
| 392 | (4.3) |
| 507 | (3.3) |
| 615 | (4.6) |
| |
Poland | 515 | (3.1) |
| 402 | (4.2) |
| 516 | (3.4) |
| 627 | (5.8) |
| |
Portugal* | 488 | (3.1) |
| 363 | (5.0) |
| 493 | (3.8) |
| 602 | (4.4) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 484 | (3.2) |
| 352 | (6.7) |
| 491 | (4.5) |
| 605 | (4.3) |
| |
Slovenia | 509 | (1.8) |
| 395 | (4.1) |
| 511 | (2.7) |
| 619 | (4.4) |
| |
Spain | 478 | (1.5) |
| 365 | (2.7) |
| 482 | (1.7) |
| 586 | (2.2) |
| |
Sweden | 503 | (3.1) |
| 386 | (5.2) |
| 506 | (3.9) |
| 616 | (4.5) |
| |
Switzerland | 512 | (3.5) |
| 389 | (4.7) |
| 515 | (4.3) |
| 631 | (5.1) |
| |
Turkey | 451 | (2.9) |
| 343 | (4.7) |
| 447 | (3.3) |
| 567 | (4.8) |
| |
United Kingdom | 496 | (3.0) |
| 378 | (4.9) |
| 497 | (3.3) |
| 612 | (4.0) |
| |
United States* | 474 | (3.3) |
| 358 | (5.2) |
| 474 | (3.8) |
| 590 | (5.3) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-36b | 487 | (0.5) |
| 372 | (0.8) |
| 489 | (0.6) |
| 598 | (0.7) |
| |
OECD average-37 | 487 | (0.5) |
| 372 | (0.8) |
| 489 | (0.6) |
| 598 | (0.7) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.7.3 [4/6]. Mathematics performance, by gender (2018) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Girls | ||||||||||||
Mean | 10th percentile | Median (50th percentile) | 90th percentile | ||||||||||
Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 440 | (2.7) |
| 336 | (4.1) |
| 440 | (3.5) |
| 542 | (3.5) |
|
Argentina | 372 | (2.7) |
| 270 | (4.2) |
| 371 | (3.2) |
| 477 | (3.9) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 416 | (3.2) |
| 308 | (4.2) |
| 415 | (3.5) |
| 524 | (5.1) |
| |
Belarus | 469 | (3.1) |
| 353 | (4.0) |
| 470 | (3.8) |
| 584 | (4.5) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 405 | (3.7) |
| 303 | (4.3) |
| 404 | (4.2) |
| 509 | (5.3) |
| |
Brazil | 379 | (2.0) |
| 276 | (3.0) |
| 374 | (2.7) |
| 492 | (4.1) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 434 | (1.3) |
| 326 | (3.5) |
| 429 | (2.0) |
| 553 | (3.0) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 586 | (2.6) |
| 485 | (4.4) |
| 590 | (2.8) |
| 682 | (4.3) |
| |
Bulgaria | 437 | (3.9) |
| 317 | (5.5) |
| 436 | (4.8) |
| 558 | (5.5) |
| |
Costa Rica | 394 | (4.5) |
| 300 | (4.6) |
| 392 | (4.3) |
| 490 | (8.2) |
| |
Croatia | 460 | (3.4) |
| 352 | (4.6) |
| 460 | (3.8) |
| 568 | (5.2) |
| |
Cyprus | 455 | (1.7) |
| 338 | (3.7) |
| 459 | (2.7) |
| 567 | (3.2) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 327 | (2.9) |
| 239 | (3.3) |
| 325 | (3.5) |
| 416 | (5.0) |
| |
Georgia | 400 | (2.6) |
| 293 | (3.7) |
| 397 | (3.2) |
| 512 | (4.5) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 554 | (3.4) |
| 435 | (6.7) |
| 559 | (3.8) |
| 664 | (4.5) |
| |
Indonesia | 383 | (3.5) |
| 286 | (5.1) |
| 380 | (3.5) |
| 485 | (7.2) |
| |
Jordan | 403 | (3.1) |
| 302 | (4.4) |
| 402 | (3.4) |
| 505 | (5.5) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 422 | (2.6) |
| 317 | (3.3) |
| 422 | (2.9) |
| 530 | (3.8) |
| |
Kosovo | 364 | (1.9) |
| 270 | (4.2) |
| 363 | (2.9) |
| 457 | (4.2) |
| |
Lebanon | 393 | (4.0) |
| 259 | (5.5) |
| 392 | (4.7) |
| 529 | (4.9) |
| |
Macao (China) | 556 | (2.2) |
| 453 | (4.8) |
| 559 | (3.1) |
| 654 | (3.5) |
| |
Malaysia | 443 | (3.2) |
| 340 | (4.2) |
| 442 | (3.5) |
| 549 | (5.6) |
| |
Malta | 478 | (2.7) |
| 353 | (5.2) |
| 484 | (3.6) |
| 595 | (4.8) |
| |
Moldova | 422 | (2.9) |
| 305 | (4.2) |
| 420 | (3.0) |
| 539 | (6.2) |
| |
Montenegro | 425 | (2.2) |
| 324 | (3.3) |
| 425 | (3.1) |
| 528 | (3.3) |
| |
Morocco | 367 | (3.4) |
| 273 | (3.8) |
| 365 | (3.9) |
| 466 | (5.3) |
| |
North Macedonia | 398 | (2.1) |
| 280 | (3.8) |
| 398 | (3.4) |
| 519 | (4.3) |
| |
Panama | 349 | (3.0) |
| 254 | (4.2) |
| 348 | (3.6) |
| 446 | (5.9) |
| |
Peru | 392 | (2.6) |
| 288 | (4.1) |
| 390 | (3.1) |
| 496 | (4.1) |
| |
Philippines | 358 | (3.7) |
| 264 | (4.3) |
| 356 | (3.5) |
| 457 | (6.1) |
| |
Qatar | 426 | (1.5) |
| 316 | (2.4) |
| 425 | (1.9) |
| 539 | (3.5) |
| |
Romania | 427 | (5.6) |
| 312 | (6.4) |
| 427 | (6.6) |
| 546 | (7.8) |
| |
Russia | 485 | (3.1) |
| 378 | (4.5) |
| 487 | (3.3) |
| 592 | (4.7) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 380 | (4.0) |
| 286 | (5.5) |
| 379 | (4.2) |
| 475 | (4.8) |
| |
Serbia | 447 | (3.4) |
| 326 | (4.5) |
| 446 | (4.4) |
| 570 | (4.0) |
| |
Singapore | 567 | (2.3) |
| 446 | (4.1) |
| 574 | (2.7) |
| 678 | (4.0) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 529 | (4.1) |
| 403 | (5.7) |
| 534 | (4.3) |
| 649 | (6.7) |
| |
Thailand | 426 | (3.7) |
| 320 | (3.8) |
| 422 | (3.9) |
| 539 | (6.6) |
| |
Ukraine | 449 | (3.9) |
| 333 | (5.7) |
| 449 | (4.6) |
| 566 | (6.2) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 439 | (2.8) |
| 315 | (3.6) |
| 438 | (3.5) |
| 566 | (4.0) |
| |
Uruguay | 414 | (3.0) |
| 306 | (4.2) |
| 415 | (3.7) |
| 520 | (4.8) |
| |
Viet Nam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.7.3 [5/6]. Mathematics performance, by gender (2018) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender differences (girls - boys) | ||||||||||||
Mean | 10th percentile | Median (50th percentile) | 90th percentile | ||||||||||
Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | -6 | (3.0) |
| 4 | (3.9) |
| -7 | (3.7) |
| -13 | (4.5) |
|
Austria | -13 | (5.1) |
| -5 | (8.3) |
| -11 | (6.5) |
| -27 | (5.3) |
| |
Belgium | -12 | (3.3) |
| -9 | (5.7) |
| -11 | (4.6) |
| -17 | (4.1) |
| |
Canada | -5 | (2.3) |
| 2 | (3.7) |
| -5 | (3.3) |
| -11 | (3.8) |
| |
Chile | -7 | (3.6) |
| 2 | (5.4) |
| -8 | (4.6) |
| -16 | (5.1) |
| |
Colombia | -20 | (3.5) |
| -10 | (6.4) |
| -20 | (4.1) |
| -29 | (5.8) |
| |
Czech Republic | -4 | (3.6) |
| 0 | (6.3) |
| -2 | (5.0) |
| -9 | (4.8) |
| |
Denmark | -4 | (2.9) |
| 3 | (4.9) |
| -5 | (3.5) |
| -11 | (5.1) |
| |
Estonia | -8 | (2.5) |
| -1 | (5.2) |
| -9 | (3.7) |
| -16 | (5.2) |
| |
Finland | 6 | (2.6) |
| 15 | (5.4) |
| 8 | (4.0) |
| -6 | (4.3) |
| |
France | -6 | (2.9) |
| 0 | (5.6) |
| -7 | (4.5) |
| -16 | (4.2) |
| |
Germany | -7 | (2.9) |
| 2 | (6.2) |
| -8 | (4.6) |
| -15 | (4.2) |
| |
Greece | 0 | (3.6) |
| 10 | (6.0) |
| 2 | (4.5) |
| -15 | (5.1) |
| |
Hungary | -9 | (4.1) |
| -7 | (7.5) |
| -8 | (5.3) |
| -13 | (4.9) |
| |
Iceland | 10 | (3.7) |
| 24 | (8.3) |
| 9 | (4.8) |
| -3 | (6.4) |
| |
Ireland | -6 | (3.4) |
| 0 | (5.0) |
| -6 | (4.4) |
| -15 | (5.0) |
| |
Israel | 9 | (5.4) |
| 37 | (9.6) |
| 10 | (6.2) |
| -19 | (5.7) |
| |
Italy | -16 | (3.5) |
| -2 | (7.8) |
| -18 | (4.2) |
| -25 | (4.8) |
| |
Japan | -10 | (3.9) |
| 3 | (6.7) |
| -11 | (5.0) |
| -20 | (5.0) |
| |
Korea | -4 | (5.3) |
| 7 | (8.9) |
| -5 | (5.9) |
| -13 | (7.4) |
| |
Latvia | -7 | (2.6) |
| 1 | (4.2) |
| -6 | (3.7) |
| -16 | (5.8) |
| |
Lithuania | 2 | (3.3) |
| 13 | (6.1) |
| 4 | (4.6) |
| -12 | (5.3) |
| |
Luxembourg | -7 | (2.3) |
| -2 | (5.0) |
| -8 | (3.8) |
| -11 | (4.0) |
| |
Mexico | -12 | (2.6) |
| -8 | (5.7) |
| -10 | (3.0) |
| -18 | (4.8) |
| |
Netherlands* | -1 | (3.3) |
| 5 | (6.8) |
| -1 | (5.0) |
| -10 | (5.2) |
| |
New Zealand | -9 | (3.3) |
| 1 | (5.5) |
| -8 | (4.0) |
| -18 | (6.0) |
| |
Norway | 7 | (2.6) |
| 22 | (5.4) |
| 6 | (3.5) |
| -4 | (5.0) |
| |
Poland | -1 | (3.0) |
| 8 | (4.7) |
| -2 | (4.7) |
| -8 | (6.1) |
| |
Portugal* | -9 | (3.1) |
| 2 | (5.8) |
| -8 | (4.5) |
| -22 | (5.4) |
| |
Slovak Republic | -5 | (3.9) |
| -3 | (7.8) |
| -1 | (6.0) |
| -12 | (6.2) |
| |
Slovenia | -1 | (2.5) |
| 5 | (5.4) |
| -1 | (3.7) |
| -5 | (6.8) |
| |
Spain | -6 | (2.1) |
| -1 | (3.6) |
| -6 | (2.6) |
| -14 | (2.6) |
| |
Sweden | 1 | (3.1) |
| 6 | (6.5) |
| 2 | (4.2) |
| -4 | (6.0) |
| |
Switzerland | -7 | (2.9) |
| -5 | (5.9) |
| -6 | (4.2) |
| -10 | (5.0) |
| |
Turkey | -5 | (4.0) |
| 0 | (7.0) |
| -7 | (5.1) |
| -8 | (5.6) |
| |
United Kingdom | -12 | (3.6) |
| -6 | (5.8) |
| -13 | (4.8) |
| -17 | (5.8) |
| |
United States* | -9 | (3.2) |
| 2 | (5.9) |
| -12 | (3.7) |
| -15 | (6.7) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-36b | -5 | (0.6) |
| 3 | (1.0) |
| -5 | (0.7) |
| -13 | (0.9) |
| |
OECD average-37 | -5 | (0.6) |
| 3 | (1.0) |
| -5 | (0.7) |
| -14 | (0.9) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.7.3 [6/6]. Mathematics performance, by gender (2018) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender differences (girls - boys) | ||||||||||||
Mean | 10th percentile | Median (50th percentile) | 90th percentile | ||||||||||
Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 5 | (2.7) |
| 7 | (4.7) |
| 7 | (3.6) |
| -3 | (5.1) |
|
Argentina | -15 | (2.2) |
| -5 | (4.4) |
| -16 | (2.9) |
| -24 | (4.9) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | -8 | (2.8) |
| 5 | (5.4) |
| -7 | (4.0) |
| -22 | (4.8) |
| |
Belarus | -6 | (3.3) |
| 4 | (6.0) |
| -6 | (4.4) |
| -17 | (4.5) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | -3 | (3.3) |
| 0 | (5.1) |
| 1 | (4.3) |
| -11 | (5.8) |
| |
Brazil | -9 | (2.2) |
| -1 | (4.1) |
| -6 | (3.0) |
| -18 | (5.1) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 8 | (1.9) |
| 18 | (3.5) |
| 8 | (3.1) |
| -4 | (4.4) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | -11 | (2.4) |
| -3 | (6.3) |
| -12 | (3.0) |
| -16 | (4.0) |
| |
Bulgaria | 2 | (4.5) |
| 9 | (6.8) |
| 4 | (5.6) |
| -10 | (6.5) |
| |
Costa Rica | -18 | (3.9) |
| -18 | (5.7) |
| -18 | (3.8) |
| -18 | (7.5) |
| |
Croatia | -9 | (3.8) |
| -4 | (5.4) |
| -7 | (4.4) |
| -19 | (5.7) |
| |
Cyprus | 8 | (2.3) |
| 24 | (5.1) |
| 9 | (4.1) |
| -8 | (4.5) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 3 | (2.8) |
| 5 | (4.0) |
| 6 | (4.2) |
| -3 | (4.8) |
| |
Georgia | 4 | (3.0) |
| 12 | (4.4) |
| 5 | (3.7) |
| -5 | (5.9) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 6 | (3.6) |
| 18 | (7.3) |
| 4 | (4.9) |
| -6 | (5.5) |
| |
Indonesia | 10 | (3.3) |
| 9 | (6.6) |
| 10 | (4.3) |
| 12 | (6.7) |
| |
Jordan | 6 | (5.4) |
| 22 | (8.4) |
| 4 | (6.5) |
| -6 | (6.5) |
| |
Kazakhstan | -1 | (2.8) |
| 7 | (3.9) |
| 0 | (3.7) |
| -10 | (3.8) |
| |
Kosovo | -4 | (2.8) |
| 3 | (4.9) |
| -2 | (3.9) |
| -16 | (5.0) |
| |
Lebanon | 0 | (3.8) |
| 5 | (6.1) |
| 2 | (6.1) |
| -9 | (5.4) |
| |
Macao (China) | -4 | (3.1) |
| 2 | (5.6) |
| -4 | (4.1) |
| -10 | (5.3) |
| |
Malaysia | 7 | (3.4) |
| 11 | (5.7) |
| 8 | (3.8) |
| 0 | (5.8) |
| |
Malta | 13 | (3.5) |
| 33 | (7.4) |
| 12 | (5.2) |
| -8 | (6.2) |
| |
Moldova | 2 | (2.7) |
| 12 | (5.7) |
| 2 | (4.4) |
| -8 | (5.7) |
| |
Montenegro | -8 | (3.2) |
| 0 | (4.2) |
| -8 | (4.2) |
| -19 | (4.4) |
| |
Morocco | -1 | (2.5) |
| 0 | (4.1) |
| 3 | (3.0) |
| -7 | (5.4) |
| |
North Macedonia | 7 | (2.5) |
| 9 | (5.3) |
| 8 | (4.1) |
| 6 | (5.6) |
| |
Panama | -8 | (3.3) |
| -3 | (5.7) |
| -7 | (4.3) |
| -15 | (5.7) |
| |
Peru | -16 | (2.9) |
| -11 | (4.7) |
| -14 | (3.4) |
| -29 | (4.9) |
| |
Philippines | 12 | (3.4) |
| 17 | (5.6) |
| 14 | (3.8) |
| 2 | (6.6) |
| |
Qatar | 24 | (1.7) |
| 44 | (3.0) |
| 32 | (2.2) |
| -9 | (4.6) |
| |
Romania | -5 | (3.7) |
| 4 | (6.6) |
| -3 | (4.8) |
| -14 | (6.1) |
| |
Russia | -5 | (2.2) |
| 3 | (4.3) |
| -6 | (3.6) |
| -11 | (4.8) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 13 | (5.0) |
| 23 | (6.4) |
| 15 | (5.8) |
| 1 | (6.7) |
| |
Serbia | -3 | (3.8) |
| 3 | (5.9) |
| 0 | (5.1) |
| -12 | (5.3) |
| |
Singapore | -4 | (2.3) |
| 9 | (4.9) |
| -6 | (3.7) |
| -13 | (4.6) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | -4 | (6.1) |
| 12 | (7.1) |
| -7 | (6.3) |
| -13 | (9.5) |
| |
Thailand | 16 | (5.3) |
| 20 | (5.1) |
| 18 | (5.5) |
| 9 | (9.6) |
| |
Ukraine | -7 | (3.8) |
| 4 | (7.2) |
| -10 | (4.1) |
| -14 | (6.8) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 9 | (3.1) |
| 30 | (4.3) |
| 12 | (4.3) |
| -16 | (5.2) |
| |
Uruguay | -8 | (3.3) |
| -2 | (5.9) |
| -8 | (4.2) |
| -17 | (6.2) |
| |
Viet Nam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.7.5 [1/6]. Science performance, by gender (2018) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys | ||||||||||||
Mean | 10th percentile | Median (50th percentile) | 90th percentile | ||||||||||
Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 504 | (2.4) |
| 364 | (3.7) |
| 508 | (3.2) |
| 636 | (3.6) |
|
Austria | 491 | (3.8) |
| 358 | (4.5) |
| 493 | (5.3) |
| 622 | (4.5) |
| |
Belgium | 501 | (2.6) |
| 362 | (5.1) |
| 507 | (3.2) |
| 630 | (3.1) |
| |
Canada | 516 | (2.7) |
| 387 | (2.8) |
| 519 | (3.4) |
| 642 | (3.9) |
| |
Chile | 445 | (3.2) |
| 333 | (4.5) |
| 444 | (4.2) |
| 559 | (4.1) |
| |
Colombia | 420 | (3.8) |
| 312 | (5.0) |
| 416 | (4.5) |
| 534 | (4.8) |
| |
Czech Republic | 496 | (3.2) |
| 370 | (5.5) |
| 495 | (3.7) |
| 622 | (4.7) |
| |
Denmark | 492 | (2.5) |
| 364 | (4.7) |
| 496 | (3.3) |
| 611 | (4.0) |
| |
Estonia | 528 | (2.3) |
| 412 | (4.4) |
| 528 | (3.4) |
| 642 | (4.1) |
| |
Finland | 510 | (2.9) |
| 376 | (5.0) |
| 513 | (4.0) |
| 638 | (3.9) |
| |
France | 493 | (2.7) |
| 358 | (4.6) |
| 496 | (3.5) |
| 619 | (4.2) |
| |
Germany | 502 | (3.2) |
| 357 | (5.4) |
| 508 | (4.6) |
| 639 | (4.4) |
| |
Greece | 446 | (3.8) |
| 329 | (5.5) |
| 446 | (4.4) |
| 561 | (4.6) |
| |
Hungary | 484 | (3.1) |
| 359 | (5.2) |
| 486 | (4.3) |
| 607 | (4.7) |
| |
Iceland | 471 | (2.3) |
| 345 | (4.5) |
| 471 | (3.6) |
| 596 | (4.7) |
| |
Ireland | 495 | (3.0) |
| 376 | (5.1) |
| 496 | (3.3) |
| 615 | (4.6) |
| |
Israel | 452 | (5.3) |
| 294 | (6.9) |
| 451 | (7.4) |
| 612 | (5.8) |
| |
Italy | 470 | (3.0) |
| 345 | (5.1) |
| 473 | (3.4) |
| 588 | (4.4) |
| |
Japan | 531 | (3.5) |
| 399 | (5.3) |
| 537 | (4.4) |
| 651 | (5.0) |
| |
Korea | 521 | (3.9) |
| 385 | (5.9) |
| 527 | (4.8) |
| 647 | (4.9) |
| |
Latvia | 483 | (2.2) |
| 368 | (3.9) |
| 484 | (3.3) |
| 596 | (3.6) |
| |
Lithuania | 479 | (2.3) |
| 356 | (4.3) |
| 479 | (3.1) |
| 603 | (3.3) |
| |
Luxembourg | 475 | (1.7) |
| 343 | (3.8) |
| 475 | (2.4) |
| 606 | (4.0) |
| |
Mexico | 424 | (2.8) |
| 331 | (3.9) |
| 419 | (3.3) |
| 524 | (4.9) |
| |
Netherlands* | 499 | (3.6) |
| 358 | (7.0) |
| 502 | (5.0) |
| 637 | (4.9) |
| |
New Zealand | 509 | (2.9) |
| 364 | (4.9) |
| 514 | (3.8) |
| 647 | (4.0) |
| |
Norway | 485 | (2.6) |
| 345 | (4.3) |
| 489 | (3.3) |
| 617 | (3.8) |
| |
Poland | 511 | (2.8) |
| 386 | (4.2) |
| 511 | (3.5) |
| 635 | (4.4) |
| |
Portugal* | 494 | (3.0) |
| 367 | (5.0) |
| 496 | (4.0) |
| 616 | (4.5) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 461 | (2.8) |
| 337 | (4.0) |
| 458 | (4.0) |
| 591 | (4.6) |
| |
Slovenia | 502 | (1.6) |
| 382 | (3.4) |
| 504 | (2.4) |
| 620 | (4.1) |
| |
Spain | 484 | (1.9) |
| 363 | (2.8) |
| 486 | (2.4) |
| 604 | (2.5) |
| |
Sweden | 496 | (3.2) |
| 361 | (6.0) |
| 499 | (4.1) |
| 626 | (4.3) |
| |
Switzerland | 495 | (3.3) |
| 363 | (4.9) |
| 496 | (4.6) |
| 626 | (5.3) |
| |
Turkey | 465 | (2.9) |
| 354 | (4.6) |
| 463 | (3.6) |
| 580 | (4.2) |
| |
United Kingdom | 506 | (3.1) |
| 374 | (4.1) |
| 508 | (3.7) |
| 636 | (4.1) |
| |
United States* | 503 | (3.9) |
| 364 | (6.4) |
| 506 | (4.9) |
| 634 | (5.7) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-36b | 487 | (0.5) |
| 360 | (0.8) |
| 489 | (0.7) |
| 612 | (0.7) |
| |
OECD average-37 | 488 | (0.5) |
| 359 | (0.8) |
| 489 | (0.7) |
| 613 | (0.7) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.7.5 [2/6]. Science performance, by gender (2018) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys | ||||||||||||
Mean | 10th percentile | Median (50th percentile) | 90th percentile | ||||||||||
Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 409 | (2.5) |
| 314 | (3.5) |
| 405 | (3.4) |
| 509 | (4.0) |
|
Argentina | 409 | (3.3) |
| 294 | (5.1) |
| 406 | (4.2) |
| 530 | (5.2) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 395 | (2.7) |
| 299 | (3.2) |
| 392 | (2.9) |
| 496 | (5.3) |
| |
Belarus | 473 | (3.0) |
| 358 | (4.7) |
| 473 | (3.7) |
| 587 | (3.9) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 398 | (3.1) |
| 301 | (3.6) |
| 394 | (4.0) |
| 502 | (4.3) |
| |
Brazil | 403 | (2.5) |
| 289 | (2.8) |
| 395 | (3.0) |
| 531 | (4.3) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 427 | (1.6) |
| 309 | (2.6) |
| 415 | (2.2) |
| 569 | (3.3) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 596 | (2.9) |
| 484 | (5.2) |
| 600 | (3.1) |
| 703 | (3.3) |
| |
Bulgaria | 417 | (4.5) |
| 299 | (5.7) |
| 409 | (5.1) |
| 549 | (6.7) |
| |
Costa Rica | 420 | (3.0) |
| 328 | (3.4) |
| 419 | (3.2) |
| 518 | (5.3) |
| |
Croatia | 470 | (3.5) |
| 350 | (4.9) |
| 468 | (3.9) |
| 594 | (3.8) |
| |
Cyprus | 429 | (2.1) |
| 305 | (3.2) |
| 425 | (3.6) |
| 559 | (3.2) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 331 | (2.8) |
| 247 | (2.8) |
| 323 | (3.0) |
| 428 | (5.8) |
| |
Georgia | 376 | (2.9) |
| 272 | (4.3) |
| 371 | (3.4) |
| 489 | (5.4) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 512 | (3.4) |
| 392 | (5.4) |
| 518 | (4.2) |
| 623 | (4.6) |
| |
Indonesia | 393 | (2.9) |
| 309 | (3.5) |
| 387 | (3.4) |
| 487 | (5.8) |
| |
Jordan | 414 | (4.9) |
| 296 | (7.2) |
| 416 | (5.6) |
| 530 | (5.3) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 394 | (2.0) |
| 301 | (2.8) |
| 386 | (2.4) |
| 499 | (3.9) |
| |
Kosovo | 362 | (1.8) |
| 280 | (3.3) |
| 357 | (2.0) |
| 450 | (3.7) |
| |
Lebanon | 381 | (4.2) |
| 261 | (4.3) |
| 373 | (5.1) |
| 515 | (6.4) |
| |
Macao (China) | 543 | (2.1) |
| 427 | (4.5) |
| 546 | (3.0) |
| 652 | (3.8) |
| |
Malaysia | 434 | (3.0) |
| 334 | (3.9) |
| 432 | (3.5) |
| 538 | (4.5) |
| |
Malta | 447 | (2.4) |
| 297 | (5.1) |
| 448 | (3.7) |
| 595 | (4.4) |
| |
Moldova | 423 | (2.6) |
| 306 | (3.8) |
| 421 | (3.9) |
| 544 | (4.0) |
| |
Montenegro | 413 | (1.9) |
| 306 | (3.1) |
| 410 | (2.2) |
| 526 | (3.7) |
| |
Morocco | 372 | (3.1) |
| 289 | (2.7) |
| 366 | (3.9) |
| 467 | (4.4) |
| |
North Macedonia | 404 | (2.2) |
| 288 | (3.9) |
| 402 | (2.9) |
| 524 | (4.5) |
| |
Panama | 365 | (3.2) |
| 258 | (4.6) |
| 360 | (3.4) |
| 481 | (7.2) |
| |
Peru | 411 | (3.2) |
| 309 | (3.2) |
| 405 | (3.9) |
| 522 | (6.0) |
| |
Philippines | 355 | (3.4) |
| 270 | (3.6) |
| 344 | (3.3) |
| 461 | (7.6) |
| |
Qatar | 400 | (1.4) |
| 268 | (2.5) |
| 387 | (1.8) |
| 553 | (2.9) |
| |
Romania | 425 | (4.6) |
| 308 | (5.4) |
| 422 | (5.7) |
| 547 | (6.3) |
| |
Russia | 477 | (3.0) |
| 366 | (5.2) |
| 477 | (3.5) |
| 588 | (4.1) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 372 | (3.9) |
| 273 | (5.0) |
| 368 | (4.2) |
| 480 | (5.1) |
| |
Serbia | 437 | (3.8) |
| 317 | (4.4) |
| 434 | (4.5) |
| 564 | (4.8) |
| |
Singapore | 553 | (2.0) |
| 411 | (3.8) |
| 564 | (2.6) |
| 676 | (3.5) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 516 | (4.1) |
| 377 | (4.6) |
| 523 | (4.9) |
| 645 | (5.7) |
| |
Thailand | 415 | (4.3) |
| 314 | (4.6) |
| 409 | (4.7) |
| 527 | (7.5) |
| |
Ukraine | 470 | (3.9) |
| 350 | (5.8) |
| 469 | (4.4) |
| 591 | (4.9) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 420 | (2.1) |
| 284 | (2.0) |
| 412 | (3.2) |
| 572 | (3.5) |
| |
Uruguay | 428 | (3.2) |
| 313 | (4.6) |
| 425 | (4.3) |
| 548 | (4.6) |
| |
Viet Nam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.7.5 [3/6]. Science performance, by gender (2018) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Girls | ||||||||||||
Mean | 10th percentile | Median (50th percentile) | 90th percentile | ||||||||||
Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 502 | (2.0) |
| 373 | (3.4) |
| 505 | (2.5) |
| 625 | (3.4) |
|
Austria | 489 | (3.6) |
| 366 | (4.8) |
| 493 | (4.8) |
| 606 | (3.6) |
| |
Belgium | 496 | (2.7) |
| 363 | (4.8) |
| 504 | (3.3) |
| 618 | (2.6) |
| |
Canada | 520 | (2.5) |
| 399 | (3.3) |
| 522 | (3.0) |
| 637 | (2.9) |
| |
Chile | 442 | (2.6) |
| 338 | (3.7) |
| 441 | (3.2) |
| 548 | (4.0) |
| |
Colombia | 407 | (2.9) |
| 310 | (3.6) |
| 403 | (3.7) |
| 513 | (4.8) |
| |
Czech Republic | 498 | (3.1) |
| 375 | (5.1) |
| 499 | (3.9) |
| 618 | (3.5) |
| |
Denmark | 494 | (2.2) |
| 379 | (3.3) |
| 495 | (3.2) |
| 605 | (4.3) |
| |
Estonia | 533 | (2.3) |
| 421 | (4.3) |
| 533 | (3.2) |
| 645 | (3.6) |
| |
Finland | 534 | (2.9) |
| 415 | (4.6) |
| 538 | (3.5) |
| 647 | (3.9) |
| |
France | 493 | (2.8) |
| 369 | (3.8) |
| 498 | (4.1) |
| 611 | (4.2) |
| |
Germany | 504 | (3.3) |
| 371 | (4.7) |
| 509 | (4.7) |
| 627 | (4.0) |
| |
Greece | 457 | (3.2) |
| 348 | (4.7) |
| 460 | (3.9) |
| 561 | (3.7) |
| |
Hungary | 478 | (3.1) |
| 353 | (5.1) |
| 481 | (4.2) |
| 597 | (4.4) |
| |
Iceland | 479 | (2.8) |
| 365 | (4.4) |
| 480 | (3.5) |
| 593 | (5.0) |
| |
Ireland | 497 | (2.6) |
| 384 | (4.3) |
| 499 | (3.4) |
| 606 | (3.1) |
| |
Israel | 471 | (3.5) |
| 337 | (5.3) |
| 474 | (4.3) |
| 602 | (4.1) |
| |
Italy | 466 | (2.6) |
| 351 | (4.5) |
| 467 | (3.4) |
| 577 | (4.6) |
| |
Japan | 528 | (3.0) |
| 410 | (5.0) |
| 531 | (3.2) |
| 640 | (3.7) |
| |
Korea | 517 | (3.6) |
| 389 | (5.7) |
| 522 | (4.5) |
| 635 | (4.9) |
| |
Latvia | 491 | (2.4) |
| 387 | (4.4) |
| 493 | (2.9) |
| 594 | (4.0) |
| |
Lithuania | 485 | (2.1) |
| 373 | (3.9) |
| 487 | (2.9) |
| 595 | (3.3) |
| |
Luxembourg | 479 | (1.7) |
| 353 | (4.0) |
| 480 | (2.5) |
| 606 | (3.3) |
| |
Mexico | 415 | (2.9) |
| 322 | (4.7) |
| 412 | (3.3) |
| 512 | (4.5) |
| |
Netherlands* | 508 | (3.1) |
| 371 | (4.7) |
| 513 | (4.2) |
| 636 | (4.4) |
| |
New Zealand | 508 | (2.8) |
| 378 | (4.4) |
| 510 | (3.5) |
| 632 | (3.7) |
| |
Norway | 496 | (2.8) |
| 373 | (4.6) |
| 499 | (3.3) |
| 614 | (4.0) |
| |
Poland | 511 | (3.1) |
| 397 | (4.2) |
| 512 | (3.8) |
| 625 | (5.1) |
| |
Portugal* | 489 | (3.3) |
| 370 | (5.9) |
| 492 | (3.6) |
| 602 | (4.4) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 467 | (3.0) |
| 340 | (4.7) |
| 470 | (3.9) |
| 588 | (4.4) |
| |
Slovenia | 512 | (2.0) |
| 399 | (4.0) |
| 515 | (2.7) |
| 621 | (3.6) |
| |
Spain | 482 | (1.8) |
| 368 | (2.6) |
| 484 | (1.9) |
| 593 | (2.6) |
| |
Sweden | 503 | (3.7) |
| 376 | (6.5) |
| 507 | (4.7) |
| 622 | (4.3) |
| |
Switzerland | 495 | (3.3) |
| 370 | (4.6) |
| 498 | (4.2) |
| 616 | (5.0) |
| |
Turkey | 472 | (2.5) |
| 369 | (4.1) |
| 470 | (3.3) |
| 578 | (5.0) |
| |
United Kingdom | 503 | (3.2) |
| 374 | (5.0) |
| 506 | (3.6) |
| 628 | (4.0) |
| |
United States* | 502 | (3.5) |
| 377 | (5.7) |
| 504 | (4.0) |
| 624 | (4.8) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-36b | 490 | (0.5) |
| 371 | (0.8) |
| 492 | (0.6) |
| 605 | (0.7) |
| |
OECD average-37 | 490 | (0.5) |
| 371 | (0.8) |
| 492 | (0.6) |
| 605 | (0.7) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.7.5 [4/6]. Science performance, by gender (2018) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Girls | ||||||||||||
Mean | 10th percentile | Median (50th percentile) | 90th percentile | ||||||||||
Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 425 | (2.0) |
| 335 | (3.4) |
| 425 | (2.7) |
| 517 | (3.5) |
|
Argentina | 399 | (3.3) |
| 288 | (4.5) |
| 396 | (3.7) |
| 517 | (4.9) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 400 | (2.6) |
| 311 | (3.1) |
| 399 | (2.5) |
| 491 | (4.8) |
| |
Belarus | 470 | (2.8) |
| 363 | (4.1) |
| 471 | (3.3) |
| 574 | (3.5) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 399 | (3.2) |
| 303 | (4.2) |
| 398 | (3.7) |
| 497 | (4.6) |
| |
Brazil | 404 | (2.1) |
| 297 | (3.0) |
| 398 | (2.4) |
| 523 | (3.8) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 435 | (1.6) |
| 322 | (2.8) |
| 426 | (2.2) |
| 564 | (3.4) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 584 | (2.9) |
| 480 | (4.5) |
| 587 | (3.4) |
| 685 | (4.6) |
| |
Bulgaria | 432 | (3.8) |
| 315 | (4.6) |
| 429 | (5.4) |
| 555 | (5.4) |
| |
Costa Rica | 411 | (4.3) |
| 320 | (4.0) |
| 409 | (4.4) |
| 506 | (7.4) |
| |
Croatia | 474 | (3.4) |
| 361 | (4.8) |
| 474 | (4.2) |
| 587 | (4.9) |
| |
Cyprus | 450 | (1.9) |
| 336 | (3.2) |
| 448 | (2.8) |
| 565 | (3.1) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 340 | (2.7) |
| 254 | (3.4) |
| 336 | (3.1) |
| 433 | (5.4) |
| |
Georgia | 390 | (2.6) |
| 293 | (4.0) |
| 387 | (3.2) |
| 492 | (4.3) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 521 | (2.8) |
| 411 | (5.5) |
| 526 | (2.8) |
| 623 | (3.9) |
| |
Indonesia | 399 | (2.5) |
| 315 | (3.4) |
| 397 | (3.0) |
| 489 | (5.0) |
| |
Jordan | 444 | (3.0) |
| 338 | (4.2) |
| 445 | (3.8) |
| 549 | (4.3) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 401 | (2.1) |
| 313 | (2.6) |
| 396 | (2.2) |
| 497 | (4.2) |
| |
Kosovo | 368 | (1.4) |
| 291 | (3.2) |
| 364 | (2.3) |
| 449 | (3.1) |
| |
Lebanon | 386 | (3.6) |
| 269 | (5.2) |
| 380 | (4.5) |
| 512 | (5.5) |
| |
Macao (China) | 545 | (2.0) |
| 442 | (4.0) |
| 548 | (2.6) |
| 644 | (3.6) |
| |
Malaysia | 441 | (3.2) |
| 344 | (3.4) |
| 440 | (3.3) |
| 537 | (6.0) |
| |
Malta | 468 | (2.5) |
| 335 | (4.7) |
| 471 | (3.8) |
| 592 | (4.1) |
| |
Moldova | 434 | (2.8) |
| 324 | (4.8) |
| 432 | (3.0) |
| 547 | (4.5) |
| |
Montenegro | 418 | (1.6) |
| 317 | (3.2) |
| 416 | (2.0) |
| 521 | (4.0) |
| |
Morocco | 381 | (3.3) |
| 299 | (4.0) |
| 378 | (4.2) |
| 468 | (4.4) |
| |
North Macedonia | 423 | (2.0) |
| 307 | (4.0) |
| 421 | (3.0) |
| 542 | (4.3) |
| |
Panama | 364 | (3.2) |
| 259 | (5.0) |
| 361 | (3.4) |
| 476 | (5.4) |
| |
Peru | 397 | (2.7) |
| 299 | (4.2) |
| 395 | (3.2) |
| 500 | (4.8) |
| |
Philippines | 359 | (3.7) |
| 269 | (3.9) |
| 350 | (3.5) |
| 461 | (7.3) |
| |
Qatar | 439 | (1.5) |
| 324 | (2.9) |
| 435 | (1.5) |
| 561 | (2.7) |
| |
Romania | 426 | (5.2) |
| 315 | (6.0) |
| 425 | (6.1) |
| 541 | (6.9) |
| |
Russia | 478 | (3.2) |
| 372 | (4.4) |
| 478 | (3.6) |
| 585 | (4.7) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 401 | (3.4) |
| 307 | (4.5) |
| 400 | (3.9) |
| 497 | (4.6) |
| |
Serbia | 442 | (3.4) |
| 328 | (4.8) |
| 441 | (4.3) |
| 561 | (4.5) |
| |
Singapore | 549 | (1.9) |
| 422 | (4.2) |
| 556 | (2.6) |
| 664 | (3.3) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 515 | (4.1) |
| 388 | (4.8) |
| 519 | (4.3) |
| 636 | (7.2) |
| |
Thailand | 435 | (3.6) |
| 336 | (3.5) |
| 432 | (3.9) |
| 541 | (6.0) |
| |
Ukraine | 468 | (3.6) |
| 352 | (5.4) |
| 468 | (4.3) |
| 584 | (5.8) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 447 | (2.8) |
| 326 | (2.6) |
| 444 | (3.2) |
| 572 | (4.2) |
| |
Uruguay | 424 | (2.7) |
| 315 | (3.9) |
| 422 | (3.6) |
| 535 | (4.5) |
| |
Viet Nam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.7.5 [5/6]. Science performance, by gender (2018) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender differences (girls - boys) | ||||||||||||
Mean | 10th percentile | Median (50th percentile) | 90th percentile | ||||||||||
Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | -2 | (2.6) |
| 9 | (4.7) |
| -3 | (3.5) |
| -11 | (4.2) |
|
Austria | -2 | (5.0) |
| 7 | (6.4) |
| 0 | (7.2) |
| -16 | (5.3) |
| |
Belgium | -5 | (3.0) |
| 1 | (5.7) |
| -3 | (4.0) |
| -12 | (3.8) |
| |
Canada | 3 | (2.9) |
| 12 | (3.9) |
| 3 | (3.5) |
| -5 | (4.6) |
| |
Chile | -3 | (3.3) |
| 5 | (5.1) |
| -3 | (4.8) |
| -12 | (4.6) |
| |
Colombia | -12 | (2.9) |
| -2 | (4.2) |
| -13 | (3.6) |
| -21 | (5.7) |
| |
Czech Republic | 2 | (3.7) |
| 5 | (6.7) |
| 4 | (4.8) |
| -4 | (5.6) |
| |
Denmark | 2 | (2.8) |
| 15 | (5.0) |
| 0 | (4.2) |
| -6 | (5.9) |
| |
Estonia | 5 | (2.5) |
| 9 | (5.5) |
| 5 | (4.1) |
| 3 | (5.2) |
| |
Finland | 24 | (3.0) |
| 39 | (6.0) |
| 25 | (4.6) |
| 9 | (5.1) |
| |
France | 1 | (3.1) |
| 11 | (5.3) |
| 3 | (4.6) |
| -8 | (5.1) |
| |
Germany | 1 | (3.0) |
| 15 | (6.0) |
| 1 | (4.9) |
| -12 | (5.4) |
| |
Greece | 11 | (3.3) |
| 19 | (6.0) |
| 14 | (4.5) |
| 0 | (4.8) |
| |
Hungary | -6 | (4.0) |
| -5 | (6.7) |
| -5 | (5.9) |
| -10 | (5.6) |
| |
Iceland | 8 | (3.6) |
| 20 | (6.4) |
| 9 | (4.9) |
| -2 | (7.2) |
| |
Ireland | 1 | (3.4) |
| 8 | (6.1) |
| 3 | (4.2) |
| -9 | (5.0) |
| |
Israel | 19 | (5.3) |
| 43 | (7.6) |
| 23 | (7.5) |
| -10 | (6.0) |
| |
Italy | -3 | (2.9) |
| 7 | (5.5) |
| -5 | (3.8) |
| -11 | (4.6) |
| |
Japan | -3 | (4.0) |
| 12 | (6.8) |
| -6 | (5.0) |
| -10 | (5.2) |
| |
Korea | -4 | (5.0) |
| 4 | (8.3) |
| -5 | (6.5) |
| -12 | (6.1) |
| |
Latvia | 8 | (3.0) |
| 19 | (5.1) |
| 9 | (4.2) |
| -2 | (5.2) |
| |
Lithuania | 6 | (3.0) |
| 17 | (5.2) |
| 8 | (4.0) |
| -7 | (5.0) |
| |
Luxembourg | 5 | (2.3) |
| 10 | (6.1) |
| 5 | (3.5) |
| 0 | (5.1) |
| |
Mexico | -9 | (2.4) |
| -9 | (4.2) |
| -7 | (3.4) |
| -12 | (4.5) |
| |
Netherlands* | 8 | (3.6) |
| 13 | (7.0) |
| 11 | (5.5) |
| 0 | (5.7) |
| |
New Zealand | -2 | (3.9) |
| 14 | (6.3) |
| -4 | (5.0) |
| -15 | (4.9) |
| |
Norway | 11 | (2.9) |
| 27 | (5.6) |
| 10 | (4.1) |
| -3 | (5.2) |
| |
Poland | 0 | (2.7) |
| 10 | (5.0) |
| 1 | (3.9) |
| -10 | (5.0) |
| |
Portugal* | -5 | (3.1) |
| 3 | (6.5) |
| -4 | (4.4) |
| -14 | (5.1) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 6 | (3.7) |
| 3 | (5.1) |
| 12 | (5.4) |
| -4 | (5.9) |
| |
Slovenia | 10 | (2.6) |
| 17 | (4.5) |
| 10 | (3.7) |
| 1 | (5.3) |
| |
Spain | -2 | (2.1) |
| 5 | (3.0) |
| -1 | (2.7) |
| -11 | (2.6) |
| |
Sweden | 8 | (3.1) |
| 15 | (5.9) |
| 9 | (5.3) |
| -4 | (5.6) |
| |
Switzerland | 0 | (2.8) |
| 7 | (5.7) |
| 3 | (4.5) |
| -10 | (5.1) |
| |
Turkey | 7 | (3.6) |
| 15 | (6.2) |
| 7 | (5.0) |
| -2 | (5.1) |
| |
United Kingdom | -2 | (3.6) |
| 0 | (5.0) |
| -2 | (4.9) |
| -8 | (5.4) |
| |
United States* | -1 | (3.3) |
| 13 | (6.4) |
| -2 | (4.5) |
| -11 | (6.7) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-36b | 2 | (0.5) |
| 11 | (1.0) |
| 3 | (0.8) |
| -7 | (0.9) |
| |
OECD average-37 | 2 | (0.5) |
| 11 | (1.0) |
| 3 | (0.8) |
| -7 | (0.9) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.7.5 [6/6]. Science performance, by gender (2018) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender differences (girls - boys) | ||||||||||||
Mean | 10th percentile | Median (50th percentile) | 90th percentile | ||||||||||
Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 16 | (2.4) |
| 20 | (4.4) |
| 20 | (3.5) |
| 8 | (4.2) |
|
Argentina | -10 | (3.2) |
| -6 | (5.3) |
| -10 | (3.9) |
| -13 | (6.2) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 5 | (2.4) |
| 12 | (3.6) |
| 7 | (3.5) |
| -5 | (4.7) |
| |
Belarus | -3 | (3.0) |
| 6 | (5.0) |
| -2 | (4.0) |
| -14 | (4.1) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1 | (3.0) |
| 2 | (4.3) |
| 4 | (4.2) |
| -6 | (4.6) |
| |
Brazil | 2 | (2.1) |
| 8 | (3.4) |
| 3 | (3.0) |
| -8 | (3.5) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 7 | (2.1) |
| 12 | (3.8) |
| 11 | (3.2) |
| -5 | (4.2) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | -12 | (2.2) |
| -4 | (5.4) |
| -13 | (3.3) |
| -19 | (3.8) |
| |
Bulgaria | 15 | (4.3) |
| 17 | (6.1) |
| 20 | (6.2) |
| 6 | (6.6) |
| |
Costa Rica | -9 | (3.4) |
| -8 | (4.0) |
| -10 | (3.4) |
| -12 | (7.1) |
| |
Croatia | 4 | (4.0) |
| 11 | (5.7) |
| 6 | (4.8) |
| -7 | (5.8) |
| |
Cyprus | 21 | (2.9) |
| 30 | (4.4) |
| 24 | (4.7) |
| 6 | (4.7) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 10 | (2.4) |
| 7 | (3.2) |
| 13 | (3.2) |
| 5 | (5.8) |
| |
Georgia | 14 | (3.0) |
| 21 | (5.6) |
| 16 | (3.3) |
| 4 | (5.6) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 9 | (3.6) |
| 20 | (6.5) |
| 8 | (4.3) |
| 0 | (5.1) |
| |
Indonesia | 7 | (2.6) |
| 5 | (4.4) |
| 10 | (4.0) |
| 2 | (5.0) |
| |
Jordan | 29 | (5.6) |
| 42 | (8.4) |
| 28 | (6.8) |
| 19 | (6.0) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 7 | (2.5) |
| 12 | (3.6) |
| 10 | (3.0) |
| -2 | (4.4) |
| |
Kosovo | 6 | (2.2) |
| 10 | (4.1) |
| 7 | (2.9) |
| -1 | (4.5) |
| |
Lebanon | 5 | (3.2) |
| 8 | (5.8) |
| 7 | (4.7) |
| -3 | (6.4) |
| |
Macao (China) | 2 | (2.9) |
| 15 | (5.7) |
| 1 | (4.3) |
| -8 | (5.5) |
| |
Malaysia | 6 | (3.2) |
| 10 | (4.0) |
| 8 | (3.8) |
| -1 | (6.0) |
| |
Malta | 21 | (3.2) |
| 37 | (6.2) |
| 24 | (5.3) |
| -3 | (6.1) |
| |
Moldova | 11 | (2.9) |
| 18 | (5.8) |
| 11 | (4.1) |
| 3 | (4.7) |
| |
Montenegro | 5 | (2.3) |
| 11 | (4.0) |
| 6 | (3.0) |
| -5 | (6.2) |
| |
Morocco | 9 | (2.6) |
| 11 | (4.0) |
| 13 | (3.1) |
| 1 | (4.0) |
| |
North Macedonia | 19 | (3.1) |
| 18 | (5.8) |
| 20 | (4.3) |
| 18 | (6.3) |
| |
Panama | 0 | (2.8) |
| 1 | (5.5) |
| 1 | (3.6) |
| -5 | (6.1) |
| |
Peru | -13 | (2.7) |
| -10 | (4.4) |
| -10 | (3.8) |
| -22 | (5.8) |
| |
Philippines | 3 | (3.1) |
| 0 | (4.4) |
| 6 | (3.0) |
| 0 | (6.2) |
| |
Qatar | 39 | (2.2) |
| 56 | (3.9) |
| 48 | (2.4) |
| 8 | (3.8) |
| |
Romania | 1 | (3.5) |
| 6 | (6.2) |
| 3 | (4.5) |
| -7 | (7.1) |
| |
Russia | 1 | (2.3) |
| 6 | (4.1) |
| 0 | (3.0) |
| -3 | (4.7) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 29 | (4.7) |
| 35 | (6.3) |
| 32 | (5.3) |
| 17 | (6.2) |
| |
Serbia | 5 | (3.8) |
| 11 | (5.5) |
| 7 | (5.0) |
| -3 | (4.7) |
| |
Singapore | -4 | (2.5) |
| 12 | (5.4) |
| -8 | (3.3) |
| -12 | (5.2) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | -1 | (5.9) |
| 11 | (5.8) |
| -4 | (6.6) |
| -9 | (10.0) |
| |
Thailand | 20 | (4.8) |
| 22 | (5.2) |
| 22 | (5.1) |
| 14 | (8.7) |
| |
Ukraine | -2 | (3.7) |
| 2 | (6.6) |
| -2 | (4.4) |
| -7 | (5.6) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 26 | (3.3) |
| 41 | (3.1) |
| 32 | (4.5) |
| 0 | (5.1) |
| |
Uruguay | -3 | (3.2) |
| 2 | (5.5) |
| -2 | (4.7) |
| -13 | (5.2) |
| |
Viet Nam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Note: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.8.22 [1/2]. Expectation to work as science and engineering professionals amongst top performers in science or mathematics, by gender | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage of top performers1 in science and/or mathematics | Percentage of top performers in science or mathematics who expect to work as science and engineering professionals when they are 30 | ||||||||||||||
All students | Boys | Girls | Gender difference (girls-boys) | |||||||||||||
% | S.E | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 14.1 | (0.6) |
| 27.0 | (1.6) |
| 33.2 | (2.3) |
| 19.2 | (2.0) |
| -14.0 | (2.8) |
|
Austria | 14.2 | (0.8) |
| 16.2 | (1.8) | † | 20.3 | (2.3) | † | 8.9 | (2.5) | † | -11.4 | (3.4) | † | |
Belgium2 | 17.4 | (0.9) |
| 24.7 | (2.7) | ‡ | 30.9 | (4.1) | ‡ | 16.3 | (3.6) | ‡ | -14.6 | (5.8) | ‡ | |
Canada | 19.5 | (0.8) |
| 23.0 | (1.2) |
| 31.4 | (1.9) | † | 14.1 | (1.4) |
| -17.3 | (2.5) | † | |
Chile | 1.9 | (0.2) |
| 33.0 | (4.7) |
| 38.1 | (5.7) |
| 22.7 | (9.4) |
| -15.4 | (11.5) |
| |
Colombia | 0.8 | (0.2) |
| 28.2 | (8.7) |
| 36.2 | (11.5) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Czech Republic | 14.7 | (0.8) |
| 11.5 | (1.7) | † | 14.5 | (2.6) | † | 8.2 | (2.0) | † | -6.2 | (3.2) | † | |
Denmark | 13.3 | (0.7) |
| 25.1 | (2.6) | † | 32.3 | (3.8) | † | 16.9 | (3.5) | † | -15.4 | (5.1) | † | |
Estonia | 19.5 | (0.8) |
| 16.3 | (1.5) |
| 17.3 | (2.0) |
| 15.2 | (2.3) |
| -2.0 | (3.1) |
| |
Finland | 16.8 | (0.8) |
| 10.2 | (1.2) | † | 11.6 | (2.0) | † | 9.1 | (1.9) |
| -2.5 | (3.0) | † | |
France | 13.4 | (0.8) |
| 26.5 | (2.1) |
| 33.1 | (3.2) |
| 16.9 | (2.7) | † | -16.2 | (4.1) | † | |
Germany | 16.6 | (0.9) |
| 18.4 | (1.7) | † | 22.6 | (2.6) | † | 12.4 | (2.2) | † | -10.2 | (3.7) | † | |
Greece | 4.4 | (0.5) |
| 23.3 | (4.1) |
| 23.1 | (5.1) |
| 23.4 | (6.8) |
| 0.3 | (8.5) |
| |
Hungary | 9.7 | (0.7) |
| 22.3 | (2.2) |
| 26.7 | (3.3) |
| 16.5 | (3.4) |
| -10.1 | (5.1) |
| |
Iceland | 11.2 | (0.6) |
| 17.6 | (2.5) |
| 21.1 | (3.8) |
| 14.1 | (3.4) |
| -7.0 | (5.3) |
| |
Ireland | 10.5 | (0.7) |
| 23.9 | (2.5) |
| 29.6 | (3.2) |
| 16.7 | (3.2) |
| -12.9 | (4.2) |
| |
Israel | 11.1 | (0.7) |
| 20.1 | (1.8) | † | 23.6 | (2.8) | † | 16.2 | (2.7) | † | -7.3 | (4.2) | † | |
Italy | 10.2 | (0.9) |
| 21.2 | (2.5) |
| 26.0 | (3.5) |
| 12.5 | (3.6) |
| -13.6 | (5.2) | † | |
Japan | 21.8 | (1.1) |
| 5.6 | (0.8) |
| 7.5 | (1.2) |
| 3.4 | (1.0) |
| -4.0 | (1.6) |
| |
Korea | 23.6 | (1.2) |
| 13.5 | (1.4) |
| 18.5 | (2.2) |
| 7.2 | (1.3) |
| -11.3 | (2.6) |
| |
Latvia | 9.9 | (0.6) |
| 16.7 | (2.1) |
| 20.4 | (3.0) |
| 12.2 | (2.8) |
| -8.3 | (4.2) |
| |
Lithuania | 9.9 | (0.5) |
| 16.1 | (1.8) |
| 17.9 | (2.7) |
| 13.5 | (2.8) | † | -4.4 | (4.2) | † | |
Luxembourg | 12.5 | (0.5) |
| 20.2 | (2.0) |
| 25.0 | (3.2) |
| 14.6 | (2.8) |
| -10.5 | (4.4) |
| |
Mexico | 0.7 | (0.2) |
| 38.3 | (9.9) |
| 43.2 | (13.7) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Netherlands* | 20.7 | (1.0) |
| 13.6 | (1.7) | † | 19.0 | (2.9) | † | 8.2 | (1.8) | † | -10.7 | (3.3) | † | |
New Zealand | 16.4 | (0.6) |
| 21.1 | (1.7) | † | 26.4 | (2.4) | † | 14.3 | (2.2) |
| -12.1 | (3.2) | † | |
Norway | 13.9 | (0.7) |
| 22.8 | (2.0) | † | 32.7 | (2.9) |
| 11.6 | (2.5) | † | -21.0 | (3.9) | † | |
Poland | 18.2 | (1.1) |
| 13.0 | (1.4) |
| 14.0 | (2.0) |
| 11.9 | (1.8) |
| -2.1 | (2.6) |
| |
Portugal* | 13.2 | (0.8) |
| 35.6 | (2.5) |
| 47.9 | (3.3) |
| 15.1 | (2.6) | † | -32.8 | (4.1) | † | |
Slovak Republic | 11.6 | (0.7) |
| 11.7 | (1.7) | † | 12.6 | (2.6) | † | 10.7 | (2.4) |
| -1.9 | (3.7) | † | |
Slovenia | 15.5 | (0.8) |
| 18.8 | (2.4) | † | 22.8 | (3.4) | † | 14.5 | (3.0) | † | -8.3 | (4.3) | † | |
Spain | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Sweden | 14.8 | (0.8) |
| 28.7 | (2.5) |
| 36.7 | (4.0) |
| 20.4 | (2.7) |
| -16.4 | (4.7) |
| |
Switzerland | 18.6 | (1.1) |
| 18.2 | (2.4) | † | 23.8 | (3.3) | † | 11.2 | (2.3) | † | -12.6 | (3.3) | † | |
Turkey | 5.5 | (0.6) |
| 27.9 | (3.2) |
| 32.7 | (4.1) |
| 21.7 | (4.0) |
| -11.0 | (5.5) |
| |
United Kingdom | 16.2 | (0.8) |
| 24.1 | (1.6) |
| 27.7 | (2.2) |
| 20.0 | (2.1) |
| -7.6 | (3.0) |
| |
United States* | 12.3 | (1.0) |
| 20.0 | (2.0) |
| 27.8 | (2.9) |
| 10.4 | (2.5) |
| -17.4 | (3.7) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-36a | 13.1 | (0.1) |
| 21.2 | (0.5) |
| 26.0 | (0.7) |
| 14.3 | (0.5) |
| -10.9 | (0.8) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||
← 1. In this figure, top performers refers to students who achieve at least Level 2 in all three core domains and at Level 5 in mathematics and/or science. | ||||||||||||||||
← 2. For students’ career expectations, results are only available for the French community. | ||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.8.22 [2/2]. Expectation to work as science and engineering professionals amongst top performers in science or mathematics, by gender | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage of top performers1 in science and/or mathematics | Percentage of top performers in science or mathematics who expect to work as science and engineering professionals when they are 30 | ||||||||||||||
All students | Boys | Girls | Gender difference (girls-boys) | |||||||||||||
% | S.E | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 2.3 | (0.3) |
| 31.4 | (4.8) |
| 37.8 | (6.2) |
| 23.2 | (7.6) |
| -14.6 | (10.1) |
|
Argentina | 0.7 | (0.2) |
| 37.7 | (10.1) |
| 42.2 | (10.2) |
| 27.0 | (17.4) |
| -15.2 | (17.4) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 2.0 | (0.3) |
| 13.2 | (4.5) |
| 13.4 | (5.1) |
| 13.2 | (8.2) |
| -0.2 | (9.3) |
| |
Belarus | 8.0 | (0.6) |
| 12.9 | (1.9) |
| 14.1 | (2.8) |
| 10.9 | (3.1) |
| -3.2 | (4.6) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.9 | (0.2) |
| 26.7 | (9.2) |
| 29.9 | (13.5) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Brazil | 1.4 | (0.2) |
| 29.2 | (5.0) |
| 34.2 | (8.3) |
| 20.2 | (8.5) |
| -14.0 | (14.0) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 4.0 | (0.3) |
| 28.7 | (3.2) |
| 36.6 | (4.6) |
| 18.4 | (4.2) |
| -18.2 | (6.2) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 48.5 | (1.4) |
| 12.3 | (0.8) |
| 15.1 | (1.1) |
| 9.1 | (0.8) |
| -6.0 | (1.1) |
| |
Bulgaria | 4.8 | (0.7) |
| 13.0 | (2.7) |
| 14.1 | (3.9) | † | 11.5 | (3.5) |
| -2.7 | (5.2) | † | |
Costa Rica | 0.4 | (0.1) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Croatia | 6.9 | (0.6) |
| 18.6 | (2.4) |
| 20.1 | (2.9) |
| 16.5 | (4.1) |
| -3.6 | (5.2) |
| |
Cyprus | 5.1 | (0.4) |
| 24.3 | (3.2) |
| 26.3 | (4.2) |
| 21.6 | (6.1) |
| -4.8 | (8.0) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 0.0 | (0.0) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Georgia | 1.1 | (0.3) |
| 19.7 | (6.5) |
| 22.2 | (7.9) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 29.6 | (1.1) |
| 13.1 | (1.1) |
| 19.7 | (1.8) |
| 6.4 | (1.1) |
| -13.3 | (2.0) |
| |
Indonesia | 0.5 | (0.2) |
| 8.5 | (6.5) |
| 12.5 | (10.4) |
| 5.0 | (7.7) |
| -7.5 | (12.5) |
| |
Jordan | 1.2 | (0.3) |
| 19.4 | (5.1) |
| 27.1 | (9.3) |
| 11.1 | (5.8) |
| -16.0 | (11.4) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 2.0 | (0.2) |
| 22.8 | (3.2) |
| 28.3 | (4.4) |
| 14.2 | (3.7) |
| -14.1 | (5.5) |
| |
Kosovo | 0.1 | (0.1) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Lebanon | 2.2 | (0.3) |
| 37.9 | (7.8) |
| 46.6 | (9.1) |
| 26.7 | (11.1) |
| -20.0 | (13.1) |
| |
Macao (China) | 31.0 | (0.9) |
| 11.6 | (1.1) |
| 15.1 | (1.7) |
| 7.7 | (1.3) |
| -7.4 | (2.2) |
| |
Malaysia | 2.6 | (0.5) |
| 26.6 | (4.9) |
| 38.2 | (7.0) |
| 14.7 | (5.8) |
| -23.5 | (8.4) |
| |
Malta | 9.8 | (0.6) |
| 21.2 | (2.8) |
| 26.6 | (3.9) |
| 14.6 | (3.6) |
| -12.0 | (5.4) |
| |
Moldova | 2.8 | (0.4) |
| 8.4 | (3.2) |
| 6.3 | (3.4) |
| 11.0 | (4.6) |
| 4.6 | (4.9) |
| |
Montenegro | 1.9 | (0.2) |
| 12.6 | (4.2) |
| 9.8 | (4.6) |
| 17.5 | (7.0) |
| 7.8 | (7.6) |
| |
Morocco | 0.1 | (0.1) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
North Macedonia | 1.6 | (0.2) |
| 17.0 | (6.8) |
| 14.0 | (8.6) |
| 20.0 | (11.3) |
| 5.9 | (15.1) |
| |
Panama | 0.2 | (0.1) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Peru | 1.0 | (0.2) |
| 29.6 | (8.6) |
| 34.2 | (9.6) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Philippines | 0.1 | (0.1) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Qatar | 4.0 | (0.2) |
| 29.4 | (2.3) |
| 34.9 | (3.1) |
| 22.3 | (2.9) |
| -12.6 | (4.1) |
| |
Romania | 3.5 | (0.6) |
| 12.7 | (3.5) |
| 13.4 | (4.9) |
| 11.4 | (4.8) |
| -2.0 | (6.9) |
| |
Russia | 9.1 | (0.8) |
| 16.5 | (2.0) |
| 20.3 | (3.3) |
| 12.3 | (2.9) |
| -8.0 | (4.8) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 0.2 | (0.1) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Serbia | 5.9 | (0.5) |
| 15.7 | (2.5) |
| 14.8 | (2.7) |
| 16.9 | (4.1) |
| 2.1 | (4.6) |
| |
Singapore | 40.3 | (0.8) |
| 20.0 | (0.9) |
| 27.0 | (1.4) |
| 11.9 | (1.0) |
| -15.1 | (1.8) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 24.6 | (1.2) |
| 16.7 | (1.3) |
| 23.8 | (2.0) |
| 8.7 | (1.3) |
| -15.0 | (2.4) |
| |
Thailand | 2.6 | (0.4) |
| 16.5 | (3.3) |
| 19.4 | (5.8) |
| 14.5 | (4.0) |
| -4.9 | (6.9) |
| |
Ukraine | 6.4 | (0.7) |
| 8.7 | (1.6) |
| 11.2 | (2.3) |
| 5.0 | (2.3) |
| -6.2 | (3.2) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 6.6 | (0.3) |
| 24.9 | (2.0) |
| 31.5 | (2.7) |
| 16.2 | (3.0) |
| -15.3 | (4.0) |
| |
Uruguay | 1.5 | (0.3) |
| 41.1 | (10.5) |
| 47.0 | (11.5) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Viet Nam | 0.0 | c |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||
← 1. In this figure, top performers refers to students who achieve at least Level 2 in all three core domains and at Level 5 in mathematics and/or science. | ||||||||||||||||
2. For students’ career expectations, results are only available for the French community. | ||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.8.23 [1/2]. Expectation to work as health professionals amongst top performers in science or mathematics, by gender | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage of top performers1 in science and/or mathematics | Percentage of top performers in science or mathematics who expect to work as health professionals when they are 30 | ||||||||||||||
All students | Boys | Girls | Gender difference (girls-boys) | |||||||||||||
% | S.E | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 14.1 | (0.6) |
| 24.9 | (1.5) |
| 17.5 | (1.7) |
| 34.1 | (2.4) |
| 16.6 | (2.8) |
|
Austria | 14.2 | (0.8) |
| 15.7 | (2.1) | † | 10.7 | (2.5) | † | 24.5 | (3.0) | † | 13.8 | (3.7) | † | |
Belgium2 | 17.4 | (0.9) |
| 18.3 | (2.8) | ‡ | 13.3 | (3.4) | ‡ | 25.0 | (4.8) | ‡ | 11.7 | (5.9) | ‡ | |
Canada | 19.5 | (0.8) |
| 28.6 | (1.5) |
| 18.5 | (1.6) | † | 39.4 | (2.2) |
| 20.9 | (2.6) | † | |
Chile | 1.9 | (0.2) |
| 32.6 | (5.3) |
| 25.6 | (5.8) |
| 46.4 | (11.0) |
| 20.8 | (12.0) |
| |
Colombia | 0.8 | (0.2) |
| 11.0 | (4.6) |
| 8.4 | (5.4) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Czech Republic | 14.7 | (0.8) |
| 19.2 | (2.1) | † | 11.2 | (2.3) | † | 28.0 | (3.2) | † | 16.8 | (3.6) | † | |
Denmark | 13.3 | (0.7) |
| 19.5 | (2.2) | † | 10.6 | (2.0) | † | 29.8 | (3.8) | † | 19.2 | (4.3) | † | |
Estonia | 19.5 | (0.8) |
| 15.9 | (1.6) |
| 11.2 | (1.8) |
| 21.3 | (2.6) |
| 10.1 | (3.2) |
| |
Finland | 16.8 | (0.8) |
| 26.2 | (2.1) | † | 15.2 | (2.3) | † | 35.9 | (2.9) |
| 20.7 | (3.4) | † | |
France | 13.4 | (0.8) |
| 18.8 | (2.0) |
| 12.6 | (2.3) |
| 27.6 | (3.5) | † | 15.0 | (4.2) | † | |
Germany | 16.6 | (0.9) |
| 13.5 | (1.3) | † | 6.3 | (1.3) | † | 23.7 | (2.6) | † | 17.4 | (3.1) | † | |
Greece | 4.4 | (0.5) |
| 20.2 | (3.3) |
| 15.4 | (3.6) |
| 27.7 | (6.0) |
| 12.3 | (6.8) |
| |
Hungary | 9.7 | (0.7) |
| 15.8 | (2.4) |
| 10.3 | (2.3) |
| 23.1 | (3.8) |
| 12.8 | (4.1) |
| |
Iceland | 11.2 | (0.6) |
| 21.2 | (3.1) |
| 9.6 | (2.8) |
| 32.9 | (5.0) |
| 23.3 | (5.4) |
| |
Ireland | 10.5 | (0.7) |
| 22.8 | (2.5) |
| 17.0 | (3.0) |
| 30.4 | (3.6) |
| 13.4 | (4.6) |
| |
Israel | 11.1 | (0.7) |
| 17.9 | (2.0) | † | 10.2 | (2.0) | † | 26.7 | (3.2) | † | 16.5 | (3.5) | † | |
Italy | 10.2 | (0.9) |
| 15.0 | (1.8) |
| 10.7 | (1.7) |
| 22.7 | (3.6) |
| 12.0 | (3.9) | † | |
Japan | 21.8 | (1.1) |
| 17.9 | (2.1) |
| 12.0 | (2.3) |
| 25.0 | (2.9) |
| 12.9 | (3.1) |
| |
Korea | 23.6 | (1.2) |
| 12.5 | (1.2) |
| 10.3 | (1.3) |
| 15.2 | (1.8) |
| 4.9 | (2.0) |
| |
Latvia | 9.9 | (0.6) |
| 16.2 | (2.5) |
| 9.2 | (2.5) |
| 24.9 | (4.5) |
| 15.7 | (5.4) |
| |
Lithuania | 9.9 | (0.5) |
| 16.7 | (2.3) |
| 6.7 | (1.6) |
| 31.8 | (5.0) | † | 25.1 | (5.3) | † | |
Luxembourg | 12.5 | (0.5) |
| 17.1 | (1.7) |
| 10.0 | (1.9) |
| 25.2 | (3.1) |
| 15.2 | (3.7) |
| |
Mexico | 0.7 | (0.2) |
| 12.9 | (7.0) |
| 10.7 | (7.6) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Netherlands* | 20.7 | (1.0) |
| 19.0 | (2.0) | † | 9.5 | (2.0) | † | 28.7 | (3.1) | † | 19.2 | (3.7) | † | |
New Zealand | 16.4 | (0.6) |
| 23.7 | (1.8) | † | 14.8 | (2.2) | † | 35.1 | (3.3) |
| 20.3 | (4.4) | † | |
Norway | 13.9 | (0.7) |
| 16.2 | (2.0) | † | 6.7 | (1.9) |
| 26.8 | (3.4) | † | 20.1 | (3.6) | † | |
Poland | 18.2 | (1.1) |
| 19.9 | (1.7) |
| 10.8 | (1.6) |
| 30.4 | (2.8) |
| 19.6 | (3.2) |
| |
Portugal* | 13.2 | (0.8) |
| 26.8 | (2.3) |
| 15.0 | (2.0) |
| 46.6 | (4.7) | † | 31.6 | (5.3) | † | |
Slovak Republic | 11.6 | (0.7) |
| 23.5 | (2.2) | † | 14.7 | (3.6) | † | 33.2 | (4.0) |
| 18.5 | (6.0) | † | |
Slovenia | 15.5 | (0.8) |
| 21.1 | (2.5) | † | 11.8 | (2.2) | † | 31.3 | (3.9) | † | 19.6 | (4.1) | † | |
Spain | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Sweden | 14.8 | (0.8) |
| 14.3 | (1.7) |
| 6.6 | (1.8) |
| 22.2 | (2.8) |
| 15.6 | (3.3) |
| |
Switzerland | 18.6 | (1.1) |
| 17.0 | (1.9) | † | 8.9 | (1.7) | † | 27.1 | (3.1) | † | 18.2 | (3.4) | † | |
Turkey | 5.5 | (0.6) |
| 38.2 | (3.3) |
| 27.4 | (3.9) |
| 52.3 | (4.2) |
| 25.0 | (5.4) |
| |
United Kingdom | 16.2 | (0.8) |
| 18.1 | (1.5) |
| 10.9 | (1.7) |
| 26.2 | (2.3) |
| 15.2 | (2.9) |
| |
United States* | 12.3 | (1.0) |
| 24.9 | (2.6) |
| 14.5 | (3.0) |
| 37.7 | (4.0) |
| 23.1 | (5.1) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-36a | 13.1 | (0.1) |
| 19.8 | (0.4) |
| 12.3 | (0.5) |
| 29.9 | (0.7) |
| 17.4 | (0.8) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||
← 1. In this figure, top performers refers to students who achieve at least Level 2 in all three core domains and at Level 5 in mathematics and/or science. | ||||||||||||||||
← 2. For students’ career expectations, results are only available for the French community. | ||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.8.23 [2/2]. Expectation to work as health professionals amongst top performers in science or mathematics, by gender | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percentage of top performers1 in science and/or mathematics | Percentage of top performers in science or mathematics who expect to work as science and engineering professionals when they are 30 | ||||||||||||||
All students | Boys | Girls | Gender difference (girls-boys) | |||||||||||||
% | S.E | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 2.3 | m |
| 29.2 | (4.3) |
| 24.9 | (5.5) |
| 34.7 | (7.4) |
| 9.8 | (9.4) |
|
Argentina | 0.7 | m |
| 10.8 | (5.6) |
| 7.3 | (5.0) |
| 19.3 | (12.8) |
| 12.0 | (13.7) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 2.0 | m |
| 19.4 | (4.5) |
| 15.5 | (4.9) |
| 27.7 | (10.3) |
| 12.2 | (11.9) |
| |
Belarus | 8.0 | m |
| 14.4 | (2.5) |
| 11.0 | (2.6) |
| 19.9 | (4.1) |
| 9.0 | (4.5) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.9 | m |
| 16.6 | (7.3) |
| 7.3 | (5.9) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Brazil | 1.4 | m |
| 28.8 | (5.3) |
| 22.9 | (5.8) |
| 39.5 | (10.1) |
| 16.6 | (11.7) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 4.0 | m |
| 25.1 | (3.7) |
| 21.6 | (4.0) |
| 29.6 | (5.8) |
| 8.0 | (6.4) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 48.5 | m |
| 11.7 | (0.7) |
| 11.1 | (0.9) |
| 12.3 | (0.9) |
| 1.2 | (1.2) |
| |
Bulgaria | 4.8 | m |
| 18.1 | (3.6) |
| 14.7 | (4.1) | † | 22.7 | (5.8) |
| 8.0 | (6.7) | † | |
Costa Rica | 0.4 | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Croatia | 6.9 | m |
| 20.9 | (2.8) |
| 12.9 | (2.7) |
| 32.0 | (4.9) |
| 19.1 | (5.5) |
| |
Cyprus | 5.1 | m |
| 24.0 | (4.0) |
| 22.2 | (5.0) |
| 26.7 | (7.1) |
| 4.6 | (8.9) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 0.0 | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Georgia | 1.1 | m |
| 8.7 | (5.0) |
| 6.9 | (5.9) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 29.6 | m |
| 18.7 | (1.5) |
| 13.7 | (1.5) |
| 23.7 | (2.3) |
| 10.1 | (2.6) |
| |
Indonesia | 0.5 | m |
| 25.3 | (9.4) |
| 17.7 | (15.4) |
| 33.0 | (11.3) |
| 15.3 | (19.4) |
| |
Jordan | 1.2 | m |
| 55.3 | (7.6) |
| 44.2 | (11.2) |
| 67.5 | (11.2) |
| 23.3 | (16.2) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 2.0 | m |
| 12.9 | (2.3) |
| 10.4 | (2.9) |
| 16.7 | (4.0) |
| 6.3 | (5.3) |
| |
Kosovo | 0.1 | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Lebanon | 2.2 | m |
| 30.4 | (5.7) |
| 21.1 | (7.1) |
| 42.5 | (8.9) |
| 21.4 | (11.2) |
| |
Macao (China) | 31.0 | m |
| 17.9 | (1.2) |
| 10.5 | (1.3) |
| 26.3 | (1.9) |
| 15.9 | (2.4) |
| |
Malaysia | 2.6 | m |
| 24.2 | (4.6) |
| 9.7 | (4.5) |
| 39.0 | (5.9) |
| 29.2 | (7.5) |
| |
Malta | 9.8 | m |
| 23.4 | (2.7) |
| 17.2 | (3.6) |
| 31.0 | (4.0) |
| 13.8 | (5.4) |
| |
Moldova | 2.8 | m |
| 16.2 | (3.9) |
| 11.9 | (4.7) |
| 21.3 | (6.1) |
| 9.4 | (7.3) |
| |
Montenegro | 1.9 | m |
| 14.7 | (4.4) |
| 13.3 | (6.0) |
| 17.0 | (6.9) |
| 3.7 | (9.3) |
| |
Morocco | 0.1 | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
North Macedonia | 1.6 | m |
| 10.3 | (6.0) |
| 6.4 | (7.3) |
| 14.0 | (9.3) |
| 7.6 | (11.5) |
| |
Panama | 0.2 | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Peru | 1.0 | m |
| 13.3 | (5.0) |
| 8.3 | (5.7) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Philippines | 0.1 | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Qatar | 4.0 | m |
| 28.8 | (2.3) |
| 22.2 | (2.8) |
| 37.1 | (3.8) |
| 14.9 | (4.7) |
| |
Romania | 3.5 | m |
| 18.0 | (4.2) |
| 8.1 | (3.3) |
| 34.5 | (8.5) |
| 26.4 | (8.8) |
| |
Russia | 9.1 | m |
| 12.2 | (1.7) |
| 8.5 | (1.9) |
| 16.3 | (3.0) |
| 7.8 | (3.6) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 0.2 | m |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Serbia | 5.9 | m |
| 17.1 | (3.0) |
| 14.1 | (3.3) |
| 21.5 | (4.5) |
| 7.3 | (4.9) |
| |
Singapore | 40.3 | m |
| 22.1 | (0.9) |
| 15.4 | (1.2) |
| 29.9 | (1.7) |
| 14.6 | (2.2) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 24.6 | m |
| 17.8 | (1.5) |
| 12.4 | (1.5) |
| 24.0 | (2.4) |
| 11.6 | (2.8) |
| |
Thailand | 2.6 | m |
| 34.8 | (4.7) |
| 20.5 | (5.1) |
| 45.2 | (7.3) |
| 24.7 | (9.0) |
| |
Ukraine | 6.4 | m |
| 8.9 | (2.0) |
| 5.2 | (1.7) |
| 14.5 | (4.3) |
| 9.3 | (4.7) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 6.6 | m |
| 27.6 | (2.2) |
| 19.3 | (2.8) |
| 38.5 | (3.9) |
| 19.3 | (5.0) |
| |
Uruguay | 1.5 | m |
| 15.9 | (6.9) |
| 11.4 | (6.7) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Viet Nam | 0.0 | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||
← 1. In this figure, top performers refers to students who achieve at least Level 2 in all three core domains and at Level 5 in mathematics and/or science. | ||||||||||||||||
2. For students’ career expectations, results are only available for the French community. | ||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.9.3 [1/4]. Mean reading performance and academic resilience, by immigrant background | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of immigrant students | Reading performance | |||||||||||||||||
Average performance | Non-immigrant students | Immigrant students | Second-generation immigrant students | First-generation immigrant students | |||||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 27.7 | (0.8) |
| 503 | (1.6) |
| 504 | (2.0) |
| 511 | (3.3) |
| 523 | (4.5) |
| 501 | (3.9) |
|
Austria | 22.7 | (1.2) |
| 484 | (2.7) |
| 500 | (2.6) |
| 437 | (4.2) |
| 446 | (4.3) |
| 421 | (5.5) |
| |
Belgium | 18.1 | (0.9) |
| 493 | (2.3) |
| 506 | (2.4) |
| 445 | (3.8) |
| 459 | (4.7) |
| 427 | (5.2) |
| |
Canada | 35.0 | (1.4) |
| 520 | (1.8) |
| 525 | (1.6) |
| 522 | (3.0) |
| 535 | (3.9) |
| 508 | (3.6) |
| |
Chile | 3.4 | (0.4) |
| 452 | (2.6) |
| 456 | (2.7) |
| 438 | (7.5) |
| 447 | (18.3) |
| 435 | (8.5) |
| |
Colombia | 0.6 | (0.1) |
| 412 | (3.3) |
| 414 | (3.3) |
| 355 | (13.9) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Czech Republic | 4.1 | (0.4) |
| 490 | (2.5) |
| 493 | (2.5) |
| 440 | (9.7) |
| 459 | (10.5) |
| 421 | (14.4) |
| |
Denmark | 10.7 | (0.4) |
| 501 | (1.8) |
| 509 | (1.9) |
| 444 | (3.5) |
| 447 | (3.7) |
| 435 | (7.4) |
| |
Estonia | 10.4 | (0.5) |
| 523 | (1.8) |
| 528 | (1.9) |
| 489 | (4.5) |
| 492 | (4.9) |
| 453 | (16.8) |
| |
Finland | 5.8 | (0.5) |
| 520 | (2.3) |
| 527 | (2.1) |
| 435 | (7.5) |
| 456 | (10.3) |
| 420 | (9.0) |
| |
France | 14.3 | (0.9) |
| 493 | (2.3) |
| 502 | (2.7) |
| 449 | (5.3) |
| 461 | (5.7) |
| 425 | (7.5) |
| |
Germany | 22.2 | (1.1) |
| 498 | (3.0) |
| 519 | (3.3) |
| 456 | (6.5) |
| 477 | (6.6) |
| 405 | (11.8) |
| |
Greece | 11.7 | (0.7) |
| 457 | (3.6) |
| 465 | (3.4) |
| 414 | (6.1) |
| 420 | (6.9) |
| 397 | (9.2) |
| |
Hungary | 2.6 | (0.3) |
| 476 | (2.3) |
| 477 | (2.3) |
| 490 | (9.8) |
| 510 | (11.1) |
| 468 | (16.5) |
| |
Iceland | 5.6 | (0.4) |
| 474 | (1.7) |
| 481 | (1.8) |
| 407 | (7.6) |
| 412 | (10.9) |
| 402 | (9.5) |
| |
Ireland | 17.9 | (0.9) |
| 518 | (2.2) |
| 522 | (2.3) |
| 508 | (3.8) |
| 509 | (5.3) |
| 508 | (5.3) |
| |
Israel | 16.4 | (1.1) |
| 470 | (3.7) |
| 481 | (3.5) |
| 470 | (6.6) |
| 493 | (6.1) |
| 398 | (10.4) |
| |
Italy | 10.0 | (0.5) |
| 476 | (2.4) |
| 482 | (2.6) |
| 440 | (4.9) |
| 445 | (5.9) |
| 433 | (7.1) |
| |
Japan | 0.6 | (0.1) |
| 504 | (2.7) |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| |
Korea | 0.2 | (0.1) |
| 514 | (2.9) |
| 515 | (2.9) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Latvia | 4.4 | (0.3) |
| 479 | (1.6) |
| 480 | (1.6) |
| 476 | (8.7) |
| 467 | (9.2) |
| 515 | (19.9) |
| |
Lithuania | 1.6 | (0.1) |
| 476 | (1.5) |
| 478 | (1.5) |
| 457 | (11.1) |
| 454 | (11.5) |
| 469 | (27.3) |
| |
Luxembourg | 54.9 | (0.6) |
| 470 | (1.1) |
| 491 | (1.9) |
| 455 | (1.7) |
| 450 | (2.9) |
| 461 | (2.9) |
| |
Mexico | 1.6 | (0.3) |
| 420 | (2.7) |
| 424 | (2.8) |
| 328 | (14.5) |
| 332 | (13.4) |
| 324 | (22.4) |
| |
Netherlands* | 13.8 | (1.2) |
| 485 | (2.7) |
| 498 | (2.9) |
| 426 | (6.2) |
| 433 | (6.7) |
| 399 | (13.0) |
| |
New Zealand | 26.5 | (1.3) |
| 506 | (2.0) |
| 510 | (2.3) |
| 508 | (3.5) |
| 518 | (5.3) |
| 500 | (4.0) |
| |
Norway | 12.4 | (0.8) |
| 499 | (2.2) |
| 509 | (2.1) |
| 457 | (4.7) |
| 463 | (7.0) |
| 451 | (5.5) |
| |
Poland | 0.6 | (0.2) |
| 512 | (2.7) |
| 514 | (2.7) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Portugal* | 7.0 | (0.6) |
| 492 | (2.4) |
| 495 | (2.6) |
| 463 | (7.8) |
| 483 | (10.1) |
| 436 | (9.1) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 1.2 | (0.2) |
| 458 | (2.2) |
| 460 | (2.2) |
| 407 | (13.6) |
| 424 | (17.8) |
| 387 | (17.3) |
| |
Slovenia | 8.9 | (0.3) |
| 495 | (1.2) |
| 502 | (1.3) |
| 439 | (6.0) |
| 464 | (7.3) |
| 422 | (8.2) |
| |
Spain | 12.2 | (0.5) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Sweden | 20.5 | (1.3) |
| 506 | (3.0) |
| 525 | (2.7) |
| 443 | (5.8) |
| 471 | (6.4) |
| 410 | (6.9) |
| |
Switzerland | 33.9 | (1.4) |
| 484 | (3.1) |
| 503 | (3.2) |
| 451 | (4.3) |
| 453 | (4.6) |
| 448 | (6.3) |
| |
Turkey | 0.9 | (0.1) |
| 466 | (2.2) |
| 467 | (2.2) |
| 462 | (12.7) |
| 474 | (15.1) |
| c | c |
| |
United Kingdom | 19.8 | (1.2) |
| 504 | (2.6) |
| 511 | (2.7) |
| 491 | (4.2) |
| 493 | (5.7) |
| 488 | (6.9) |
| |
United States* | 23.0 | (1.5) |
| 505 | (3.6) |
| 510 | (3.6) |
| 503 | (6.0) |
| 512 | (6.1) |
| 479 | (8.3) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-36a | 13.0 | (0.1) |
| 487 | (0.4) |
| 494 | (0.4) |
| 452 | (1.3) |
| 465 | (1.6) |
| 440 | (2.1) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS). | |||||||||||||||||||
2. Immigrant students who scored in the top quarter of performance in reading amongst students in their own country. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.9.3 [2/4]. Mean reading performance and academic resilience, by immigrant background | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of immigrant students | Reading performance | |||||||||||||||||
Average performance | Non-immigrant students | Immigrant students | Second-generation immigrant students | First-generation immigrant students | |||||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 0.6 | (0.1) |
| 405 | (1.9) |
| 407 | (1.9) |
| 340 | (11.3) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
|
Argentina | 4.6 | (0.3) |
| 402 | (3.0) |
| 404 | (3.1) |
| 405 | (7.0) |
| 414 | (9.4) |
| 395 | (8.0) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 5.2 | (0.4) |
| 389 | (2.5) |
| 393 | (2.6) |
| 379 | (4.2) |
| 386 | (5.2) |
| 369 | (6.8) |
| |
Belarus | 4.1 | (0.3) |
| 474 | (2.4) |
| 475 | (2.5) |
| 457 | (7.3) |
| 461 | (6.7) |
| 447 | (16.3) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2.8 | (0.3) |
| 403 | (2.9) |
| 405 | (3.0) |
| 386 | (7.7) |
| 403 | (11.0) |
| 369 | (11.1) |
| |
Brazil | 0.6 | (0.1) |
| 413 | (2.1) |
| 418 | (2.1) |
| 334 | (11.0) |
| 332 | (13.4) |
| c | c |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 8.2 | (0.3) |
| 408 | (0.9) |
| 403 | (1.0) |
| 476 | (4.0) |
| 460 | (6.8) |
| 485 | (5.4) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 0.2 | (0.1) |
| 555 | (2.7) |
| 556 | (2.7) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Bulgaria | 1.1 | (0.2) |
| 420 | (3.9) |
| 425 | (3.8) |
| 383 | (13.0) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Costa Rica | 10.0 | (0.7) |
| 426 | (3.4) |
| 430 | (3.5) |
| 407 | (4.8) |
| 408 | (4.7) |
| 404 | (8.8) |
| |
Croatia | 9.1 | (0.5) |
| 479 | (2.7) |
| 481 | (2.6) |
| 471 | (5.5) |
| 473 | (5.7) |
| 464 | (11.8) |
| |
Cyprus | 14.8 | (0.5) |
| 424 | (1.4) |
| 426 | (1.4) |
| 430 | (4.0) |
| 420 | (6.4) |
| 436 | (5.4) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 2.9 | (0.3) |
| 342 | (2.9) |
| 347 | (2.7) |
| 322 | (11.2) |
| 323 | (10.4) |
| 322 | (16.2) |
| |
Georgia | 1.4 | (0.2) |
| 380 | (2.2) |
| 384 | (2.1) |
| 333 | (11.4) |
| 328 | (15.3) |
| c | c |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 37.9 | (1.3) |
| 524 | (2.7) |
| 529 | (2.9) |
| 522 | (4.7) |
| 533 | (4.3) |
| 502 | (6.9) |
| |
Indonesia | 0.3 | (0.1) |
| 371 | (2.6) |
| 373 | (2.6) |
| 276 | (16.0) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Jordan | 11.6 | (0.5) |
| 419 | (2.9) |
| 421 | (2.7) |
| 433 | (4.5) |
| 433 | (5.0) |
| 434 | (6.1) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 8.2 | (0.4) |
| 387 | (1.5) |
| 389 | (1.5) |
| 377 | (2.8) |
| 389 | (4.0) |
| 366 | (3.7) |
| |
Kosovo | 1.1 | (0.2) |
| 353 | (1.1) |
| 355 | (1.1) |
| 333 | (8.3) |
| 339 | (9.3) |
| c | c |
| |
Lebanon | 6.0 | (0.5) |
| 353 | (4.3) |
| 364 | (4.4) |
| 313 | (8.4) |
| 306 | (13.1) |
| 316 | (9.3) |
| |
Macao (China) | 62.9 | (0.7) |
| 525 | (1.2) |
| 512 | (2.2) |
| 533 | (1.8) |
| 528 | (2.5) |
| 540 | (2.8) |
| |
Malaysia | 1.6 | (0.2) |
| 415 | (2.9) |
| 417 | (2.8) |
| 410 | (16.7) |
| 413 | (13.0) |
| c | c |
| |
Malta | 8.8 | (0.4) |
| 448 | (1.7) |
| 452 | (1.8) |
| 451 | (6.8) |
| 433 | (16.3) |
| 457 | (8.3) |
| |
Moldova | 1.4 | (0.2) |
| 424 | (2.4) |
| 428 | (2.4) |
| 428 | (13.8) |
| 433 | (14.4) |
| c | c |
| |
Montenegro | 5.8 | (0.3) |
| 421 | (1.1) |
| 422 | (1.1) |
| 429 | (4.5) |
| 438 | (6.5) |
| 415 | (6.5) |
| |
Morocco | 0.8 | (0.1) |
| 359 | (3.1) |
| 361 | (3.2) |
| 305 | (11.0) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
North Macedonia | 1.6 | (0.2) |
| 393 | (1.1) |
| 397 | (1.2) |
| 369 | (14.1) |
| 372 | (17.2) |
| c | c |
| |
Panama | 6.0 | (0.7) |
| 377 | (3.0) |
| 381 | (2.9) |
| 408 | (10.1) |
| 375 | (14.3) |
| 426 | (12.1) |
| |
Peru | 0.5 | (0.1) |
| 401 | (3.0) |
| 403 | (2.9) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Philippines | 1.0 | (0.2) |
| 340 | (3.3) |
| 344 | (3.3) |
| 274 | (12.8) |
| c | c |
| 261 | (14.4) |
| |
Qatar | 56.8 | (0.4) |
| 407 | (0.8) |
| 368 | (1.3) |
| 445 | (1.2) |
| 423 | (2.6) |
| 454 | (1.4) |
| |
Romania | 0.8 | (0.2) | † | 428 | (5.1) |
| 431 | (5.3) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Russia | 5.8 | (0.3) |
| 479 | (3.1) |
| 480 | (3.1) |
| 478 | (6.3) |
| 491 | (6.9) |
| 457 | (8.4) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 11.9 | (1.1) |
| 399 | (3.0) |
| 400 | (3.1) |
| 436 | (4.7) |
| 435 | (5.7) |
| 437 | (6.2) |
| |
Serbia | 9.3 | (0.4) |
| 439 | (3.3) |
| 441 | (3.1) |
| 447 | (6.8) |
| 447 | (7.3) |
| 449 | (13.5) |
| |
Singapore | 24.8 | (0.7) |
| 549 | (1.6) |
| 546 | (1.5) |
| 565 | (4.3) |
| 587 | (4.0) |
| 554 | (6.0) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 0.7 | (0.2) |
| 503 | (2.8) |
| 504 | (2.8) |
| 428 | (49.1) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Thailand | 1.1 | (0.4) |
| 393 | (3.2) |
| 394 | (3.2) |
| 356 | (20.0) |
| 348 | (15.5) |
| c | c |
| |
Ukraine | 2.3 | (0.2) |
| 466 | (3.5) |
| 468 | (3.4) |
| 443 | (9.9) |
| 456 | (11.7) |
| 419 | (18.7) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 55.8 | (0.8) |
| 432 | (2.3) |
| 386 | (2.0) |
| 476 | (2.7) |
| 465 | (2.6) |
| 484 | (3.4) |
| |
Uruguay | 1.3 | (0.2) |
| 427 | (2.8) |
| 429 | (2.7) |
| 402 | (18.6) |
| 399 | (19.4) |
| 404 | (31.4) |
| |
Viet Nam | 0.1 | (0.0) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||||||||
1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS). | |||||||||||||||||||
2. Immigrant students who scored in the top quarter of performance in reading amongst students in their own country. | |||||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.9.3 [3/4]. Mean reading performance and academic resilience, by immigrant background | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | ||||||||||
| Score-point difference in reading performance associated with immigrant background | Academic resilience | ||||||||
Before accounting for gender, and students’ and schools' socio-economic profile1 | After accounting for gender, and students’ and schools' socio-economic profile | Academically resilient immigrant students2 | ||||||||
Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 8 | (3.5) |
| 7 | (3.0) |
| 29.1 | (1.3) |
|
Austria | -63 | (4.5) |
| -33 | (3.6) |
| 11.2 | (1.2) |
| |
Belgium | -61 | (4.1) |
| -21 | (4.0) |
| 12.0 | (1.2) |
| |
Canada | -3 | (2.9) |
| -1 | (2.6) |
| 26.2 | (1.2) |
| |
Chile | -18 | (7.1) |
| -14 | (6.9) |
| 18.6 | (2.9) |
| |
Colombia | -59 | (13.6) |
| -46 | (11.2) |
| 13.5 | (5.3) |
| |
Czech Republic | -53 | (9.4) |
| -34 | (7.3) |
| 12.3 | (2.5) |
| |
Denmark | -65 | (3.8) |
| -34 | (3.7) |
| 9.3 | (1.2) |
| |
Estonia | -39 | (4.6) |
| -35 | (4.5) |
| 13.6 | (1.5) |
| |
Finland | -92 | (7.3) |
| -74 | (6.7) |
| 7.9 | (1.8) |
| |
France | -52 | (6.2) |
| -13 | (5.0) |
| 13.4 | (1.7) |
| |
Germany | -63 | (6.8) |
| -17 | (5.6) |
| 16.0 | (1.7) |
| |
Greece | -51 | (5.3) |
| -22 | (5.1) |
| 12.1 | (1.7) |
| |
Hungary | 13 | (9.7) |
| -7 | (9.4) |
| 31.0 | (5.3) |
| |
Iceland | -74 | (8.0) |
| -55 | (7.9) |
| 7.0 | (2.6) |
| |
Ireland | -14 | (3.8) |
| -9 | (3.2) |
| 21.6 | (1.5) |
| |
Israel | -11 | (6.4) |
| 6 | (5.3) |
| 24.3 | (1.8) |
| |
Italy | -43 | (5.1) |
| -22 | (4.0) |
| 14.1 | (1.6) |
| |
Japan | w | w |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| |
Korea | c | c |
| c | c |
| m | m |
| |
Latvia | -4 | (8.8) |
| -7 | (8.1) |
| 27.5 | (3.8) |
| |
Lithuania | -21 | (11.2) |
| -27 | (9.0) |
| 20.3 | (4.2) |
| |
Luxembourg | -35 | (2.8) |
| -17 | (2.8) |
| 21.8 | (0.7) |
| |
Mexico | -96 | (14.9) |
| -80 | (11.6) |
| 7.3 | (3.4) |
| |
Netherlands* | -72 | (7.1) |
| -23 | (6.5) |
| 8.9 | (1.7) |
| |
New Zealand | -2 | (4.0) |
| -8 | (3.3) |
| 26.5 | (1.3) |
| |
Norway | -52 | (4.4) |
| -33 | (4.5) |
| 13.9 | (1.5) |
| |
Poland | c | c |
| c | c |
| m | m |
| |
Portugal* | -32 | (8.2) |
| -26 | (6.2) |
| 17.1 | (2.8) |
| |
Slovak Republic | -53 | (13.7) |
| -40 | (12.7) |
| 12.6 | (4.6) |
| |
Slovenia | -63 | (6.3) |
| -28 | (6.2) |
| 8.8 | (1.8) |
| |
Spain | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Sweden | -83 | (5.9) |
| -54 | (4.7) |
| 10.3 | (1.5) |
| |
Switzerland | -52 | (4.7) |
| -25 | (3.6) |
| 15.7 | (1.3) |
| |
Turkey | -5 | (12.6) |
| -27 | (12.2) |
| 25.1 | (7.0) |
| |
United Kingdom | -20 | (4.4) |
| -4 | (4.1) |
| 20.5 | (1.6) |
| |
United States* | -7 | (5.9) |
| 16 | (4.5) |
| 24.5 | (2.2) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-36a | -41 | (1.3) |
| -24 | (1.2) |
| 16.8 | (0.5) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||
← 1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS). | ||||||||||
← 2. Immigrant students who scored in the top quarter of performance in reading amongst students in their own country. | ||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||
Table II.B1.9.3 [4/4]. Mean reading performance and academic resilience, by immigrant background | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | ||||||||||
| Score-point difference in reading performance associated with immigrant background | Academic resilience | ||||||||
Before accounting for gender, and students’ and schools' socio-economic profile1 | After accounting for gender, and students’ and schools' socio-economic profile | Academically resilient immigrant students2 | ||||||||
Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | -67 | (11.3) |
| -68 | (9.5) |
| 3.0 | (2.5) |
|
Argentina | 1 | (7.3) |
| 12 | (6.0) |
| 23.0 | (2.6) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | -14 | (4.8) |
| -13 | (4.6) |
| 19.8 | (2.9) |
| |
Belarus | -19 | (7.2) |
| -9 | (6.5) |
| 22.6 | (2.9) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | -19 | (7.7) |
| -23 | (7.0) |
| 20.1 | (3.7) |
| |
Brazil | -84 | (11.2) |
| -74 | (10.6) |
| 4.6 | (2.5) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 73 | (4.2) |
| 25 | (4.1) |
| 53.3 | (2.1) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | c | c |
| c | c |
| m | m |
| |
Bulgaria | -42 | (12.4) |
| -34 | (10.8) |
| 16.8 | (4.7) |
| |
Costa Rica | -23 | (4.5) |
| -12 | (3.4) |
| 17.5 | (2.4) |
| |
Croatia | -10 | (5.2) |
| -3 | (4.1) |
| 21.2 | (2.6) |
| |
Cyprus | 4 | (4.1) |
| 9 | (5.1) |
| 27.9 | (1.8) |
| |
Dominican Republic | -24 | (10.3) |
| -17 | (8.7) |
| 20.0 | (4.5) |
| |
Georgia | -51 | (11.4) |
| -47 | (11.0) |
| 12.5 | (3.9) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | -7 | (5.0) |
| 9 | (4.2) |
| 24.0 | (1.3) |
| |
Indonesia | -97 | (16.1) |
| -89 | (15.1) |
| 0.6 | (0.7) |
| |
Jordan | 12 | (3.7) |
| 14 | (3.4) |
| 31.3 | (2.5) |
| |
Kazakhstan | -11 | (3.0) |
| -3 | (2.8) |
| 20.3 | (1.6) |
| |
Kosovo | -22 | (8.6) |
| -31 | (7.5) |
| 14.6 | (6.2) |
| |
Lebanon | -51 | (8.0) |
| -44 | (9.1) |
| 14.6 | (2.6) |
| |
Macao (China) | 22 | (3.0) |
| 26 | (3.1) |
| 27.3 | (0.9) |
| |
Malaysia | -8 | (16.3) |
| -3 | (12.5) |
| 25.7 | (6.5) |
| |
Malta | -1 | (7.2) |
| -12 | (7.1) |
| 27.6 | (2.9) |
| |
Moldova | 0 | (13.4) |
| -14 | (12.4) |
| 31.5 | (6.4) |
| |
Montenegro | 8 | (4.7) |
| -7 | (4.2) |
| 29.6 | (2.5) |
| |
Morocco | -56 | (10.7) |
| -55 | (9.7) |
| 7.6 | (4.0) |
| |
North Macedonia | -28 | (14.4) |
| -27 | (12.1) |
| 18.7 | (6.6) |
| |
Panama | 28 | (9.5) |
| -12 | (7.0) |
| 41.4 | (5.0) |
| |
Peru | c | c |
| c | c |
| m | m |
| |
Philippines | -70 | (11.9) |
| -64 | (7.8) |
| 11.9 | (5.6) |
| |
Qatar | 77 | (1.9) |
| 63 | (1.6) |
| 36.4 | (0.5) |
| |
Romania | c | c | † | c | c | † | m | m |
| |
Russia | -2 | (5.4) |
| -7 | (5.1) |
| 25.8 | (2.8) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 36 | (5.4) |
| 32 | (4.3) |
| 38.8 | (2.8) |
| |
Serbia | 7 | (6.3) |
| 2 | (4.8) |
| 26.9 | (2.9) |
| |
Singapore | 19 | (4.5) |
| -9 | (4.2) |
| 28.9 | (1.5) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | -76 | (49.0) |
| -82 | (59.4) |
| 17.3 | (8.8) |
| |
Thailand | -38 | (20.2) |
| -2 | (22.9) |
| 17.4 | (7.8) |
| |
Ukraine | -25 | (8.7) |
| -25 | (8.4) |
| 15.3 | (4.0) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 91 | (2.8) |
| 64 | (2.5) |
| 38.5 | (1.2) |
| |
Uruguay | -28 | (18.6) |
| -42 | (15.8) |
| 22.3 | (6.5) |
| |
Viet Nam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||
← 1. The socio-economic profile is measured by the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS). | ||||||||||
← 2. Immigrant students who scored in the top quarter of performance in reading amongst students in their own country. | ||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||
Table II.B1.9.9 [1/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the percentage of students with an immigrant background | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||
| PISA 2009 | ||||||||||||
Percentage of students | |||||||||||||
Non-immigrant | Immigrant | Second-generation immigrant | First-generation immigrant | ||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 76.8 | (1.1) |
| 23.2 | (1.1) |
| 12.1 | (0.7) |
| 11.1 | (0.6) |
|
Austria | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Belgium | 85.2 | (1.1) |
| 14.8 | (1.1) |
| 7.8 | (0.7) |
| 6.9 | (0.7) |
| |
Canada | 75.6 | (1.3) |
| 24.4 | (1.3) |
| 13.7 | (0.8) |
| 10.7 | (0.7) |
| |
Chile | 99.5 | (0.1) |
| 0.5 | (0.1) |
| 0.1 | (0.0) |
| 0.4 | (0.1) |
| |
Colombia | 99.7 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| 0.0 | (0.0) |
| |
Czech Republic | 97.7 | (0.2) |
| 2.3 | (0.2) |
| 1.4 | (0.2) |
| 0.8 | (0.1) |
| |
Denmark | 91.4 | (0.4) |
| 8.6 | (0.4) |
| 5.9 | (0.3) |
| 2.8 | (0.2) |
| |
Estonia | 92.0 | (0.6) |
| 8.0 | (0.6) |
| 7.4 | (0.6) |
| 0.6 | (0.1) |
| |
Finland | 97.4 | (0.3) |
| 2.6 | (0.3) |
| 1.1 | (0.2) |
| 1.4 | (0.2) |
| |
France | 86.9 | (1.4) |
| 13.1 | (1.4) |
| 10.0 | (1.0) |
| 3.2 | (0.5) |
| |
Germany | 82.4 | (1.0) |
| 17.6 | (1.0) |
| 11.7 | (0.8) |
| 5.9 | (0.4) |
| |
Greece | 91.0 | (0.8) |
| 9.0 | (0.8) |
| 2.9 | (0.3) |
| 6.1 | (0.7) |
| |
Hungary | 97.9 | (0.3) |
| 2.1 | (0.3) |
| 0.9 | (0.1) |
| 1.2 | (0.2) |
| |
Iceland | 97.6 | (0.2) |
| 2.4 | (0.2) |
| 0.4 | (0.1) |
| 1.9 | (0.2) |
| |
Ireland | 91.7 | (0.6) |
| 8.3 | (0.6) |
| 1.4 | (0.2) |
| 6.8 | (0.5) |
| |
Israel | 80.3 | (1.1) |
| 19.7 | (1.1) |
| 12.6 | (0.7) |
| 7.1 | (0.7) |
| |
Italy | 94.5 | (0.3) |
| 5.5 | (0.3) |
| 1.3 | (0.1) |
| 4.2 | (0.2) |
| |
Japan | 99.7 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| 0.1 | (0.0) |
| 0.1 | (0.0) |
| |
Korea | 100.0 | (0.0) |
| 0.0 | (0.0) |
| 0.0 | (0.0) |
| 0.0 | c |
| |
Latvia | 95.5 | (0.5) |
| 4.5 | (0.5) |
| 4.1 | (0.5) |
| 0.4 | (0.1) |
| |
Lithuania | 98.3 | (0.3) |
| 1.7 | (0.3) |
| 1.6 | (0.3) |
| 0.2 | (0.1) |
| |
Luxembourg | 59.8 | (0.7) |
| 40.2 | (0.7) |
| 24.0 | (0.6) |
| 16.1 | (0.5) |
| |
Mexico | 98.1 | (0.2) |
| 1.9 | (0.2) |
| 0.7 | (0.1) |
| 1.1 | (0.1) |
| |
Netherlands* | 87.9 | (1.4) |
| 12.1 | (1.4) |
| 8.9 | (1.1) |
| 3.2 | (0.5) |
| |
New Zealand | 75.3 | (1.0) |
| 24.7 | (1.0) |
| 8.0 | (0.6) |
| 16.7 | (0.7) |
| |
Norway | 93.2 | (0.6) |
| 6.8 | (0.6) |
| 3.6 | (0.4) |
| 3.2 | (0.3) |
| |
Poland | 100.0 | (0.0) |
| 0.0 | (0.0) |
| 0.0 | c |
| 0.0 | (0.0) |
| |
Portugal* | 94.5 | (0.5) |
| 5.5 | (0.5) |
| 2.7 | (0.3) |
| 2.8 | (0.3) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 99.5 | (0.1) |
| 0.5 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| |
Slovenia | 92.2 | (0.4) |
| 7.8 | (0.4) |
| 6.4 | (0.4) |
| 1.4 | (0.2) |
| |
Spain | 90.5 | (0.5) |
| 9.5 | (0.5) |
| 1.1 | (0.1) |
| 8.4 | (0.5) |
| |
Sweden | 88.3 | (1.2) |
| 11.7 | (1.2) |
| 8.0 | (0.8) |
| 3.7 | (0.5) |
| |
Switzerland | 76.5 | (0.9) |
| 23.5 | (0.9) |
| 15.1 | (0.7) |
| 8.4 | (0.5) |
| |
Turkey | 99.5 | (0.1) |
| 0.5 | (0.1) |
| 0.4 | (0.1) |
| 0.1 | (0.1) |
| |
United Kingdom | 89.4 | (1.0) |
| 10.6 | (1.0) |
| 5.8 | (0.7) |
| 4.8 | (0.4) |
| |
United States* | 80.5 | (1.3) |
| 19.5 | (1.3) |
| 13.0 | (1.1) |
| 6.4 | (0.5) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-36b | 90.5 | (0.1) |
| 9.5 | (0.1) |
| 5.4 | (0.1) |
| 4.1 | (0.1) |
| |
OECD average-37 | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.9.9 [2/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the percentage of students with an immigrant background | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||
| PISA 2009 | ||||||||||||
Percentage of students | |||||||||||||
Non-immigrant | Immigrant | Second-generation immigrant | First-generation immigrant | ||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 99.4 | (0.2) |
| 0.6 | (0.2) |
| 0.5 | (0.2) |
| 0.1 | (0.1) |
|
Argentina | 96.4 | (0.5) |
| 3.6 | (0.5) |
| 2.2 | (0.3) |
| 1.5 | (0.3) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Belarus | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Brazil | 99.2 | (0.1) |
| 0.8 | (0.1) |
| 0.5 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Bulgaria | 99.5 | (0.1) |
| 0.5 | (0.1) |
| 0.2 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| |
Costa Rica | 94.0 | (0.6) |
| 6.0 | (0.6) |
| 2.6 | (0.4) |
| 3.4 | (0.4) |
| |
Croatia | 89.3 | (0.6) |
| 10.7 | (0.6) |
| 7.2 | (0.5) |
| 3.5 | (0.3) |
| |
Cyprus | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Dominican Republic | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Georgia | 98.5 | (0.2) |
| 1.5 | (0.2) |
| 1.3 | (0.2) |
| 0.1 | (0.1) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 60.6 | (1.5) |
| 39.4 | (1.5) |
| 23.9 | (0.8) |
| 15.5 | (1.0) |
| |
Indonesia | 99.7 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| 0.0 | c |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| |
Jordan | 86.2 | (0.9) |
| 13.8 | (0.9) |
| 10.5 | (0.7) |
| 3.3 | (0.3) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 88.4 | (1.1) |
| 11.6 | (1.1) |
| 7.2 | (0.8) |
| 4.4 | (0.6) |
| |
Kosovo | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Lebanon | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Macao (China) | 29.6 | (0.6) |
| 70.4 | (0.6) |
| 54.9 | (0.6) |
| 15.5 | (0.4) |
| |
Malaysia | 98.7 | (0.3) |
| 1.3 | (0.3) |
| 1.2 | (0.3) |
| 0.2 | (0.1) |
| |
Malta | 97.5 | (0.3) |
| 2.5 | (0.3) |
| 0.7 | (0.2) |
| 1.8 | (0.2) |
| |
Moldova | 98.7 | (0.2) |
| 1.3 | (0.2) |
| 1.1 | (0.2) |
| 0.2 | (0.1) |
| |
Montenegro | 93.4 | (0.4) |
| 6.6 | (0.4) |
| 2.5 | (0.3) |
| 4.1 | (0.3) |
| |
Morocco | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
North Macedonia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Panama | 96.1 | (0.8) |
| 3.9 | (0.8) |
| 1.4 | (0.3) |
| 2.5 | (0.7) |
| |
Peru | 99.6 | (0.1) |
| 0.4 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| 0.2 | (0.1) |
| |
Philippines | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Qatar | 53.6 | (0.4) |
| 46.4 | (0.4) |
| 20.0 | (0.4) |
| 26.4 | (0.4) |
| |
Romania | 99.7 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| 0.1 | (0.0) |
| 0.2 | (0.1) |
| |
Russia | 87.9 | (0.7) |
| 12.1 | (0.7) |
| 7.2 | (0.7) |
| 4.9 | (0.4) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Serbia | 90.5 | (0.6) |
| 9.5 | (0.6) |
| 5.2 | (0.4) |
| 4.3 | (0.4) |
| |
Singapore | 85.6 | (0.7) |
| 14.4 | (0.7) |
| 4.8 | (0.4) |
| 9.6 | (0.5) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 99.6 | (0.1) |
| 0.4 | (0.1) |
| 0.2 | (0.1) |
| 0.2 | (0.1) |
| |
Thailand | 100.0 | c |
| 0.0 | c |
| 0.0 | c |
| 0.0 | c |
| |
Ukraine | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
United Arab Emirates | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Uruguay | 99.4 | (0.1) |
| 0.6 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| |
Viet Nam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.9.9 [3/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the percentage of students with an immigrant background | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||
| PISA 2018 | ||||||||||||
Percentage of students | |||||||||||||
Non-immigrant | Immigrant | Second-generation immigrant | First-generation immigrant | ||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 72.3 | (0.8) |
| 27.7 | (0.8) |
| 13.5 | (0.6) |
| 14.2 | (0.5) |
|
Austria | 77.3 | (1.2) |
| 22.7 | (1.2) |
| 14.9 | (0.8) |
| 7.8 | (0.7) |
| |
Belgium | 81.9 | (0.9) |
| 18.1 | (0.9) |
| 10.2 | (0.6) |
| 7.8 | (0.6) |
| |
Canada | 65.0 | (1.4) |
| 35.0 | (1.4) |
| 17.9 | (0.9) |
| 17.1 | (0.8) |
| |
Chile | 96.6 | (0.4) |
| 3.4 | (0.4) |
| 0.7 | (0.1) |
| 2.7 | (0.4) |
| |
Colombia | 99.4 | (0.1) |
| 0.6 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| |
Czech Republic | 95.9 | (0.4) |
| 4.1 | (0.4) |
| 2.0 | (0.2) |
| 2.1 | (0.3) |
| |
Denmark | 89.3 | (0.4) |
| 10.7 | (0.4) |
| 8.4 | (0.4) |
| 2.2 | (0.2) |
| |
Estonia | 89.6 | (0.5) |
| 10.4 | (0.5) |
| 9.6 | (0.4) |
| 0.7 | (0.1) |
| |
Finland | 94.2 | (0.5) |
| 5.8 | (0.5) |
| 2.5 | (0.3) |
| 3.3 | (0.3) |
| |
France | 85.7 | (0.9) |
| 14.3 | (0.9) |
| 9.6 | (0.8) |
| 4.7 | (0.4) |
| |
Germany | 77.8 | (1.1) |
| 22.2 | (1.1) |
| 15.7 | (0.9) |
| 6.5 | (0.6) |
| |
Greece | 88.3 | (0.7) |
| 11.7 | (0.7) |
| 8.5 | (0.5) |
| 3.2 | (0.3) |
| |
Hungary | 97.4 | (0.3) |
| 2.6 | (0.3) |
| 1.3 | (0.2) |
| 1.2 | (0.3) |
| |
Iceland | 94.4 | (0.4) |
| 5.6 | (0.4) |
| 2.5 | (0.3) |
| 3.1 | (0.3) |
| |
Ireland | 82.1 | (0.9) |
| 17.9 | (0.9) |
| 8.0 | (0.6) |
| 9.8 | (0.5) |
| |
Israel | 83.6 | (1.1) |
| 16.4 | (1.1) |
| 12.4 | (1.0) |
| 4.0 | (0.3) |
| |
Italy | 90.0 | (0.5) |
| 10.0 | (0.5) |
| 5.5 | (0.4) |
| 4.6 | (0.3) |
| |
Japan | 99.4 | (0.1) |
| 0.6 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| |
Korea | 99.8 | (0.1) |
| 0.2 | (0.1) |
| 0.1 | (0.1) |
| 0.1 | (0.0) |
| |
Latvia | 95.6 | (0.3) |
| 4.4 | (0.3) |
| 3.6 | (0.3) |
| 0.9 | (0.1) |
| |
Lithuania | 98.4 | (0.1) |
| 1.6 | (0.1) |
| 1.2 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| |
Luxembourg | 45.1 | (0.6) |
| 54.9 | (0.6) |
| 30.4 | (0.6) |
| 24.5 | (0.5) |
| |
Mexico | 98.4 | (0.3) |
| 1.6 | (0.3) |
| 0.9 | (0.2) |
| 0.7 | (0.1) |
| |
Netherlands* | 86.2 | (1.2) |
| 13.8 | (1.2) |
| 11.0 | (1.1) |
| 2.7 | (0.3) |
| |
New Zealand | 73.5 | (1.3) |
| 26.5 | (1.3) |
| 11.7 | (0.8) |
| 14.8 | (0.7) |
| |
Norway | 87.6 | (0.8) |
| 12.4 | (0.8) |
| 6.2 | (0.6) |
| 6.2 | (0.4) |
| |
Poland | 99.4 | (0.2) |
| 0.6 | (0.2) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| 0.4 | (0.2) |
| |
Portugal* | 93.0 | (0.6) |
| 7.0 | (0.6) |
| 4.0 | (0.4) |
| 3.0 | (0.4) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 98.8 | (0.2) |
| 1.2 | (0.2) |
| 0.6 | (0.1) |
| 0.6 | (0.1) |
| |
Slovenia | 91.1 | (0.3) |
| 8.9 | (0.3) |
| 3.6 | (0.2) |
| 5.2 | (0.3) |
| |
Spain | 87.8 | (0.5) |
| 12.2 | (0.5) |
| 4.9 | (0.3) |
| 7.3 | (0.3) |
| |
Sweden | 79.5 | (1.3) |
| 20.5 | (1.3) |
| 10.9 | (0.9) |
| 9.6 | (0.7) |
| |
Switzerland | 66.1 | (1.4) |
| 33.9 | (1.4) |
| 21.8 | (1.0) |
| 12.0 | (0.6) |
| |
Turkey | 99.1 | (0.1) |
| 0.9 | (0.1) |
| 0.6 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| |
United Kingdom | 80.2 | (1.2) |
| 19.8 | (1.2) |
| 11.3 | (0.9) |
| 8.4 | (0.6) |
| |
United States* | 77.0 | (1.5) |
| 23.0 | (1.5) |
| 17.1 | (1.2) |
| 5.9 | (0.6) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-36b | 87.2 | (0.1) |
| 12.8 | (0.1) |
| 7.5 | (0.1) |
| 5.3 | (0.1) |
| |
OECD average-37 | 87.0 | (0.1) |
| 13.0 | (0.1) |
| 7.7 | (0.1) |
| 5.4 | (0.1) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.9.9 [4/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the percentage of students with an immigrant background | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||
| PISA 2018 | ||||||||||||
Percentage of students | |||||||||||||
Non-immigrant | Immigrant | Second-generation immigrant | First-generation immigrant | ||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | % | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 99.4 | (0.1) |
| 0.6 | (0.1) |
| 0.4 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
|
Argentina | 95.4 | (0.3) |
| 4.6 | (0.3) |
| 2.4 | (0.2) |
| 2.2 | (0.2) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 94.8 | (0.4) |
| 5.2 | (0.4) |
| 3.0 | (0.3) |
| 2.2 | (0.2) |
| |
Belarus | 95.9 | (0.3) |
| 4.1 | (0.3) |
| 2.9 | (0.2) |
| 1.3 | (0.2) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 97.2 | (0.3) |
| 2.8 | (0.3) |
| 1.4 | (0.2) |
| 1.4 | (0.3) |
| |
Brazil | 99.4 | (0.1) |
| 0.6 | (0.1) |
| 0.4 | (0.1) |
| 0.2 | (0.0) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 91.8 | (0.3) |
| 8.2 | (0.3) |
| 3.0 | (0.2) |
| 5.2 | (0.2) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 99.8 | (0.1) |
| 0.2 | (0.1) |
| 0.1 | (0.1) |
| 0.1 | (0.0) |
| |
Bulgaria | 98.9 | (0.2) |
| 1.1 | (0.2) |
| 0.6 | (0.1) |
| 0.5 | (0.1) |
| |
Costa Rica | 90.0 | (0.7) |
| 10.0 | (0.7) |
| 6.8 | (0.5) |
| 3.2 | (0.3) |
| |
Croatia | 90.9 | (0.5) |
| 9.1 | (0.5) |
| 7.7 | (0.4) |
| 1.3 | (0.2) |
| |
Cyprus | 85.2 | (0.5) |
| 14.8 | (0.5) |
| 5.2 | (0.3) |
| 9.6 | (0.5) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 97.1 | (0.3) |
| 2.9 | (0.3) |
| 1.6 | (0.2) |
| 1.3 | (0.2) |
| |
Georgia | 98.6 | (0.2) |
| 1.4 | (0.2) |
| 0.8 | (0.1) |
| 0.6 | (0.1) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 62.1 | (1.3) |
| 37.9 | (1.3) |
| 25.1 | (0.9) |
| 12.8 | (0.9) |
| |
Indonesia | 99.7 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| 0.1 | (0.0) |
| 0.2 | (0.1) |
| |
Jordan | 88.4 | (0.5) |
| 11.6 | (0.5) |
| 6.5 | (0.4) |
| 5.1 | (0.3) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 91.8 | (0.4) |
| 8.2 | (0.4) |
| 4.2 | (0.3) |
| 4.0 | (0.3) |
| |
Kosovo | 98.9 | (0.2) |
| 1.1 | (0.2) |
| 0.9 | (0.2) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| |
Lebanon | 94.0 | (0.5) |
| 6.0 | (0.5) |
| 2.1 | (0.2) |
| 3.9 | (0.4) |
| |
Macao (China) | 37.1 | (0.7) |
| 62.9 | (0.7) |
| 36.8 | (0.8) |
| 26.1 | (0.6) |
| |
Malaysia | 98.4 | (0.2) |
| 1.6 | (0.2) |
| 1.2 | (0.2) |
| 0.5 | (0.1) |
| |
Malta | 91.2 | (0.4) |
| 8.8 | (0.4) |
| 2.1 | (0.2) |
| 6.6 | (0.4) |
| |
Moldova | 98.6 | (0.2) |
| 1.4 | (0.2) |
| 1.1 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| |
Montenegro | 94.2 | (0.3) |
| 5.8 | (0.3) |
| 3.6 | (0.2) |
| 2.2 | (0.2) |
| |
Morocco | 99.2 | (0.1) |
| 0.8 | (0.1) |
| 0.4 | (0.1) |
| 0.4 | (0.1) |
| |
North Macedonia | 98.4 | (0.2) |
| 1.6 | (0.2) |
| 1.1 | (0.2) |
| 0.5 | (0.1) |
| |
Panama | 94.0 | (0.7) |
| 6.0 | (0.7) |
| 2.1 | (0.4) |
| 3.9 | (0.6) |
| |
Peru | 99.5 | (0.1) |
| 0.5 | (0.1) |
| 0.4 | (0.1) |
| 0.1 | (0.0) |
| |
Philippines | 99.0 | (0.2) |
| 1.0 | (0.2) |
| 0.4 | (0.1) |
| 0.6 | (0.1) |
| |
Qatar | 43.2 | (0.4) |
| 56.8 | (0.4) |
| 17.0 | (0.3) |
| 39.8 | (0.3) |
| |
Romania | 99.2 | (0.2) | † | 0.8 | (0.2) | † | 0.5 | (0.1) | † | 0.3 | (0.1) | † | |
Russia | 94.2 | (0.3) |
| 5.8 | (0.3) |
| 3.5 | (0.2) |
| 2.2 | (0.2) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 88.1 | (1.1) |
| 11.9 | (1.1) |
| 6.4 | (0.7) |
| 5.5 | (0.5) |
| |
Serbia | 90.7 | (0.4) |
| 9.3 | (0.4) |
| 8.3 | (0.4) |
| 1.0 | (0.1) |
| |
Singapore | 75.2 | (0.7) |
| 24.8 | (0.7) |
| 8.1 | (0.3) |
| 16.7 | (0.7) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 99.3 | (0.2) |
| 0.7 | (0.2) |
| 0.4 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| |
Thailand | 98.9 | (0.4) |
| 1.1 | (0.4) |
| 0.7 | (0.3) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| |
Ukraine | 97.7 | (0.2) |
| 2.3 | (0.2) |
| 1.5 | (0.2) |
| 0.8 | (0.1) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 44.2 | (0.8) |
| 55.8 | (0.8) |
| 23.0 | (0.4) |
| 32.7 | (0.7) |
| |
Uruguay | 98.7 | (0.2) |
| 1.3 | (0.2) |
| 0.6 | (0.1) |
| 0.6 | (0.1) |
| |
Viet Nam | 99.9 | (0.0) |
| 0.1 | (0.0) |
| 0.0 | (0.0) |
| 0.0 | (0.0) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.9.9 [5/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the percentage of students with an immigrant background | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||
| Change between PISA 2009 and PISA 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009) | ||||||||||||
Percentage of students | |||||||||||||
Non-immigrant | Immigrant | Second-generation immigrant | First-generation immigrant | ||||||||||
% dif. | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | -4.5 | (1.4) |
| 4.5 | (1.4) |
| 1.4 | (0.9) |
| 3.1 | (0.8) |
|
Austria | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Belgium | -3.3 | (1.4) |
| 3.3 | (1.4) |
| 2.4 | (0.9) |
| 0.9 | (0.9) |
| |
Canada | -10.6 | (1.9) |
| 10.6 | (1.9) |
| 4.2 | (1.2) |
| 6.4 | (1.1) |
| |
Chile | -2.9 | (0.4) |
| 2.9 | (0.4) |
| 0.6 | (0.1) |
| 2.3 | (0.4) |
| |
Colombia | -0.2 | (0.1) |
| 0.2 | (0.1) |
| 0.0 | (0.1) |
| 0.2 | (0.1) |
| |
Czech Republic | -1.9 | (0.5) |
| 1.9 | (0.5) |
| 0.6 | (0.3) |
| 1.3 | (0.3) |
| |
Denmark | -2.0 | (0.6) |
| 2.0 | (0.6) |
| 2.5 | (0.5) |
| -0.5 | (0.3) |
| |
Estonia | -2.4 | (0.8) |
| 2.4 | (0.8) |
| 2.3 | (0.7) |
| 0.1 | (0.2) |
| |
Finland | -3.2 | (0.6) |
| 3.2 | (0.6) |
| 1.3 | (0.3) |
| 1.9 | (0.4) |
| |
France | -1.1 | (1.7) |
| 1.1 | (1.7) |
| -0.4 | (1.3) |
| 1.5 | (0.7) |
| |
Germany | -4.5 | (1.5) |
| 4.5 | (1.5) |
| 4.0 | (1.2) |
| 0.6 | (0.7) |
| |
Greece | -2.7 | (1.0) |
| 2.7 | (1.0) |
| 5.6 | (0.6) |
| -3.0 | (0.8) |
| |
Hungary | -0.5 | (0.4) |
| 0.5 | (0.4) |
| 0.4 | (0.2) |
| 0.0 | (0.3) |
| |
Iceland | -3.2 | (0.5) |
| 3.2 | (0.5) |
| 2.1 | (0.3) |
| 1.2 | (0.3) |
| |
Ireland | -9.6 | (1.1) |
| 9.6 | (1.1) |
| 6.6 | (0.7) |
| 3.0 | (0.8) |
| |
Israel | 3.3 | (1.5) |
| -3.3 | (1.5) |
| -0.2 | (1.2) |
| -3.1 | (0.8) |
| |
Italy | -4.5 | (0.6) |
| 4.5 | (0.6) |
| 4.1 | (0.4) |
| 0.3 | (0.3) |
| |
Japan | -0.3 | (0.2) |
| 0.3 | (0.2) |
| 0.2 | (0.1) |
| 0.1 | (0.1) |
| |
Korea | -0.1 | (0.1) |
| 0.1 | (0.1) |
| 0.1 | (0.1) |
| 0.1 | (0.0) |
| |
Latvia | 0.0 | (0.6) |
| 0.0 | (0.6) |
| -0.5 | (0.6) |
| 0.5 | (0.2) |
| |
Lithuania | 0.2 | (0.3) |
| -0.2 | (0.3) |
| -0.4 | (0.3) |
| 0.2 | (0.1) |
| |
Luxembourg | -14.7 | (0.9) |
| 14.7 | (0.9) |
| 6.3 | (0.9) |
| 8.4 | (0.7) |
| |
Mexico | 0.3 | (0.3) |
| -0.3 | (0.3) |
| 0.1 | (0.2) |
| -0.4 | (0.2) |
| |
Netherlands* | -1.6 | (1.8) |
| 1.6 | (1.8) |
| 2.1 | (1.5) |
| -0.5 | (0.6) |
| |
New Zealand | -1.8 | (1.7) |
| 1.8 | (1.7) |
| 3.7 | (1.0) |
| -1.9 | (1.1) |
| |
Norway | -5.6 | (0.9) |
| 5.6 | (0.9) |
| 2.6 | (0.7) |
| 3.0 | (0.5) |
| |
Poland | -0.6 | (0.2) |
| 0.6 | (0.2) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.2) |
| |
Portugal* | -1.5 | (0.7) |
| 1.5 | (0.7) |
| 1.3 | (0.5) |
| 0.2 | (0.5) |
| |
Slovak Republic | -0.7 | (0.2) |
| 0.7 | (0.2) |
| 0.4 | (0.1) |
| 0.3 | (0.2) |
| |
Slovenia | -1.1 | (0.5) |
| 1.1 | (0.5) |
| -2.8 | (0.4) |
| 3.9 | (0.3) |
| |
Spain | -2.7 | (0.7) |
| 2.7 | (0.7) |
| 3.8 | (0.3) |
| -1.1 | (0.6) |
| |
Sweden | -8.7 | (1.8) |
| 8.7 | (1.8) |
| 2.9 | (1.2) |
| 5.8 | (0.8) |
| |
Switzerland | -10.3 | (1.7) |
| 10.3 | (1.7) |
| 6.7 | (1.2) |
| 3.6 | (0.8) |
| |
Turkey | -0.3 | (0.2) |
| 0.3 | (0.2) |
| 0.2 | (0.2) |
| 0.1 | (0.1) |
| |
United Kingdom | -9.2 | (1.5) |
| 9.2 | (1.5) |
| 5.5 | (1.1) |
| 3.6 | (0.8) |
| |
United States* | -3.6 | (2.0) |
| 3.6 | (2.0) |
| 4.1 | (1.6) |
| -0.5 | (0.8) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-36b | -3.2 | (0.2) |
| 3.2 | (0.2) |
| 2.1 | (0.1) |
| 1.2 | (0.1) |
| |
OECD average-37 | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.9.9 [6/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the percentage of students with an immigrant background | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||
| Change between PISA 2009 and PISA 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009) | ||||||||||||
Percentage of students | |||||||||||||
Non-immigrant | Immigrant | Second-generation immigrant | First-generation immigrant | ||||||||||
% dif. | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | % dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 0.0 | (0.2) |
| 0.0 | (0.2) |
| -0.1 | (0.2) |
| 0.2 | (0.1) |
|
Argentina | -0.9 | (0.6) |
| 0.9 | (0.6) |
| 0.2 | (0.4) |
| 0.7 | (0.4) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Belarus | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Brazil | 0.2 | (0.2) |
| -0.2 | (0.2) |
| -0.1 | (0.1) |
| -0.1 | (0.1) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Bulgaria | -0.6 | (0.2) |
| 0.6 | (0.2) |
| 0.4 | (0.1) |
| 0.2 | (0.1) |
| |
Costa Rica | -4.0 | (0.9) |
| 4.0 | (0.9) |
| 4.2 | (0.6) |
| -0.2 | (0.5) |
| |
Croatia | 1.7 | (0.8) |
| -1.7 | (0.8) |
| 0.5 | (0.6) |
| -2.2 | (0.4) |
| |
Cyprus | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Dominican Republic | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Georgia | 0.1 | (0.3) |
| -0.1 | (0.3) |
| -0.5 | (0.2) |
| 0.4 | (0.1) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 1.5 | (2.0) |
| -1.5 | (2.0) |
| 1.2 | (1.2) |
| -2.6 | (1.4) |
| |
Indonesia | 0.0 | (0.1) |
| 0.0 | (0.1) |
| 0.1 | (0.0) |
| -0.1 | (0.1) |
| |
Jordan | 2.2 | (1.0) |
| -2.2 | (1.0) |
| -4.0 | (0.8) |
| 1.8 | (0.4) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 3.4 | (1.2) |
| -3.4 | (1.2) |
| -3.0 | (0.9) |
| -0.3 | (0.7) |
| |
Kosovo | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Lebanon | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Macao (China) | 7.5 | (0.9) |
| -7.5 | (0.9) |
| -18.1 | (1.0) |
| 10.6 | (0.7) |
| |
Malaysia | -0.3 | (0.3) |
| 0.3 | (0.3) |
| 0.0 | (0.3) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| |
Malta | -6.3 | (0.5) |
| 6.3 | (0.5) |
| 1.4 | (0.3) |
| 4.9 | (0.5) |
| |
Moldova | -0.1 | (0.3) |
| 0.1 | (0.3) |
| 0.0 | (0.2) |
| 0.1 | (0.1) |
| |
Montenegro | 0.8 | (0.5) |
| -0.8 | (0.5) |
| 1.1 | (0.4) |
| -1.8 | (0.4) |
| |
Morocco | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
North Macedonia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Panama | -2.1 | (1.1) |
| 2.1 | (1.1) |
| 0.7 | (0.5) |
| 1.4 | (0.9) |
| |
Peru | 0.0 | (0.1) |
| 0.0 | (0.1) |
| 0.1 | (0.1) |
| 0.0 | (0.1) |
| |
Philippines | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Qatar | -10.4 | (0.6) |
| 10.4 | (0.6) |
| -3.0 | (0.5) |
| 13.4 | (0.5) |
| |
Romania | -0.5 | (0.2) |
| 0.5 | (0.2) |
| 0.4 | (0.1) |
| 0.0 | (0.1) |
| |
Russia | 6.3 | (0.8) |
| -6.3 | (0.8) |
| -3.7 | (0.7) |
| -2.7 | (0.4) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Serbia | 0.1 | (0.7) |
| -0.1 | (0.7) |
| 3.1 | (0.5) |
| -3.3 | (0.4) |
| |
Singapore | -10.5 | (0.9) |
| 10.5 | (0.9) |
| 3.3 | (0.5) |
| 7.1 | (0.9) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | -0.3 | (0.2) |
| 0.3 | (0.2) |
| 0.1 | (0.1) |
| 0.2 | (0.1) |
| |
Thailand | -1.1 | (0.4) |
| 1.1 | (0.4) |
| 0.7 | (0.3) |
| 0.3 | (0.1) |
| |
Ukraine | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
United Arab Emirates | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Uruguay | -0.7 | (0.2) |
| 0.7 | (0.2) |
| 0.4 | (0.2) |
| 0.3 | (0.2) |
| |
Viet Nam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.9.10 [1/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the reading performance of students with an immigrant background | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | ||||||||||||||||
| Reading performance | |||||||||||||||
PISA 2009 | ||||||||||||||||
All students | Non-immigrant | Immigrant | Second-generation immigrant | First-generation immigrant | ||||||||||||
Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 515 | (2.3) |
| 515 | (2.1) |
| 524 | (5.8) |
| 530 | (6.2) |
| 518 | (6.3) |
|
Austria | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Belgium | 506 | (2.3) |
| 519 | (2.2) |
| 451 | (6.4) |
| 454 | (7.0) |
| 448 | (8.3) |
| |
Canada | 524 | (1.5) |
| 528 | (1.5) |
| 521 | (3.4) |
| 522 | (3.6) |
| 520 | (4.6) |
| |
Chile | 449 | (3.1) |
| 452 | (3.0) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Colombia | 413 | (3.7) |
| 415 | (3.6) |
| 313 | (24.8) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Czech Republic | 478 | (2.9) |
| 479 | (2.8) |
| 457 | (13.7) |
| 448 | (17.9) |
| 472 | (17.5) |
| |
Denmark | 495 | (2.1) |
| 502 | (2.2) |
| 438 | (3.8) |
| 446 | (4.3) |
| 422 | (6.2) |
| |
Estonia | 501 | (2.6) |
| 505 | (2.7) |
| 470 | (6.5) |
| 470 | (6.6) |
| 470 | (17.4) |
| |
Finland | 536 | (2.3) |
| 538 | (2.2) |
| 468 | (12.8) |
| 493 | (13.9) |
| 449 | (17.7) |
| |
France | 496 | (3.4) |
| 505 | (3.8) |
| 444 | (8.5) |
| 449 | (8.9) |
| 428 | (15.9) |
| |
Germany | 497 | (2.7) |
| 511 | (2.6) |
| 455 | (4.7) |
| 457 | (6.1) |
| 450 | (5.7) |
| |
Greece | 483 | (4.3) |
| 489 | (4.2) |
| 432 | (11.5) |
| 456 | (10.4) |
| 420 | (15.5) |
| |
Hungary | 494 | (3.2) |
| 495 | (3.1) |
| 507 | (8.3) |
| 527 | (12.4) |
| 493 | (11.6) |
| |
Iceland | 500 | (1.4) |
| 504 | (1.4) |
| 423 | (11.7) |
| c | c |
| 417 | (12.4) |
| |
Ireland | 496 | (3.0) |
| 502 | (3.0) |
| 473 | (7.1) |
| 508 | (12.8) |
| 466 | (7.6) |
| |
Israel | 474 | (3.6) |
| 480 | (3.3) |
| 478 | (6.4) |
| 487 | (6.5) |
| 462 | (9.2) |
| |
Italy | 486 | (1.6) |
| 491 | (1.6) |
| 418 | (4.2) |
| 446 | (9.4) |
| 410 | (4.5) |
| |
Japan | 520 | (3.5) |
| 521 | (3.4) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Korea | 539 | (3.5) |
| 540 | (3.4) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| m | m |
| |
Latvia | 484 | (3.0) |
| 485 | (2.9) |
| 474 | (9.0) |
| 472 | (9.7) |
| c | c |
| |
Lithuania | 468 | (2.4) |
| 471 | (2.4) |
| 448 | (10.5) |
| 447 | (11.0) |
| c | c |
| |
Luxembourg | 472 | (1.3) |
| 495 | (1.9) |
| 442 | (2.1) |
| 439 | (2.9) |
| 448 | (4.5) |
| |
Mexico | 425 | (2.0) |
| 430 | (1.8) |
| 331 | (7.9) |
| 340 | (9.9) |
| 324 | (9.9) |
| |
Netherlands* | 508 | (5.1) |
| 515 | (5.2) |
| 470 | (7.8) |
| 469 | (8.2) |
| 471 | (12.5) |
| |
New Zealand | 521 | (2.4) |
| 526 | (2.6) |
| 513 | (4.7) |
| 498 | (8.3) |
| 520 | (4.5) |
| |
Norway | 503 | (2.6) |
| 508 | (2.6) |
| 456 | (5.9) |
| 463 | (8.0) |
| 447 | (7.8) |
| |
Poland | 500 | (2.6) |
| 502 | (2.6) |
| c | c |
| m | m |
| c | c |
| |
Portugal* | 489 | (3.1) |
| 492 | (3.1) |
| 466 | (6.9) |
| 476 | (9.4) |
| 456 | (8.8) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 477 | (2.5) |
| 478 | (2.5) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Slovenia | 483 | (1.0) |
| 488 | (1.1) |
| 441 | (4.8) |
| 447 | (5.5) |
| 414 | (8.7) |
| |
Spain | 481 | (2.0) |
| 488 | (2.0) |
| 430 | (4.0) |
| 461 | (9.3) |
| 426 | (4.1) |
| |
Sweden | 497 | (2.9) |
| 507 | (2.7) |
| 442 | (6.9) |
| 454 | (7.5) |
| 416 | (11.3) |
| |
Switzerland | 501 | (2.4) |
| 513 | (2.2) |
| 465 | (4.1) |
| 471 | (4.5) |
| 455 | (6.7) |
| |
Turkey | 464 | (3.5) |
| 466 | (3.5) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
United Kingdom | 494 | (2.3) |
| 499 | (2.2) |
| 476 | (7.5) |
| 492 | (8.5) |
| 458 | (9.5) |
| |
United States* | 500 | (3.7) |
| 506 | (3.8) |
| 484 | (5.8) |
| 483 | (6.2) |
| 485 | (7.9) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-35a | 491 | (0.5) |
| 496 | (0.5) |
| 454 | (1.6) |
| 468 | (1.7) |
| 451 | (2.0) |
| |
OECD average-36a | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.9.10 [2/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the reading performance of students with an immigrant background | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | ||||||||||||||||
| Reading performance | |||||||||||||||
PISA 2009 | ||||||||||||||||
All students | Non-immigrant | Immigrant | Second-generation immigrant | First-generation immigrant | ||||||||||||
Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 385 | (4.0) |
| 389 | (4.0) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
|
Argentina | 398 | (4.6) |
| 401 | (4.6) |
| 362 | (15.2) |
| 366 | (12.6) |
| 356 | (26.5) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Belarus | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Brazil | 412 | (2.7) |
| 416 | (2.7) |
| 317 | (13.5) |
| 321 | (18.7) |
| 310 | (18.6) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Bulgaria | 429 | (6.7) |
| 433 | (6.7) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Costa Rica | 443 | (3.2) |
| 445 | (3.1) |
| 427 | (7.5) |
| 419 | (11.5) |
| 434 | (8.4) |
| |
Croatia | 476 | (2.9) |
| 479 | (2.9) |
| 461 | (5.3) |
| 465 | (5.5) |
| 452 | (8.4) |
| |
Cyprus | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Dominican Republic | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Georgia | 374 | (2.9) |
| 378 | (2.8) |
| 393 | (11.1) |
| 393 | (10.7) |
| c | c |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 533 | (2.1) |
| 535 | (2.7) |
| 531 | (3.4) |
| 543 | (3.2) |
| 512 | (5.5) |
| |
Indonesia | 402 | (3.7) |
| 403 | (3.7) |
| c | c |
| m | m |
| c | c |
| |
Jordan | 405 | (3.3) |
| 407 | (3.1) |
| 418 | (5.7) |
| 420 | (6.5) |
| 412 | (8.6) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 390 | (3.1) |
| 390 | (3.2) |
| 396 | (9.7) |
| 415 | (12.1) |
| 366 | (8.9) |
| |
Kosovo | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Lebanon | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Macao (China) | 487 | (0.9) |
| 482 | (2.0) |
| 489 | (1.0) |
| 489 | (1.3) |
| 491 | (2.2) |
| |
Malaysia | 414 | (2.9) |
| 415 | (2.8) |
| 399 | (10.6) |
| 405 | (10.5) |
| c | c |
| |
Malta | 442 | (1.6) |
| 446 | (1.7) |
| 448 | (13.6) |
| c | c |
| 447 | (15.3) |
| |
Moldova | 388 | (2.8) |
| 389 | (2.8) |
| 449 | (11.1) |
| 450 | (14.6) |
| c | c |
| |
Montenegro | 408 | (1.7) |
| 408 | (1.7) |
| 415 | (6.8) |
| 433 | (10.1) |
| 404 | (8.9) |
| |
Morocco | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
North Macedonia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Panama | 371 | (6.5) |
| 382 | (5.6) |
| 350 | (26.8) |
| 398 | (28.8) |
| 324 | (32.6) |
| |
Peru | 370 | (4.0) |
| 374 | (3.9) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Philippines | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Qatar | 372 | (0.8) |
| 331 | (1.3) |
| 429 | (1.4) |
| 392 | (2.3) |
| 457 | (2.1) |
| |
Romania | 424 | (4.1) |
| 426 | (4.0) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Russia | 459 | (3.3) |
| 464 | (3.2) |
| 439 | (7.0) |
| 435 | (9.4) |
| 444 | (7.1) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Serbia | 442 | (2.4) |
| 442 | (2.4) |
| 457 | (4.8) |
| 466 | (6.8) |
| 446 | (7.3) |
| |
Singapore | 526 | (1.1) |
| 526 | (1.2) |
| 529 | (4.3) |
| 544 | (6.4) |
| 521 | (4.9) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 495 | (2.6) |
| 497 | (2.5) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Thailand | 421 | (2.6) |
| 421 | (2.6) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Ukraine | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
United Arab Emirates | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Uruguay | 426 | (2.6) |
| 427 | (2.6) |
| 412 | (36.1) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Viet Nam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.9.10 [3/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the reading performance of students with an immigrant background | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | ||||||||||||||||
| Reading performance | |||||||||||||||
PISA 2018 | ||||||||||||||||
All students | Non-immigrant | Immigrant | Second-generation immigrant | First-generation immigrant | ||||||||||||
Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 503 | (1.6) |
| 504 | (2.0) |
| 511 | (3.3) |
| 523 | (4.5) |
| 501 | (3.9) |
|
Austria | 484 | (2.7) |
| 500 | (2.6) |
| 437 | (4.2) |
| 446 | (4.3) |
| 421 | (5.5) |
| |
Belgium | 493 | (2.3) |
| 506 | (2.4) |
| 445 | (3.8) |
| 459 | (4.7) |
| 427 | (5.2) |
| |
Canada | 520 | (1.8) |
| 525 | (1.6) |
| 522 | (3.0) |
| 535 | (3.9) |
| 508 | (3.6) |
| |
Chile | 452 | (2.6) |
| 456 | (2.7) |
| 438 | (7.5) |
| 447 | (18.3) |
| 435 | (8.5) |
| |
Colombia | 412 | (3.3) |
| 414 | (3.3) |
| 355 | (13.9) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Czech Republic | 490 | (2.5) |
| 493 | (2.5) |
| 440 | (9.7) |
| 459 | (10.5) |
| 421 | (14.4) |
| |
Denmark | 501 | (1.8) |
| 509 | (1.9) |
| 444 | (3.5) |
| 447 | (3.7) |
| 435 | (7.4) |
| |
Estonia | 523 | (1.8) |
| 528 | (1.9) |
| 489 | (4.5) |
| 492 | (4.9) |
| 453 | (16.8) |
| |
Finland | 520 | (2.3) |
| 527 | (2.1) |
| 435 | (7.5) |
| 456 | (10.3) |
| 420 | (9.0) |
| |
France | 493 | (2.3) |
| 502 | (2.7) |
| 449 | (5.3) |
| 461 | (5.7) |
| 425 | (7.5) |
| |
Germany | 498 | (3.0) |
| 519 | (3.3) |
| 456 | (6.5) |
| 477 | (6.6) |
| 405 | (11.8) |
| |
Greece | 457 | (3.6) |
| 465 | (3.4) |
| 414 | (6.1) |
| 420 | (6.9) |
| 397 | (9.2) |
| |
Hungary | 476 | (2.3) |
| 477 | (2.3) |
| 490 | (9.8) |
| 510 | (11.1) |
| 468 | (16.5) |
| |
Iceland | 474 | (1.7) |
| 481 | (1.8) |
| 407 | (7.6) |
| 412 | (10.9) |
| 402 | (9.5) |
| |
Ireland | 518 | (2.2) |
| 522 | (2.3) |
| 508 | (3.8) |
| 509 | (5.3) |
| 508 | (5.3) |
| |
Israel | 470 | (3.7) |
| 481 | (3.5) |
| 470 | (6.6) |
| 493 | (6.1) |
| 398 | (10.4) |
| |
Italy | 476 | (2.4) |
| 482 | (2.6) |
| 440 | (4.9) |
| 445 | (5.9) |
| 433 | (7.1) |
| |
Japan | 504 | (2.7) |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| |
Korea | 514 | (2.9) |
| 515 | (2.9) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Latvia | 479 | (1.6) |
| 480 | (1.6) |
| 476 | (8.7) |
| 467 | (9.2) |
| 515 | (19.9) |
| |
Lithuania | 476 | (1.5) |
| 478 | (1.5) |
| 457 | (11.1) |
| 454 | (11.5) |
| 469 | (27.3) |
| |
Luxembourg | 470 | (1.1) |
| 491 | (1.9) |
| 455 | (1.7) |
| 450 | (2.9) |
| 461 | (2.9) |
| |
Mexico | 420 | (2.7) |
| 424 | (2.8) |
| 328 | (14.5) |
| 332 | (13.4) |
| 324 | (22.4) |
| |
Netherlands* | 485 | (2.7) |
| 498 | (2.9) |
| 426 | (6.2) |
| 433 | (6.7) |
| 399 | (13.0) |
| |
New Zealand | 506 | (2.0) |
| 510 | (2.3) |
| 508 | (3.5) |
| 518 | (5.3) |
| 500 | (4.0) |
| |
Norway | 499 | (2.2) |
| 509 | (2.1) |
| 457 | (4.7) |
| 463 | (7.0) |
| 451 | (5.5) |
| |
Poland | 512 | (2.7) |
| 514 | (2.7) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Portugal* | 492 | (2.4) |
| 495 | (2.6) |
| 463 | (7.8) |
| 483 | (10.1) |
| 436 | (9.1) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 458 | (2.2) |
| 460 | (2.2) |
| 407 | (13.6) |
| 424 | (17.8) |
| 387 | (17.3) |
| |
Slovenia | 495 | (1.2) |
| 502 | (1.3) |
| 439 | (6.0) |
| 464 | (7.3) |
| 422 | (8.2) |
| |
Spain | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Sweden | 506 | (3.0) |
| 525 | (2.7) |
| 443 | (5.8) |
| 471 | (6.4) |
| 410 | (6.9) |
| |
Switzerland | 484 | (3.1) |
| 503 | (3.2) |
| 451 | (4.3) |
| 453 | (4.6) |
| 448 | (6.3) |
| |
Turkey | 466 | (2.2) |
| 467 | (2.2) |
| 462 | (12.7) |
| 474 | (15.1) |
| c | c |
| |
United Kingdom | 504 | (2.6) |
| 511 | (2.7) |
| 491 | (4.2) |
| 493 | (5.7) |
| 488 | (6.9) |
| |
United States* | 505 | (3.6) |
| 510 | (3.6) |
| 503 | (6.0) |
| 512 | (6.1) |
| 479 | (8.3) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-35a | 487 | (0.4) |
| 494 | (0.4) |
| 452 | (1.3) |
| 465 | (1.6) |
| 440 | (2.1) |
| |
OECD average-36a | 487 | (0.4) |
| 494 | (0.4) |
| 452 | (1.3) |
| 466 | (1.6) |
| 441 | (2.1) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.9.10 [4/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the reading performance of students with an immigrant background | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | ||||||||||||||||
| Reading performance | |||||||||||||||
PISA 2018 | ||||||||||||||||
All students | Non-immigrant | Immigrant | Second-generation immigrant | First-generation immigrant | ||||||||||||
Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | Mean score | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 405 | (1.9) |
| 407 | (1.9) |
| 340 | (11.3) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
|
Argentina | 402 | (3.0) |
| 404 | (3.1) |
| 405 | (7.0) |
| 414 | (9.4) |
| 395 | (8.0) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 389 | (2.5) |
| 393 | (2.6) |
| 379 | (4.2) |
| 386 | (5.2) |
| 369 | (6.8) |
| |
Belarus | 474 | (2.4) |
| 475 | (2.5) |
| 457 | (7.3) |
| 461 | (6.7) |
| 447 | (16.3) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 403 | (2.9) |
| 405 | (3.0) |
| 386 | (7.7) |
| 403 | (11.0) |
| 369 | (11.1) |
| |
Brazil | 413 | (2.1) |
| 418 | (2.1) |
| 334 | (11.0) |
| 332 | (13.4) |
| c | c |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 408 | (0.9) |
| 403 | (1.0) |
| 476 | (4.0) |
| 460 | (6.8) |
| 485 | (5.4) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 555 | (2.7) |
| 556 | (2.7) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Bulgaria | 420 | (3.9) |
| 425 | (3.8) |
| 383 | (13.0) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Costa Rica | 426 | (3.4) |
| 430 | (3.5) |
| 407 | (4.8) |
| 408 | (4.7) |
| 404 | (8.8) |
| |
Croatia | 479 | (2.7) |
| 481 | (2.6) |
| 471 | (5.5) |
| 473 | (5.7) |
| 464 | (11.8) |
| |
Cyprus | 424 | (1.4) |
| 426 | (1.4) |
| 430 | (4.0) |
| 420 | (6.4) |
| 436 | (5.4) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 342 | (2.9) |
| 347 | (2.7) |
| 322 | (11.2) |
| 323 | (10.4) |
| 322 | (16.2) |
| |
Georgia | 380 | (2.2) |
| 384 | (2.1) |
| 333 | (11.4) |
| 328 | (15.3) |
| c | c |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 524 | (2.7) |
| 529 | (2.9) |
| 522 | (4.7) |
| 533 | (4.3) |
| 502 | (6.9) |
| |
Indonesia | 371 | (2.6) |
| 373 | (2.6) |
| 276 | (16.0) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Jordan | 419 | (2.9) |
| 421 | (2.7) |
| 433 | (4.5) |
| 433 | (5.0) |
| 434 | (6.1) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 387 | (1.5) |
| 389 | (1.5) |
| 377 | (2.8) |
| 389 | (4.0) |
| 366 | (3.7) |
| |
Kosovo | 353 | (1.1) |
| 355 | (1.1) |
| 333 | (8.3) |
| 339 | (9.3) |
| c | c |
| |
Lebanon | 353 | (4.3) |
| 364 | (4.4) |
| 313 | (8.4) |
| 306 | (13.1) |
| 316 | (9.3) |
| |
Macao (China) | 525 | (1.2) |
| 512 | (2.2) |
| 533 | (1.8) |
| 528 | (2.5) |
| 540 | (2.8) |
| |
Malaysia | 415 | (2.9) |
| 417 | (2.8) |
| 410 | (16.7) |
| 413 | (13.0) |
| c | c |
| |
Malta | 448 | (1.7) |
| 452 | (1.8) |
| 451 | (6.8) |
| 433 | (16.3) |
| 457 | (8.3) |
| |
Moldova | 424 | (2.4) |
| 428 | (2.4) |
| 428 | (13.8) |
| 433 | (14.4) |
| c | c |
| |
Montenegro | 421 | (1.1) |
| 422 | (1.1) |
| 429 | (4.5) |
| 438 | (6.5) |
| 415 | (6.5) |
| |
Morocco | 359 | (3.1) |
| 361 | (3.2) |
| 305 | (11.0) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
North Macedonia | 393 | (1.1) |
| 397 | (1.2) |
| 369 | (14.1) |
| 372 | (17.2) |
| c | c |
| |
Panama | 377 | (3.0) |
| 381 | (2.9) |
| 408 | (10.1) |
| 375 | (14.3) |
| 426 | (12.1) |
| |
Peru | 401 | (3.0) |
| 403 | (2.9) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Philippines | 340 | (3.3) |
| 344 | (3.3) |
| 274 | (12.8) |
| c | c |
| 261 | (14.4) |
| |
Qatar | 407 | (0.8) |
| 368 | (1.3) |
| 445 | (1.2) |
| 423 | (2.6) |
| 454 | (1.4) |
| |
Romania | 428 | (5.1) |
| 431 | (5.3) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Russia | 479 | (3.1) |
| 480 | (3.1) |
| 478 | (6.3) |
| 491 | (6.9) |
| 457 | (8.4) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 399 | (3.0) |
| 400 | (3.1) |
| 436 | (4.7) |
| 435 | (5.7) |
| 437 | (6.2) |
| |
Serbia | 439 | (3.3) |
| 441 | (3.1) |
| 447 | (6.8) |
| 447 | (7.3) |
| 449 | (13.5) |
| |
Singapore | 549 | (1.6) |
| 546 | (1.5) |
| 565 | (4.3) |
| 587 | (4.0) |
| 554 | (6.0) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 503 | (2.8) |
| 504 | (2.8) |
| 428 | (49.1) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Thailand | 393 | (3.2) |
| 394 | (3.2) |
| 356 | (20.0) |
| 348 | (15.5) |
| c | c |
| |
Ukraine | 466 | (3.5) |
| 468 | (3.4) |
| 443 | (9.9) |
| 456 | (11.7) |
| 419 | (18.7) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 432 | (2.3) |
| 386 | (2.0) |
| 476 | (2.7) |
| 465 | (2.6) |
| 484 | (3.4) |
| |
Uruguay | 427 | (2.8) |
| 429 | (2.7) |
| 402 | (18.6) |
| 399 | (19.4) |
| 404 | (31.4) |
| |
Viet Nam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.9.10 [5/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the reading performance of students with an immigrant background | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | ||||||||||||||||
| Change in reading performance between PISA 2009 and PISA 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009) | |||||||||||||||
All students | Non-immigrant | Immigrant | Second-generation immigrant | First-generation immigrant | ||||||||||||
Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | -12 | (4.5) |
| -11 | (4.5) |
| -13 | (7.6) |
| -8 | (8.5) |
| -17 | (8.2) |
|
Austria | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Belgium | -13 | (4.8) |
| -13 | (4.8) |
| -6 | (8.2) |
| 4 | (9.1) |
| -21 | (10.4) |
| |
Canada | -4 | (4.2) |
| -3 | (4.2) |
| 1 | (5.8) |
| 13 | (6.4) |
| -12 | (6.8) |
| |
Chile | 3 | (5.4) |
| 5 | (5.4) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Colombia | -1 | (6.1) |
| -1 | (6.0) |
| 42 | (28.6) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Czech Republic | 12 | (5.2) |
| 14 | (5.2) |
| -17 | (17.2) |
| 12 | (21.0) |
| -51 | (23.0) |
| |
Denmark | 6 | (4.5) |
| 8 | (4.5) |
| 6 | (6.3) |
| 1 | (6.7) |
| 12 | (10.3) |
| |
Estonia | 22 | (4.8) |
| 24 | (4.8) |
| 20 | (8.7) |
| 22 | (8.9) |
| -17 | (24.4) |
| |
Finland | -16 | (4.8) |
| -11 | (4.6) |
| -33 | (15.2) |
| -37 | (17.6) |
| -29 | (20.2) |
| |
France | -3 | (5.4) |
| -3 | (5.8) |
| 5 | (10.6) |
| 12 | (11.1) |
| -3 | (17.9) |
| |
Germany | 1 | (5.3) |
| 8 | (5.5) |
| 1 | (8.7) |
| 20 | (9.7) |
| -46 | (13.5) |
| |
Greece | -25 | (6.6) |
| -24 | (6.5) |
| -18 | (13.5) |
| -36 | (13.0) |
| -23 | (18.4) |
| |
Hungary | -18 | (5.2) |
| -18 | (5.2) |
| -18 | (13.3) |
| -17 | (17.0) |
| -24 | (20.4) |
| |
Iceland | -26 | (4.2) |
| -23 | (4.2) |
| -16 | (14.4) |
| m | m |
| -15 | (16.0) |
| |
Ireland | 22 | (5.1) |
| 20 | (5.2) |
| 35 | (8.8) |
| 1 | (14.3) |
| 42 | (9.9) |
| |
Israel | -4 | (6.3) |
| 1 | (6.0) |
| -8 | (9.8) |
| 6 | (9.6) |
| -64 | (14.3) |
| |
Italy | -10 | (4.6) |
| -8 | (4.7) |
| 21 | (7.3) |
| -1 | (11.6) |
| 23 | (9.1) |
| |
Japan | -16 | (5.6) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Korea | -25 | (5.7) |
| -25 | (5.7) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Latvia | -5 | (4.9) |
| -5 | (4.8) |
| 2 | (13.1) |
| -6 | (13.8) |
| m | m |
| |
Lithuania | 7 | (4.5) |
| 7 | (4.5) |
| 9 | (15.7) |
| 6 | (16.3) |
| m | m |
| |
Luxembourg | -2 | (3.9) |
| -4 | (4.4) |
| 13 | (4.4) |
| 11 | (5.4) |
| 14 | (6.4) |
| |
Mexico | -5 | (4.9) |
| -6 | (4.8) |
| -2 | (16.8) |
| -9 | (17.0) |
| 0 | (24.8) |
| |
Netherlands* | -24 | (6.8) |
| -17 | (6.9) |
| -44 | (10.6) |
| -37 | (11.1) |
| -72 | (18.4) |
| |
New Zealand | -15 | (4.7) |
| -16 | (4.9) |
| -5 | (6.8) |
| 20 | (10.5) |
| -20 | (7.0) |
| |
Norway | -4 | (4.9) |
| 1 | (4.9) |
| 1 | (8.3) |
| 0 | (11.2) |
| 3 | (10.2) |
| |
Poland | 11 | (5.1) |
| 11 | (5.1) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Portugal* | 2 | (5.3) |
| 3 | (5.4) |
| -3 | (11.1) |
| 7 | (14.3) |
| -20 | (13.1) |
| |
Slovak Republic | -19 | (4.9) |
| -18 | (4.9) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Slovenia | 12 | (3.9) |
| 14 | (3.9) |
| -2 | (8.5) |
| 17 | (9.8) |
| 9 | (12.5) |
| |
Spain | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Sweden | 8 | (5.5) |
| 18 | (5.2) |
| 1 | (9.7) |
| 18 | (10.5) |
| -6 | (13.7) |
| |
Switzerland | -17 | (5.3) |
| -10 | (5.2) |
| -14 | (6.9) |
| -17 | (7.3) |
| -7 | (9.9) |
| |
Turkey | 1 | (5.4) |
| 1 | (5.4) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
United Kingdom | 10 | (4.9) |
| 12 | (4.9) |
| 14 | (9.3) |
| 1 | (10.8) |
| 30 | (12.3) |
| |
United States* | 6 | (6.2) |
| 4 | (6.3) |
| 19 | (9.1) |
| 28 | (9.3) |
| -6 | (12.0) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average-35a | -4 | (3.6) |
| -2 | (3.6) |
| 0 | (4.1) |
| 1 | (4.2) |
| -12 | (4.6) |
| |
OECD average-36a | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.9.10 [6/6]. Change between 2009 and 2018 in the reading performance of students with an immigrant background | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | ||||||||||||||||
| Change in reading performance between PISA 2009 and PISA 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009) | |||||||||||||||
All students | Non-immigrant | Immigrant | Second-generation immigrant | First-generation immigrant | ||||||||||||
Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | Score dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 21 | (5.7) |
| 18 | (5.6) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
|
Argentina | 3 | (6.5) |
| 3 | (6.6) |
| 43 | (17.1) |
| 48 | (16.1) |
| 39 | (27.9) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Belarus | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Brazil | 1 | (4.9) |
| 2 | (4.9) |
| 17 | (17.7) |
| 11 | (23.2) |
| m | m |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Bulgaria | -9 | (8.5) |
| -8 | (8.4) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Costa Rica | -16 | (5.8) |
| -15 | (5.9) |
| -20 | (9.5) |
| -11 | (12.9) |
| -30 | (12.6) |
| |
Croatia | 3 | (5.3) |
| 3 | (5.3) |
| 11 | (8.4) |
| 8 | (8.7) |
| 12 | (14.9) |
| |
Cyprus | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Dominican Republic | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Georgia | 5 | (5.0) |
| 6 | (5.0) |
| -60 | (16.3) |
| -65 | (19.0) |
| m | m |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | -9 | (4.9) |
| -6 | (5.3) |
| -9 | (6.8) |
| -11 | (6.4) |
| -10 | (9.5) |
| |
Indonesia | -31 | (5.7) |
| -30 | (5.8) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Jordan | 14 | (5.7) |
| 14 | (5.4) |
| 15 | (8.1) |
| 12 | (8.9) |
| 22 | (11.2) |
| |
Kazakhstan | -4 | (4.9) |
| -1 | (5.0) |
| -19 | (10.7) |
| -26 | (13.2) |
| 0 | (10.3) |
| |
Kosovo | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Lebanon | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Macao (China) | 38 | (3.8) |
| 30 | (4.6) |
| 44 | (4.1) |
| 39 | (4.5) |
| 50 | (5.0) |
| |
Malaysia | 1 | (5.4) |
| 3 | (5.3) |
| 11 | (20.1) |
| 9 | (17.1) |
| m | m |
| |
Malta | 6 | (4.2) |
| 7 | (4.3) |
| 3 | (15.6) |
| m | m |
| 10 | (17.8) |
| |
Moldova | 36 | (5.1) |
| 39 | (5.1) |
| -21 | (18.0) |
| -17 | (20.8) |
| m | m |
| |
Montenegro | 14 | (4.1) |
| 13 | (4.1) |
| 14 | (8.9) |
| 5 | (12.6) |
| 10 | (11.6) |
| |
Morocco | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
North Macedonia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Panama | 6 | (8.0) |
| -2 | (7.2) |
| 58 | (28.9) |
| -23 | (32.3) |
| 102 | (34.9) |
| |
Peru | 31 | (6.1) |
| 29 | (6.0) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Philippines | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Qatar | 35 | (3.7) |
| 37 | (4.0) |
| 16 | (4.0) |
| 32 | (5.0) |
| -2 | (4.3) |
| |
Romania | 3 | (7.5) |
| 5 | (7.5) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Russia | 19 | (5.7) |
| 16 | (5.7) |
| 39 | (10.1) |
| 56 | (12.2) |
| 13 | (11.5) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Serbia | -3 | (5.4) |
| -1 | (5.3) |
| -10 | (9.0) |
| -19 | (10.6) |
| 3 | (15.8) |
| |
Singapore | 24 | (4.0) |
| 19 | (4.0) |
| 36 | (7.0) |
| 43 | (8.4) |
| 33 | (8.5) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 7 | (5.2) |
| 8 | (5.2) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Thailand | -28 | (5.5) |
| -27 | (5.4) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Ukraine | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
United Arab Emirates | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Uruguay | 1 | (5.2) |
| 2 | (5.1) |
| -10 | (40.8) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Viet Nam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.10.1 [1/8]. Average student attitudes and dispositions, by immigrant background | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | ||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of immigrant students | Index of perception of competence | ||||||||||||||
All students | Non-immigrant students | Immigrant students | Difference immigrants - non-immigrants | |||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 27.7 | (0.8) |
| 0.20 | (0.01) |
| 0.21 | (0.01) |
| 0.18 | (0.02) |
| -0.03 | (0.02) |
|
Austria | 22.7 | (1.2) |
| 0.32 | (0.02) |
| 0.38 | (0.02) |
| 0.15 | (0.03) |
| -0.23 | (0.04) |
| |
Belgium | 18.1 | (0.9) |
| -0.25 | (0.01) |
| -0.25 | (0.01) |
| -0.24 | (0.02) |
| 0.01 | (0.02) |
| |
Canada | 35.0 | (1.4) |
| 0.28 | (0.01) |
| 0.31 | (0.01) |
| 0.24 | (0.02) |
| -0.07 | (0.02) |
| |
Chile | 3.4 | (0.4) |
| -0.18 | (0.01) |
| -0.18 | (0.01) |
| -0.21 | (0.08) |
| -0.03 | (0.08) |
| |
Colombia | 0.6 | (0.1) |
| -0.15 | (0.02) |
| -0.15 | (0.02) |
| -0.28 | (0.21) |
| -0.13 | (0.21) |
| |
Czech Republic | 4.1 | (0.4) |
| -0.17 | (0.01) |
| -0.17 | (0.01) |
| -0.28 | (0.06) |
| -0.12 | (0.06) |
| |
Denmark | 10.7 | (0.4) |
| 0.30 | (0.01) |
| 0.30 | (0.01) |
| 0.26 | (0.03) |
| -0.05 | (0.03) |
| |
Estonia | 10.4 | (0.5) |
| -0.11 | (0.01) |
| -0.08 | (0.02) |
| -0.37 | (0.04) |
| -0.30 | (0.04) |
| |
Finland | 5.8 | (0.5) |
| 0.09 | (0.02) |
| 0.10 | (0.02) |
| -0.07 | (0.07) |
| -0.18 | (0.07) |
| |
France | 14.3 | (0.9) |
| -0.21 | (0.02) |
| -0.21 | (0.02) |
| -0.21 | (0.04) |
| 0.00 | (0.04) |
| |
Germany | 22.2 | (1.1) |
| 0.17 | (0.02) |
| 0.19 | (0.02) |
| 0.06 | (0.04) |
| -0.13 | (0.04) |
| |
Greece | 11.7 | (0.7) |
| 0.07 | (0.01) |
| 0.10 | (0.01) |
| -0.12 | (0.04) |
| -0.22 | (0.04) |
| |
Hungary | 2.6 | (0.3) |
| -0.06 | (0.02) |
| -0.06 | (0.02) |
| -0.09 | (0.08) |
| -0.03 | (0.08) |
| |
Iceland | 5.6 | (0.4) |
| -0.03 | (0.02) |
| 0.00 | (0.02) |
| -0.46 | (0.07) |
| -0.46 | (0.07) |
| |
Ireland | 17.9 | (0.9) |
| 0.12 | (0.01) |
| 0.11 | (0.02) |
| 0.20 | (0.03) |
| 0.08 | (0.03) |
| |
Israel | 16.4 | (1.1) |
| 0.42 | (0.02) |
| 0.44 | (0.02) |
| 0.32 | (0.05) |
| -0.12 | (0.05) |
| |
Italy | 10.0 | (0.5) |
| -0.36 | (0.01) |
| -0.35 | (0.01) |
| -0.52 | (0.04) |
| -0.17 | (0.04) |
| |
Japan | 0.6 | (0.1) |
| -0.64 | (0.01) |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| |
Korea | 0.2 | (0.1) |
| -0.20 | (0.02) |
| -0.20 | (0.02) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Latvia | 4.4 | (0.3) |
| -0.26 | (0.01) |
| -0.26 | (0.01) |
| -0.31 | (0.05) |
| -0.06 | (0.05) |
| |
Lithuania | 1.6 | (0.1) |
| 0.40 | (0.02) |
| 0.41 | (0.02) |
| -0.13 | (0.11) |
| -0.54 | (0.12) |
| |
Luxembourg | 54.9 | (0.6) |
| 0.08 | (0.01) |
| 0.27 | (0.02) |
| -0.07 | (0.02) |
| -0.34 | (0.03) |
| |
Mexico | 1.6 | (0.3) |
| -0.13 | (0.01) |
| -0.13 | (0.01) |
| -0.55 | (0.10) |
| -0.42 | (0.10) |
| |
Netherlands* | 13.8 | (1.2) |
| -0.11 | (0.02) |
| -0.12 | (0.02) |
| -0.02 | (0.04) | † | 0.10 | (0.04) | † | |
New Zealand | 26.5 | (1.3) |
| 0.06 | (0.02) |
| 0.09 | (0.02) |
| 0.03 | (0.03) |
| -0.06 | (0.03) |
| |
Norway | 12.4 | (0.8) |
| 0.21 | (0.02) |
| 0.24 | (0.02) |
| 0.03 | (0.04) |
| -0.21 | (0.04) |
| |
Poland | 0.6 | (0.2) |
| -0.14 | (0.02) |
| -0.14 | (0.02) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Portugal* | 7.0 | (0.6) |
| -0.25 | (0.01) |
| -0.25 | (0.02) |
| -0.29 | (0.05) |
| -0.04 | (0.06) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 1.2 | (0.2) |
| -0.42 | (0.01) |
| -0.42 | (0.01) |
| -0.45 | (0.13) |
| -0.03 | (0.13) |
| |
Slovenia | 8.9 | (0.3) |
| 0.09 | (0.01) |
| 0.10 | (0.01) |
| -0.04 | (0.05) |
| -0.14 | (0.05) |
| |
Spain | 12.2 | (0.5) |
| -0.12 | (0.01) |
| -0.10 | (0.01) |
| -0.18 | (0.02) |
| -0.08 | (0.02) |
| |
Sweden | 20.5 | (1.3) |
| 0.33 | (0.02) |
| 0.33 | (0.02) |
| 0.32 | (0.03) |
| -0.01 | (0.04) |
| |
Switzerland | 33.9 | (1.4) |
| 0.05 | (0.01) |
| 0.06 | (0.02) |
| 0.03 | (0.02) |
| -0.03 | (0.03) |
| |
Turkey | 0.9 | (0.1) |
| 0.03 | (0.01) |
| 0.03 | (0.02) |
| -0.12 | (0.13) |
| -0.15 | (0.13) |
| |
United Kingdom | 19.8 | (1.2) |
| 0.21 | (0.02) |
| 0.19 | (0.02) |
| 0.27 | (0.03) |
| 0.08 | (0.03) |
| |
United States* | 23.0 | (1.5) |
| 0.26 | (0.02) |
| 0.34 | (0.02) |
| 0.06 | (0.04) |
| -0.28 | (0.05) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | 13.0 | (0.1) |
| 0.00 | (0.00) |
| 0.03 | (0.00) |
| -0.08 | (0.01) |
| -0.13 | (0.01) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.10.1 [2/8]. Average student attitudes and dispositions, by immigrant background | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | ||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of immigrant students | Index of perception of competence | ||||||||||||||
All students | Non-immigrant students | Immigrant students | Difference immigrants - non-immigrants | |||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 0.6 | (0.1) |
| 0.32 | (0.02) |
| 0.32 | (0.02) |
| 0.34 | (0.15) |
| 0.02 | (0.15) |
|
Argentina | 4.6 | (0.3) |
| -0.50 | (0.01) |
| -0.50 | (0.01) |
| -0.45 | (0.06) |
| 0.05 | (0.06) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 5.2 | (0.4) |
| 0.16 | (0.01) |
| 0.16 | (0.01) |
| 0.15 | (0.07) |
| -0.01 | (0.07) |
| |
Belarus | 4.1 | (0.3) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2.8 | (0.3) |
| 0.05 | (0.02) |
| 0.05 | (0.02) |
| 0.11 | (0.10) |
| 0.06 | (0.10) |
| |
Brazil | 0.6 | (0.1) |
| -0.21 | (0.01) |
| -0.21 | (0.01) |
| -0.36 | (0.19) | † | -0.15 | (0.19) | † | |
Brunei Darussalam | 8.2 | (0.3) |
| -0.29 | (0.01) |
| -0.30 | (0.01) |
| -0.12 | (0.04) |
| 0.18 | (0.04) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 0.2 | (0.1) |
| 0.02 | (0.02) |
| 0.02 | (0.02) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Bulgaria | 1.1 | (0.2) |
| 0.02 | (0.02) |
| 0.04 | (0.02) |
| -0.42 | (0.18) | † | -0.46 | (0.18) | † | |
Costa Rica | 10.0 | (0.7) |
| -0.25 | (0.02) |
| -0.24 | (0.02) |
| -0.24 | (0.04) |
| 0.00 | (0.04) |
| |
Croatia | 9.1 | (0.5) |
| -0.04 | (0.01) |
| -0.04 | (0.01) |
| 0.00 | (0.05) |
| 0.04 | (0.05) |
| |
Cyprus | 14.8 | (0.5) |
| 0.01 | (0.01) |
| 0.00 | (0.01) |
| 0.03 | (0.04) |
| 0.03 | (0.04) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 2.9 | (0.3) |
| 0.12 | (0.02) | † | 0.14 | (0.02) | † | -0.14 | (0.14) | † | -0.29 | (0.14) | † | |
Georgia | 1.4 | (0.2) |
| 0.08 | (0.01) |
| 0.09 | (0.01) |
| -0.33 | (0.15) | † | -0.42 | (0.14) | † | |
Hong Kong (China)* | 37.9 | (1.3) |
| -0.22 | (0.02) |
| -0.27 | (0.02) |
| -0.14 | (0.02) |
| 0.13 | (0.02) |
| |
Indonesia | 0.3 | (0.1) |
| 0.04 | (0.02) |
| 0.04 | (0.02) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Jordan | 11.6 | (0.5) |
| 0.41 | (0.02) |
| 0.42 | (0.02) |
| 0.36 | (0.04) |
| -0.06 | (0.04) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 8.2 | (0.4) |
| -0.16 | (0.01) |
| -0.15 | (0.01) |
| -0.15 | (0.03) |
| 0.00 | (0.03) |
| |
Kosovo | 1.1 | (0.2) |
| 0.55 | (0.01) |
| 0.55 | (0.01) |
| 0.51 | (0.11) |
| -0.04 | (0.11) |
| |
Lebanon | 6.0 | (0.5) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Macao (China) | 62.9 | (0.7) |
| -0.41 | (0.01) |
| -0.50 | (0.03) |
| -0.37 | (0.02) |
| 0.13 | (0.03) |
| |
Malaysia | 1.6 | (0.2) |
| -0.06 | (0.02) |
| -0.05 | (0.02) |
| -0.11 | (0.10) |
| -0.06 | (0.10) |
| |
Malta | 8.8 | (0.4) |
| 0.41 | (0.02) |
| 0.42 | (0.02) |
| 0.40 | (0.07) |
| -0.02 | (0.07) |
| |
Moldova | 1.4 | (0.2) |
| -0.20 | (0.02) |
| -0.19 | (0.02) |
| -0.51 | (0.11) |
| -0.32 | (0.11) |
| |
Montenegro | 5.8 | (0.3) |
| 0.45 | (0.01) |
| 0.46 | (0.01) |
| 0.41 | (0.06) |
| -0.04 | (0.06) |
| |
Morocco | 0.8 | (0.1) |
| -0.23 | (0.01) |
| -0.22 | (0.01) |
| -0.32 | (0.22) |
| -0.10 | (0.23) |
| |
North Macedonia | 1.6 | (0.2) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Panama | 6.0 | (0.7) |
| 0.01 | (0.02) |
| 0.02 | (0.02) |
| -0.08 | (0.05) |
| -0.10 | (0.05) |
| |
Peru | 0.5 | (0.1) |
| -0.06 | (0.01) |
| -0.06 | (0.01) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Philippines | 1.0 | (0.2) |
| -0.06 | (0.01) |
| -0.05 | (0.01) |
| -0.56 | (0.12) |
| -0.51 | (0.12) |
| |
Qatar | 56.8 | (0.4) |
| 0.18 | (0.01) |
| 0.04 | (0.01) |
| 0.29 | (0.01) |
| 0.26 | (0.02) |
| |
Romania | 0.8 | (0.2) | † | -0.02 | (0.02) |
| 0.00 | (0.02) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Russia | 5.8 | (0.3) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 11.9 | (1.1) |
| 0.22 | (0.02) |
| 0.21 | (0.02) |
| 0.41 | (0.04) |
| 0.20 | (0.04) |
| |
Serbia | 9.3 | (0.4) |
| 0.14 | (0.01) |
| 0.14 | (0.01) |
| 0.15 | (0.05) |
| 0.01 | (0.05) |
| |
Singapore | 24.8 | (0.7) |
| -0.11 | (0.01) |
| -0.13 | (0.02) |
| -0.02 | (0.03) |
| 0.12 | (0.03) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 0.7 | (0.2) |
| -0.35 | (0.02) |
| -0.35 | (0.02) |
| -0.48 | (0.14) |
| -0.13 | (0.14) |
| |
Thailand | 1.1 | (0.4) |
| -0.26 | (0.02) |
| -0.25 | (0.02) |
| -0.55 | (0.11) |
| -0.29 | (0.11) |
| |
Ukraine | 2.3 | (0.2) |
| -0.10 | (0.02) |
| -0.10 | (0.02) |
| -0.08 | (0.09) |
| 0.01 | (0.09) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 55.8 | (0.8) |
| 0.32 | (0.01) |
| 0.23 | (0.01) |
| 0.40 | (0.01) |
| 0.17 | (0.02) |
| |
Uruguay | 1.3 | (0.2) |
| -0.19 | (0.02) |
| -0.18 | (0.02) |
| -0.15 | (0.16) |
| 0.03 | (0.16) |
| |
Viet Nam | 0.1 | (0.0) |
| -0.42 | (0.01) |
| -0.42 | (0.01) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.10.1 [3/8]. Average student attitudes and dispositions, by immigrant background | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||
| Index of perception of difficulty in reading | ||||||||||||
All students | Non-immigrant students | Immigrant students | Difference immigrants - non-immigrants | ||||||||||
Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 0.05 | (0.01) |
| 0.03 | (0.01) |
| 0.08 | (0.02) |
| 0.06 | (0.03) |
|
Austria | -0.38 | (0.02) |
| -0.43 | (0.02) |
| -0.22 | (0.03) |
| 0.20 | (0.03) |
| |
Belgium | 0.12 | (0.01) |
| 0.11 | (0.01) |
| 0.16 | (0.03) |
| 0.05 | (0.03) |
| |
Canada | 0.02 | (0.01) |
| -0.03 | (0.01) |
| 0.10 | (0.02) |
| 0.12 | (0.02) |
| |
Chile | 0.15 | (0.02) |
| 0.14 | (0.02) |
| 0.20 | (0.06) |
| 0.05 | (0.06) |
| |
Colombia | 0.26 | (0.01) |
| 0.26 | (0.01) |
| 0.64 | (0.23) |
| 0.39 | (0.23) |
| |
Czech Republic | 0.15 | (0.01) |
| 0.14 | (0.01) |
| 0.34 | (0.07) |
| 0.20 | (0.07) |
| |
Denmark | -0.14 | (0.02) |
| -0.15 | (0.02) |
| -0.03 | (0.04) |
| 0.12 | (0.04) |
| |
Estonia | -0.15 | (0.01) |
| -0.16 | (0.01) |
| -0.11 | (0.04) |
| 0.04 | (0.05) |
| |
Finland | -0.10 | (0.02) |
| -0.12 | (0.02) |
| 0.18 | (0.06) |
| 0.31 | (0.07) |
| |
France | 0.11 | (0.01) |
| 0.09 | (0.02) |
| 0.21 | (0.04) |
| 0.12 | (0.04) |
| |
Germany | -0.17 | (0.02) |
| -0.22 | (0.02) |
| 0.02 | (0.04) |
| 0.24 | (0.04) |
| |
Greece | -0.05 | (0.02) |
| -0.08 | (0.02) |
| 0.21 | (0.04) |
| 0.30 | (0.04) |
| |
Hungary | -0.38 | (0.02) |
| -0.38 | (0.02) |
| -0.31 | (0.08) |
| 0.08 | (0.09) |
| |
Iceland | 0.08 | (0.02) |
| 0.06 | (0.02) |
| 0.48 | (0.07) |
| 0.42 | (0.08) |
| |
Ireland | 0.00 | (0.01) |
| 0.00 | (0.02) |
| -0.03 | (0.03) |
| -0.03 | (0.03) |
| |
Israel | -0.01 | (0.02) |
| -0.04 | (0.02) |
| 0.09 | (0.04) |
| 0.13 | (0.04) |
| |
Italy | -0.20 | (0.01) |
| -0.23 | (0.01) |
| 0.07 | (0.04) |
| 0.31 | (0.04) |
| |
Japan | 0.55 | (0.01) |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| |
Korea | 0.19 | (0.02) |
| 0.19 | (0.02) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Latvia | -0.06 | (0.01) |
| -0.06 | (0.01) |
| -0.09 | (0.06) |
| -0.03 | (0.06) |
| |
Lithuania | -0.03 | (0.02) |
| -0.03 | (0.02) |
| -0.12 | (0.11) |
| -0.09 | (0.11) |
| |
Luxembourg | -0.25 | (0.01) |
| -0.46 | (0.02) |
| -0.09 | (0.02) |
| 0.37 | (0.03) |
| |
Mexico | 0.19 | (0.01) |
| 0.19 | (0.01) |
| 0.40 | (0.14) |
| 0.21 | (0.15) |
| |
Netherlands* | 0.13 | (0.02) |
| 0.13 | (0.02) |
| 0.07 | (0.05) | † | -0.06 | (0.05) | † | |
New Zealand | 0.16 | (0.02) |
| 0.12 | (0.02) |
| 0.22 | (0.03) |
| 0.09 | (0.03) |
| |
Norway | 0.08 | (0.02) |
| 0.06 | (0.02) |
| 0.24 | (0.04) |
| 0.18 | (0.05) |
| |
Poland | -0.10 | (0.01) |
| -0.11 | (0.01) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Portugal* | 0.16 | (0.02) |
| 0.15 | (0.02) |
| 0.27 | (0.06) |
| 0.12 | (0.06) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 0.07 | (0.01) |
| 0.07 | (0.01) |
| -0.12 | (0.15) |
| -0.19 | (0.15) |
| |
Slovenia | -0.03 | (0.01) |
| -0.04 | (0.01) |
| 0.07 | (0.05) |
| 0.11 | (0.05) |
| |
Spain | -0.06 | (0.01) |
| -0.08 | (0.01) |
| 0.06 | (0.02) |
| 0.14 | (0.02) |
| |
Sweden | -0.05 | (0.02) |
| -0.09 | (0.02) |
| 0.09 | (0.04) |
| 0.18 | (0.05) |
| |
Switzerland | -0.10 | (0.01) |
| -0.13 | (0.02) |
| -0.06 | (0.02) |
| 0.07 | (0.03) |
| |
Turkey | -0.10 | (0.01) |
| -0.10 | (0.01) |
| 0.07 | (0.14) |
| 0.18 | (0.14) |
| |
United Kingdom | 0.08 | (0.02) |
| 0.07 | (0.02) |
| 0.06 | (0.03) |
| -0.01 | (0.03) |
| |
United States* | 0.08 | (0.02) |
| 0.02 | (0.02) |
| 0.24 | (0.03) |
| 0.22 | (0.04) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | 0.01 | (0.00) |
| -0.03 | (0.00) |
| 0.10 | (0.01) |
| 0.13 | (0.01) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.10.1 [4/8]. Average student attitudes and dispositions, by immigrant background | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||
| Index of perception of difficulty in reading | ||||||||||||
All students | Non-immigrant students | Immigrant students | Difference immigrants - non-immigrants | ||||||||||
Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | -0.12 | (0.02) |
| -0.13 | (0.02) |
| 0.38 | (0.23) |
| 0.51 | (0.23) |
|
Argentina | 0.18 | (0.02) |
| 0.17 | (0.02) |
| 0.24 | (0.06) |
| 0.08 | (0.06) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 0.14 | (0.02) |
| 0.12 | (0.02) |
| 0.30 | (0.08) |
| 0.17 | (0.08) |
| |
Belarus | -0.11 | (0.01) |
| -0.12 | (0.01) |
| 0.01 | (0.07) |
| 0.13 | (0.07) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | -0.19 | (0.02) |
| -0.19 | (0.02) |
| 0.02 | (0.11) |
| 0.21 | (0.10) |
| |
Brazil | 0.17 | (0.01) |
| 0.17 | (0.01) |
| 0.39 | (0.16) | † | 0.22 | (0.16) | † | |
Brunei Darussalam | 0.62 | (0.01) |
| 0.64 | (0.01) |
| 0.35 | (0.04) |
| -0.29 | (0.04) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 0.18 | (0.02) |
| 0.18 | (0.02) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Bulgaria | -0.02 | (0.02) |
| -0.03 | (0.02) |
| 0.16 | (0.22) |
| 0.18 | (0.23) |
| |
Costa Rica | 0.10 | (0.02) |
| 0.10 | (0.02) |
| 0.14 | (0.05) |
| 0.04 | (0.05) |
| |
Croatia | -0.20 | (0.01) |
| -0.20 | (0.01) |
| -0.23 | (0.04) |
| -0.04 | (0.04) |
| |
Cyprus | 0.00 | (0.02) |
| 0.00 | (0.02) |
| 0.03 | (0.04) |
| 0.03 | (0.05) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 0.09 | (0.02) | † | 0.08 | (0.02) |
| 0.35 | (0.12) | † | 0.27 | (0.12) | † | |
Georgia | -0.06 | (0.02) |
| -0.06 | (0.02) |
| 0.17 | (0.20) | † | 0.23 | (0.21) | † | |
Hong Kong (China)* | 0.15 | (0.01) |
| 0.17 | (0.02) |
| 0.11 | (0.02) |
| -0.06 | (0.02) |
| |
Indonesia | 0.55 | (0.02) |
| 0.54 | (0.02) |
| 0.56 | (0.31) |
| 0.01 | (0.31) |
| |
Jordan | 0.40 | (0.02) |
| 0.40 | (0.02) |
| 0.37 | (0.03) |
| -0.04 | (0.04) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 0.19 | (0.01) |
| 0.19 | (0.01) |
| 0.23 | (0.03) |
| 0.05 | (0.03) |
| |
Kosovo | -0.13 | (0.02) |
| -0.14 | (0.02) |
| 0.11 | (0.14) |
| 0.25 | (0.15) |
| |
Lebanon | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Macao (China) | 0.21 | (0.02) |
| 0.26 | (0.03) |
| 0.18 | (0.02) |
| -0.08 | (0.03) |
| |
Malaysia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Malta | -0.13 | (0.02) |
| -0.14 | (0.02) |
| -0.10 | (0.07) |
| 0.04 | (0.07) |
| |
Moldova | -0.04 | (0.02) |
| -0.05 | (0.02) |
| -0.17 | (0.12) |
| -0.11 | (0.12) |
| |
Montenegro | -0.12 | (0.01) |
| -0.12 | (0.01) |
| -0.14 | (0.06) |
| -0.02 | (0.06) |
| |
Morocco | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
North Macedonia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Panama | 0.22 | (0.02) |
| 0.21 | (0.02) |
| 0.16 | (0.06) |
| -0.05 | (0.06) |
| |
Peru | 0.25 | (0.01) |
| 0.25 | (0.01) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Philippines | 0.61 | (0.02) |
| 0.60 | (0.02) |
| 0.68 | (0.10) |
| 0.07 | (0.11) |
| |
Qatar | 0.17 | (0.01) |
| 0.32 | (0.02) |
| 0.05 | (0.01) |
| -0.26 | (0.02) |
| |
Romania | -0.16 | (0.02) |
| -0.16 | (0.02) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Russia | -0.04 | (0.01) |
| -0.05 | (0.01) |
| 0.02 | (0.06) |
| 0.07 | (0.06) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 0.05 | (0.01) |
| 0.04 | (0.02) |
| 0.00 | (0.04) |
| -0.04 | (0.04) |
| |
Serbia | -0.21 | (0.02) |
| -0.21 | (0.02) |
| -0.23 | (0.05) |
| -0.02 | (0.05) |
| |
Singapore | 0.26 | (0.01) |
| 0.27 | (0.01) |
| 0.23 | (0.03) |
| -0.04 | (0.04) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | -0.04 | (0.02) |
| -0.04 | (0.02) |
| 0.01 | (0.21) |
| 0.05 | (0.21) |
| |
Thailand | 0.59 | (0.01) |
| 0.59 | (0.01) |
| 0.55 | (0.11) |
| -0.05 | (0.11) |
| |
Ukraine | -0.09 | (0.02) |
| -0.09 | (0.02) |
| -0.22 | (0.10) |
| -0.13 | (0.11) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 0.15 | (0.01) |
| 0.33 | (0.01) |
| 0.00 | (0.02) |
| -0.33 | (0.02) |
| |
Uruguay | 0.12 | (0.02) |
| 0.12 | (0.02) |
| 0.29 | (0.14) |
| 0.17 | (0.14) |
| |
Viet Nam | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.10.1 [5/8]. Average student attitudes and dispositions, by immigrant background | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||
| Index of motivation to master tasks | ||||||||||||
All students | Non-immigrant students | Immigrant students | Difference immigrants - non-immigrants | ||||||||||
Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | -0.03 | (0.01) |
| -0.07 | (0.01) |
| 0.08 | (0.02) |
| 0.16 | (0.02) |
|
Austria | -0.03 | (0.01) |
| -0.04 | (0.02) |
| 0.00 | (0.03) |
| 0.03 | (0.04) |
| |
Belgium | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Canada | 0.12 | (0.01) |
| 0.09 | (0.01) |
| 0.18 | (0.02) |
| 0.09 | (0.02) |
| |
Chile | 0.29 | (0.02) |
| 0.29 | (0.02) |
| 0.39 | (0.08) |
| 0.09 | (0.08) |
| |
Colombia | 0.13 | (0.02) |
| 0.14 | (0.02) |
| 0.16 | (0.24) |
| 0.03 | (0.24) |
| |
Czech Republic | -0.25 | (0.01) |
| -0.24 | (0.01) |
| -0.46 | (0.07) |
| -0.22 | (0.07) |
| |
Denmark | -0.05 | (0.01) |
| -0.06 | (0.02) |
| 0.06 | (0.04) |
| 0.11 | (0.04) |
| |
Estonia | -0.31 | (0.01) |
| -0.31 | (0.01) |
| -0.32 | (0.04) |
| -0.01 | (0.04) |
| |
Finland | -0.31 | (0.02) |
| -0.31 | (0.02) |
| -0.30 | (0.06) |
| 0.01 | (0.06) |
| |
France | -0.24 | (0.01) |
| -0.26 | (0.02) |
| -0.11 | (0.04) |
| 0.15 | (0.04) |
| |
Germany | -0.08 | (0.02) |
| -0.10 | (0.02) |
| 0.01 | (0.04) |
| 0.11 | (0.04) |
| |
Greece | 0.27 | (0.02) |
| 0.29 | (0.02) |
| 0.16 | (0.04) |
| -0.12 | (0.04) |
| |
Hungary | 0.02 | (0.01) |
| 0.03 | (0.01) |
| -0.05 | (0.10) |
| -0.07 | (0.10) |
| |
Iceland | -0.13 | (0.02) |
| -0.11 | (0.02) |
| -0.37 | (0.08) |
| -0.25 | (0.08) |
| |
Ireland | -0.09 | (0.01) |
| -0.10 | (0.01) |
| -0.02 | (0.03) |
| 0.08 | (0.03) |
| |
Israel | 0.34 | (0.02) |
| 0.36 | (0.02) |
| 0.30 | (0.04) |
| -0.06 | (0.04) |
| |
Italy | 0.49 | (0.02) |
| 0.51 | (0.02) |
| 0.31 | (0.05) |
| -0.20 | (0.05) |
| |
Japan | -0.11 | (0.02) |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| |
Korea | 0.39 | (0.01) |
| 0.40 | (0.01) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Latvia | -0.09 | (0.01) |
| -0.08 | (0.02) |
| -0.30 | (0.07) |
| -0.22 | (0.07) |
| |
Lithuania | -0.02 | (0.01) |
| -0.02 | (0.01) |
| -0.24 | (0.11) |
| -0.22 | (0.11) |
| |
Luxembourg | -0.26 | (0.02) |
| -0.27 | (0.02) |
| -0.25 | (0.02) |
| 0.02 | (0.03) |
| |
Mexico | 0.37 | (0.02) |
| 0.39 | (0.02) |
| -0.18 | (0.20) | † | -0.57 | (0.20) | † | |
Netherlands* | -0.40 | (0.02) |
| -0.42 | (0.02) |
| -0.19 | (0.04) | † | 0.23 | (0.04) | † | |
New Zealand | -0.04 | (0.01) |
| -0.09 | (0.02) |
| 0.09 | (0.03) |
| 0.18 | (0.03) |
| |
Norway | 0.02 | (0.01) |
| 0.01 | (0.02) |
| 0.04 | (0.04) |
| 0.02 | (0.04) |
| |
Poland | 0.10 | (0.02) |
| 0.10 | (0.02) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Portugal* | 0.08 | (0.01) |
| 0.09 | (0.01) |
| 0.01 | (0.07) |
| -0.07 | (0.07) |
| |
Slovak Republic | -0.18 | (0.01) |
| -0.18 | (0.01) |
| -0.43 | (0.15) |
| -0.25 | (0.16) |
| |
Slovenia | 0.41 | (0.01) |
| 0.42 | (0.01) |
| 0.39 | (0.05) |
| -0.03 | (0.05) |
| |
Spain | 0.17 | (0.01) |
| 0.18 | (0.01) |
| 0.10 | (0.02) |
| -0.08 | (0.02) |
| |
Sweden | -0.29 | (0.02) |
| -0.35 | (0.02) |
| -0.07 | (0.04) |
| 0.28 | (0.04) |
| |
Switzerland | -0.20 | (0.02) |
| -0.25 | (0.02) |
| -0.11 | (0.03) |
| 0.13 | (0.03) |
| |
Turkey | 0.02 | (0.02) |
| 0.03 | (0.02) |
| -0.14 | (0.17) |
| -0.17 | (0.17) |
| |
United Kingdom | -0.16 | (0.01) |
| -0.20 | (0.02) |
| 0.00 | (0.03) |
| 0.20 | (0.04) |
| |
United States* | 0.18 | (0.02) |
| 0.20 | (0.02) |
| 0.17 | (0.04) |
| -0.03 | (0.04) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | 0.00 | (0.00) |
| 0.00 | (0.00) |
| -0.03 | (0.01) |
| -0.02 | (0.01) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.10.1 [6/8]. Average student attitudes and dispositions, by immigrant background | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||
| Index of motivation to master tasks | ||||||||||||
All students | Non-immigrant students | Immigrant students | Difference immigrants - non-immigrants | ||||||||||
Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 0.62 | (0.02) |
| 0.62 | (0.02) |
| 0.44 | (0.21) |
| -0.18 | (0.21) |
|
Argentina | 0.29 | (0.02) |
| 0.29 | (0.02) |
| 0.37 | (0.05) |
| 0.07 | (0.05) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 0.10 | (0.02) | † | 0.11 | (0.02) |
| 0.09 | (0.09) | † | -0.02 | (0.09) | † | |
Belarus | -0.12 | (0.01) |
| -0.11 | (0.01) |
| -0.20 | (0.04) |
| -0.09 | (0.04) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.11 | (0.02) |
| 0.12 | (0.02) |
| 0.07 | (0.11) |
| -0.04 | (0.11) |
| |
Brazil | 0.26 | (0.01) |
| 0.26 | (0.01) |
| -0.01 | (0.22) | † | -0.27 | (0.22) | † | |
Brunei Darussalam | 0.12 | (0.01) |
| 0.13 | (0.01) |
| 0.12 | (0.03) |
| 0.00 | (0.03) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 0.28 | (0.02) |
| 0.28 | (0.02) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Bulgaria | 0.07 | (0.03) |
| 0.09 | (0.02) |
| -0.82 | (0.13) |
| -0.91 | (0.13) |
| |
Costa Rica | 0.60 | (0.02) |
| 0.60 | (0.02) |
| 0.60 | (0.05) |
| 0.00 | (0.05) |
| |
Croatia | 0.21 | (0.01) |
| 0.21 | (0.02) |
| 0.22 | (0.04) |
| 0.00 | (0.04) |
| |
Cyprus | -0.01 | (0.02) |
| -0.01 | (0.02) |
| -0.02 | (0.04) |
| -0.01 | (0.04) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 0.11 | (0.03) | † | 0.13 | (0.03) | † | -0.12 | (0.18) | † | -0.25 | (0.18) | † | |
Georgia | 0.08 | (0.02) |
| 0.09 | (0.02) |
| -0.17 | (0.18) | † | -0.27 | (0.19) | † | |
Hong Kong (China)* | -0.03 | (0.01) |
| -0.03 | (0.02) |
| -0.01 | (0.02) |
| 0.02 | (0.03) |
| |
Indonesia | 0.25 | (0.02) |
| 0.26 | (0.02) |
| -0.10 | (0.29) |
| -0.36 | (0.29) |
| |
Jordan | 0.35 | (0.03) |
| 0.35 | (0.03) |
| 0.46 | (0.06) |
| 0.11 | (0.06) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 0.03 | (0.01) |
| 0.03 | (0.01) |
| 0.03 | (0.03) |
| 0.00 | (0.04) |
| |
Kosovo | 0.36 | (0.02) |
| 0.36 | (0.02) |
| 0.39 | (0.15) |
| 0.02 | (0.16) |
| |
Lebanon | 0.05 | (0.03) |
| 0.10 | (0.03) |
| -0.13 | (0.09) |
| -0.23 | (0.08) |
| |
Macao (China) | 0.00 | (0.01) |
| -0.04 | (0.03) |
| 0.03 | (0.02) |
| 0.07 | (0.03) |
| |
Malaysia | 0.42 | (0.02) |
| 0.43 | (0.02) |
| 0.26 | (0.10) |
| -0.18 | (0.10) |
| |
Malta | 0.29 | (0.02) |
| 0.31 | (0.02) |
| 0.09 | (0.07) |
| -0.23 | (0.08) |
| |
Moldova | -0.04 | (0.01) |
| -0.03 | (0.02) |
| -0.10 | (0.12) |
| -0.08 | (0.12) |
| |
Montenegro | -0.07 | (0.01) |
| -0.07 | (0.01) |
| -0.11 | (0.06) |
| -0.05 | (0.06) |
| |
Morocco | 0.36 | (0.02) | † | 0.38 | (0.02) | † | -0.37 | (0.18) |
| -0.75 | (0.17) | † | |
North Macedonia | 0.52 | (0.01) |
| 0.54 | (0.01) |
| 0.36 | (0.18) |
| -0.17 | (0.18) |
| |
Panama | 0.41 | (0.02) | † | 0.43 | (0.02) | † | 0.31 | (0.06) | † | -0.11 | (0.06) | † | |
Peru | 0.39 | (0.02) |
| 0.40 | (0.02) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Philippines | 0.08 | (0.02) |
| 0.11 | (0.02) |
| -0.86 | (0.16) |
| -0.97 | (0.17) |
| |
Qatar | 0.28 | (0.01) |
| 0.18 | (0.02) |
| 0.37 | (0.01) |
| 0.19 | (0.02) |
| |
Romania | 0.00 | (0.02) |
| -0.02 | (0.02) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Russia | -0.32 | (0.02) |
| -0.32 | (0.02) |
| -0.23 | (0.05) |
| 0.10 | (0.05) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 0.22 | (0.02) |
| 0.21 | (0.02) |
| 0.42 | (0.04) |
| 0.21 | (0.04) |
| |
Serbia | 0.07 | (0.02) |
| 0.07 | (0.02) |
| 0.10 | (0.06) |
| 0.03 | (0.06) |
| |
Singapore | 0.24 | (0.01) |
| 0.22 | (0.01) |
| 0.30 | (0.03) |
| 0.09 | (0.03) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 0.20 | (0.01) |
| 0.20 | (0.01) |
| 0.00 | (0.21) |
| -0.20 | (0.21) |
| |
Thailand | 0.29 | (0.02) |
| 0.30 | (0.02) |
| -0.05 | (0.20) |
| -0.35 | (0.20) |
| |
Ukraine | -0.03 | (0.02) |
| -0.02 | (0.02) |
| -0.13 | (0.11) |
| -0.11 | (0.11) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 0.40 | (0.01) |
| 0.37 | (0.02) |
| 0.45 | (0.01) |
| 0.07 | (0.02) |
| |
Uruguay | 0.27 | (0.02) |
| 0.27 | (0.02) |
| 0.53 | (0.17) | † | 0.26 | (0.17) | † | |
Viet Nam | 0.18 | (0.02) |
| 0.18 | (0.02) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.10.1 [7/8]. Average student attitudes and dispositions, by immigrant background | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||
| Index of learning goals | ||||||||||||
All students | Non-immigrant students | Immigrant students | Difference immigrants - non-immigrants | ||||||||||
Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 0.06 | (0.01) |
| 0.00 | (0.01) |
| 0.20 | (0.02) |
| 0.21 | (0.02) |
|
Austria | 0.02 | (0.02) |
| 0.00 | (0.02) |
| 0.11 | (0.03) |
| 0.11 | (0.03) |
| |
Belgium | 0.13 | (0.01) |
| 0.10 | (0.01) |
| 0.28 | (0.03) |
| 0.18 | (0.03) |
| |
Canada | 0.22 | (0.01) |
| 0.16 | (0.01) |
| 0.34 | (0.02) |
| 0.18 | (0.02) |
| |
Chile | 0.33 | (0.02) |
| 0.33 | (0.02) |
| 0.41 | (0.10) |
| 0.08 | (0.10) |
| |
Colombia | 0.47 | (0.02) |
| 0.47 | (0.02) |
| 0.17 | (0.24) |
| -0.30 | (0.24) |
| |
Czech Republic | -0.06 | (0.02) |
| -0.06 | (0.02) |
| -0.24 | (0.10) |
| -0.19 | (0.10) |
| |
Denmark | 0.44 | (0.02) |
| 0.43 | (0.02) |
| 0.53 | (0.04) |
| 0.10 | (0.04) |
| |
Estonia | -0.20 | (0.02) |
| -0.17 | (0.02) |
| -0.51 | (0.04) |
| -0.35 | (0.04) |
| |
Finland | -0.12 | (0.01) |
| -0.13 | (0.01) |
| 0.15 | (0.07) |
| 0.28 | (0.07) |
| |
France | -0.20 | (0.01) |
| -0.22 | (0.01) |
| -0.08 | (0.04) |
| 0.13 | (0.05) |
| |
Germany | 0.01 | (0.02) | † | -0.01 | (0.02) |
| 0.11 | (0.04) |
| 0.12 | (0.04) |
| |
Greece | -0.09 | (0.02) |
| -0.07 | (0.02) |
| -0.16 | (0.04) |
| -0.08 | (0.04) |
| |
Hungary | -0.24 | (0.02) |
| -0.24 | (0.02) |
| -0.26 | (0.13) |
| -0.02 | (0.13) |
| |
Iceland | 0.26 | (0.02) |
| 0.27 | (0.02) |
| 0.13 | (0.09) |
| -0.14 | (0.10) |
| |
Ireland | -0.12 | (0.01) |
| -0.15 | (0.02) |
| 0.02 | (0.03) |
| 0.16 | (0.04) |
| |
Israel | 0.28 | (0.02) |
| 0.28 | (0.02) |
| 0.31 | (0.04) |
| 0.03 | (0.05) |
| |
Italy | -0.18 | (0.01) |
| -0.17 | (0.01) |
| -0.28 | (0.05) |
| -0.10 | (0.05) |
| |
Japan | -0.31 | (0.02) |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| |
Korea | 0.06 | (0.02) |
| 0.06 | (0.02) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Latvia | -0.31 | (0.02) |
| -0.30 | (0.02) |
| -0.66 | (0.07) |
| -0.37 | (0.07) |
| |
Lithuania | 0.05 | (0.02) |
| 0.06 | (0.02) |
| -0.40 | (0.13) |
| -0.46 | (0.13) |
| |
Luxembourg | -0.04 | (0.01) |
| -0.04 | (0.02) |
| -0.04 | (0.02) |
| 0.01 | (0.03) |
| |
Mexico | 0.55 | (0.01) | † | 0.56 | (0.01) |
| 0.31 | (0.18) | † | -0.25 | (0.18) | † | |
Netherlands* | -0.21 | (0.02) |
| -0.27 | (0.02) |
| 0.19 | (0.04) | † | 0.46 | (0.04) | † | |
New Zealand | 0.07 | (0.01) |
| -0.01 | (0.01) |
| 0.28 | (0.02) |
| 0.29 | (0.03) |
| |
Norway | 0.41 | (0.02) |
| 0.39 | (0.02) |
| 0.52 | (0.04) |
| 0.12 | (0.04) |
| |
Poland | 0.01 | (0.02) |
| 0.01 | (0.02) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Portugal* | -0.01 | (0.02) |
| -0.01 | (0.02) |
| -0.01 | (0.06) |
| 0.01 | (0.06) |
| |
Slovak Republic | -0.34 | (0.02) |
| -0.33 | (0.02) |
| -0.58 | (0.14) |
| -0.24 | (0.14) |
| |
Slovenia | -0.29 | (0.01) |
| -0.30 | (0.02) |
| -0.20 | (0.05) |
| 0.10 | (0.06) |
| |
Spain | -0.10 | (0.01) |
| -0.09 | (0.01) |
| -0.20 | (0.02) |
| -0.11 | (0.03) |
| |
Sweden | 0.01 | (0.02) |
| -0.09 | (0.02) |
| 0.40 | (0.04) |
| 0.49 | (0.04) |
| |
Switzerland | -0.04 | (0.02) |
| -0.06 | (0.02) |
| 0.01 | (0.02) |
| 0.08 | (0.03) |
| |
Turkey | -0.05 | (0.02) |
| -0.05 | (0.02) |
| 0.09 | (0.14) |
| 0.14 | (0.14) |
| |
United Kingdom | -0.08 | (0.02) |
| -0.16 | (0.02) |
| 0.22 | (0.03) |
| 0.38 | (0.04) |
| |
United States* | 0.29 | (0.02) |
| 0.27 | (0.02) |
| 0.36 | (0.03) |
| 0.09 | (0.04) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | 0.02 | (0.00) |
| 0.01 | (0.00) |
| 0.04 | (0.01) |
| 0.03 | (0.01) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.10.1 [8/8]. Average student attitudes and dispositions, by immigrant background | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||
| Index of learning goals | ||||||||||||
All students | Non-immigrant students | Immigrant students | Difference immigrants - non-immigrants | ||||||||||
Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Mean index | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 0.67 | (0.02) |
| 0.68 | (0.02) |
| 0.29 | (0.30) |
| -0.39 | (0.30) |
|
Argentina | -0.23 | (0.02) |
| -0.23 | (0.02) |
| -0.21 | (0.06) |
| 0.02 | (0.06) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 0.49 | (0.02) | † | 0.49 | (0.02) |
| 0.52 | (0.07) | † | 0.03 | (0.07) | † | |
Belarus | -0.06 | (0.02) |
| -0.06 | (0.02) |
| -0.09 | (0.07) |
| -0.03 | (0.07) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.22 | (0.02) |
| 0.22 | (0.02) |
| 0.11 | (0.10) |
| -0.11 | (0.10) |
| |
Brazil | 0.53 | (0.01) |
| 0.54 | (0.01) |
| 0.15 | (0.19) | † | -0.39 | (0.19) | † | |
Brunei Darussalam | 0.12 | (0.01) |
| 0.13 | (0.01) |
| 0.08 | (0.03) |
| -0.05 | (0.04) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | -0.01 | (0.02) |
| -0.01 | (0.02) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Bulgaria | -0.24 | (0.02) |
| -0.22 | (0.02) |
| -0.65 | (0.19) |
| -0.43 | (0.19) |
| |
Costa Rica | 0.55 | (0.02) |
| 0.55 | (0.02) |
| 0.48 | (0.04) |
| -0.07 | (0.04) |
| |
Croatia | -0.10 | (0.02) |
| -0.10 | (0.02) |
| -0.05 | (0.05) |
| 0.05 | (0.05) |
| |
Cyprus | 0.02 | (0.02) |
| 0.03 | (0.02) |
| -0.02 | (0.05) |
| -0.06 | (0.05) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 0.51 | (0.02) | † | 0.52 | (0.02) | † | 0.28 | (0.18) | ‡ | -0.24 | (0.18) | ‡ | |
Georgia | 0.45 | (0.02) |
| 0.47 | (0.02) |
| -0.02 | (0.22) | † | -0.49 | (0.22) | † | |
Hong Kong (China)* | -0.05 | (0.01) |
| -0.05 | (0.02) |
| -0.04 | (0.02) |
| 0.01 | (0.03) |
| |
Indonesia | 0.49 | (0.02) |
| 0.49 | (0.02) |
| 0.84 | (0.13) |
| 0.35 | (0.13) |
| |
Jordan | 0.52 | (0.02) |
| 0.52 | (0.02) |
| 0.60 | (0.04) |
| 0.08 | (0.04) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 0.54 | (0.01) |
| 0.55 | (0.01) |
| 0.54 | (0.04) |
| -0.01 | (0.04) |
| |
Kosovo | 0.57 | (0.02) |
| 0.58 | (0.02) |
| 0.55 | (0.13) |
| -0.03 | (0.13) |
| |
Lebanon | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Macao (China) | -0.22 | (0.02) |
| -0.32 | (0.02) |
| -0.17 | (0.02) |
| 0.15 | (0.03) |
| |
Malaysia | 0.36 | (0.02) |
| 0.37 | (0.02) |
| 0.31 | (0.10) |
| -0.06 | (0.11) |
| |
Malta | 0.21 | (0.02) |
| 0.24 | (0.02) |
| -0.02 | (0.07) |
| -0.26 | (0.07) |
| |
Moldova | 0.11 | (0.02) |
| 0.13 | (0.02) |
| -0.14 | (0.12) |
| -0.26 | (0.12) |
| |
Montenegro | 0.32 | (0.01) |
| 0.33 | (0.01) |
| 0.22 | (0.07) |
| -0.11 | (0.08) |
| |
Morocco | 0.31 | (0.02) | † | 0.31 | (0.02) | † | -0.18 | (0.18) | † | -0.49 | (0.18) | † | |
North Macedonia | m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Panama | 0.59 | (0.03) | † | 0.62 | (0.03) | † | 0.29 | (0.09) | † | -0.32 | (0.09) | † | |
Peru | 0.38 | (0.02) | † | 0.39 | (0.02) | † | c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Philippines | 0.34 | (0.02) |
| 0.37 | (0.02) |
| -0.39 | (0.11) |
| -0.76 | (0.11) |
| |
Qatar | 0.33 | (0.01) |
| 0.28 | (0.02) |
| 0.38 | (0.01) |
| 0.10 | (0.02) |
| |
Romania | 0.10 | (0.02) |
| 0.10 | (0.02) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Russia | -0.18 | (0.02) |
| -0.18 | (0.02) |
| -0.16 | (0.05) |
| 0.03 | (0.05) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 0.42 | (0.02) |
| 0.42 | (0.02) |
| 0.63 | (0.03) |
| 0.21 | (0.04) |
| |
Serbia | -0.01 | (0.02) |
| -0.02 | (0.02) |
| 0.06 | (0.05) |
| 0.08 | (0.05) |
| |
Singapore | 0.31 | (0.01) |
| 0.30 | (0.01) |
| 0.37 | (0.02) |
| 0.08 | (0.02) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | -0.29 | (0.02) |
| -0.29 | (0.02) |
| -0.11 | (0.17) |
| 0.19 | (0.17) |
| |
Thailand | 0.24 | (0.02) |
| 0.25 | (0.02) |
| -0.12 | (0.14) |
| -0.37 | (0.13) |
| |
Ukraine | -0.35 | (0.02) |
| -0.34 | (0.02) |
| -0.51 | (0.11) |
| -0.17 | (0.11) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 0.42 | (0.01) |
| 0.41 | (0.01) |
| 0.45 | (0.01) |
| 0.04 | (0.02) |
| |
Uruguay | 0.15 | (0.02) |
| 0.14 | (0.02) |
| 0.51 | (0.15) | † | 0.37 | (0.15) | † | |
Viet Nam | -1.04 | (0.02) |
| -1.04 | (0.02) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.10.2 [1/4]. Students’ attitudes and dispositions, and immigrant background | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | ||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of immigrant students | Index of perception of competence | Index of perception of difficulty in reading | |||||||||||||
Before accounting for any student or school variables | After accounting for gender, students' and schools' socio-economic profile, and performance in reading | Before accounting for any student or school variables | After accounting for gender, students’ and schools’ socio-economic profile, and performance in reading | |||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 27.7 | (0.8) |
| -0.03 | (0.02) |
| -0.06 | (0.02) |
| 0.06 | (0.03) |
| 0.08 | (0.02) |
|
Austria | 22.7 | (1.2) |
| -0.23 | (0.04) |
| 0.08 | (0.04) |
| 0.20 | (0.03) |
| -0.05 | (0.04) |
| |
Belgium | 18.1 | (0.9) |
| 0.01 | (0.02) |
| 0.17 | (0.03) |
| 0.05 | (0.03) |
| -0.07 | (0.03) |
| |
Canada | 35.0 | (1.4) |
| -0.07 | (0.02) |
| -0.05 | (0.02) |
| 0.12 | (0.02) |
| 0.11 | (0.02) |
| |
Chile | 3.4 | (0.4) |
| -0.03 | (0.08) |
| 0.01 | (0.07) |
| 0.05 | (0.06) |
| -0.01 | (0.06) |
| |
Colombia | 0.6 | (0.1) |
| -0.13 | (0.21) |
| 0.00 | (0.18) |
| 0.39 | (0.23) |
| 0.22 | (0.26) |
| |
Czech Republic | 4.1 | (0.4) |
| -0.12 | (0.06) |
| 0.09 | (0.07) |
| 0.20 | (0.07) |
| 0.05 | (0.07) |
| |
Denmark | 10.7 | (0.4) |
| -0.05 | (0.03) |
| 0.24 | (0.03) |
| 0.12 | (0.04) |
| -0.14 | (0.05) |
| |
Estonia | 10.4 | (0.5) |
| -0.30 | (0.04) |
| -0.16 | (0.04) |
| 0.04 | (0.05) |
| -0.04 | (0.04) |
| |
Finland | 5.8 | (0.5) |
| -0.18 | (0.07) |
| 0.27 | (0.07) |
| 0.31 | (0.07) |
| -0.08 | (0.07) |
| |
France | 14.3 | (0.9) |
| 0.00 | (0.04) |
| 0.17 | (0.04) |
| 0.12 | (0.04) |
| -0.03 | (0.04) |
| |
Germany | 22.2 | (1.1) |
| -0.13 | (0.04) |
| 0.11 | (0.04) |
| 0.24 | (0.04) |
| 0.00 | (0.04) |
| |
Greece | 11.7 | (0.7) |
| -0.22 | (0.04) |
| -0.03 | (0.04) |
| 0.30 | (0.04) |
| 0.12 | (0.04) |
| |
Hungary | 2.6 | (0.3) |
| -0.03 | (0.08) |
| -0.11 | (0.07) |
| 0.08 | (0.09) |
| 0.11 | (0.09) |
| |
Iceland | 5.6 | (0.4) |
| -0.46 | (0.07) |
| 0.04 | (0.08) |
| 0.42 | (0.08) |
| 0.00 | (0.08) |
| |
Ireland | 17.9 | (0.9) |
| 0.08 | (0.03) |
| 0.14 | (0.03) |
| -0.03 | (0.03) |
| -0.08 | (0.03) |
| |
Israel | 16.4 | (1.1) |
| -0.12 | (0.05) |
| -0.09 | (0.05) |
| 0.13 | (0.04) |
| 0.11 | (0.03) |
| |
Italy | 10.0 | (0.5) |
| -0.17 | (0.04) |
| -0.02 | (0.04) |
| 0.31 | (0.04) |
| 0.18 | (0.04) |
| |
Japan | 0.6 | (0.1) |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| |
Korea | 0.2 | (0.1) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Latvia | 4.4 | (0.3) |
| -0.06 | (0.05) |
| -0.04 | (0.05) |
| -0.03 | (0.06) |
| -0.04 | (0.05) |
| |
Lithuania | 1.6 | (0.1) |
| -0.54 | (0.12) |
| -0.48 | (0.10) |
| -0.09 | (0.11) |
| -0.15 | (0.11) |
| |
Luxembourg | 54.9 | (0.6) |
| -0.34 | (0.03) |
| -0.13 | (0.03) |
| 0.37 | (0.03) |
| 0.24 | (0.03) |
| |
Mexico | 1.6 | (0.3) |
| -0.42 | (0.10) |
| -0.13 | (0.09) |
| 0.21 | (0.15) |
| -0.04 | (0.14) |
| |
Netherlands* | 13.8 | (1.2) |
| 0.10 | (0.04) |
| 0.31 | (0.05) |
| -0.06 | (0.05) |
| -0.17 | (0.05) |
| |
New Zealand | 26.5 | (1.3) |
| -0.06 | (0.03) |
| -0.05 | (0.03) |
| 0.09 | (0.03) |
| 0.08 | (0.03) |
| |
Norway | 12.4 | (0.8) |
| -0.21 | (0.04) |
| 0.06 | (0.04) |
| 0.18 | (0.05) |
| -0.02 | (0.05) |
| |
Poland | 0.6 | (0.2) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Portugal* | 7.0 | (0.6) |
| -0.04 | (0.06) |
| 0.06 | (0.05) |
| 0.12 | (0.06) |
| 0.05 | (0.06) |
| |
Slovak Republic | 1.2 | (0.2) |
| -0.03 | (0.13) |
| 0.10 | (0.12) |
| -0.19 | (0.15) |
| -0.29 | (0.15) |
| |
Slovenia | 8.9 | (0.3) |
| -0.14 | (0.05) |
| 0.12 | (0.06) |
| 0.11 | (0.05) |
| -0.08 | (0.05) |
| |
Spain | 12.2 | (0.5) |
| -0.08 | (0.02) |
| m | m |
| 0.14 | (0.02) |
| m | m |
| |
Sweden | 20.5 | (1.3) |
| -0.01 | (0.04) |
| 0.32 | (0.04) |
| 0.18 | (0.05) |
| -0.14 | (0.04) |
| |
Switzerland | 33.9 | (1.4) |
| -0.03 | (0.03) |
| 0.18 | (0.03) |
| 0.07 | (0.03) |
| -0.06 | (0.03) |
| |
Turkey | 0.9 | (0.1) |
| -0.15 | (0.13) |
| -0.15 | (0.12) |
| 0.18 | (0.14) |
| 0.15 | (0.14) |
| |
United Kingdom | 19.8 | (1.2) |
| 0.08 | (0.03) |
| 0.15 | (0.03) |
| -0.01 | (0.03) |
| -0.07 | (0.04) |
| |
United States* | 23.0 | (1.5) |
| -0.28 | (0.05) |
| -0.20 | (0.04) |
| 0.22 | (0.04) |
| 0.17 | (0.04) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | 13.0 | (0.1) |
| -0.13 | (0.01) |
| 0.03 | (0.01) |
| 0.13 | (0.01) |
| 0.00 | (0.01) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.10.2 [2/4]. Students’ attitudes and dispositions, and immigrant background | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | ||||||||||||||||
| Percentage of immigrant students | Index of perception of competence | Index of perception of difficulty in reading | |||||||||||||
Before accounting for any student or school variables | After accounting for gender, students' and schools' socio-economic profile, and performance in reading | Before accounting for any student or school variables | After accounting for gender, students’ and schools’ socio-economic profile, and performance in reading | |||||||||||||
% | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | 0.6 | (0.1) |
| 0.02 | (0.15) |
| 0.17 | (0.13) |
| 0.51 | (0.23) |
| 0.24 | (0.24) |
|
Argentina | 4.6 | (0.3) |
| 0.05 | (0.06) |
| 0.06 | (0.05) |
| 0.08 | (0.06) |
| 0.05 | (0.06) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | 5.2 | (0.4) |
| -0.01 | (0.07) |
| 0.02 | (0.07) |
| 0.17 | (0.08) |
| 0.11 | (0.07) |
| |
Belarus | 4.1 | (0.3) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| 0.13 | (0.07) |
| 0.08 | (0.07) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2.8 | (0.3) |
| 0.06 | (0.10) |
| 0.11 | (0.10) |
| 0.21 | (0.10) |
| 0.17 | (0.10) |
| |
Brazil | 0.6 | (0.1) |
| -0.15 | (0.19) |
| 0.00 | (0.18) |
| 0.22 | (0.16) |
| 0.07 | (0.16) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 8.2 | (0.3) |
| 0.18 | (0.04) |
| 0.01 | (0.04) |
| -0.29 | (0.04) |
| -0.12 | (0.03) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | 0.2 | (0.1) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Bulgaria | 1.1 | (0.2) |
| -0.46 | (0.18) |
| -0.40 | (0.16) |
| 0.18 | (0.23) |
| 0.03 | (0.24) |
| |
Costa Rica | 10.0 | (0.7) |
| 0.00 | (0.04) |
| 0.12 | (0.04) |
| 0.04 | (0.05) |
| -0.05 | (0.05) |
| |
Croatia | 9.1 | (0.5) |
| 0.04 | (0.05) |
| 0.08 | (0.05) |
| -0.04 | (0.04) |
| -0.06 | (0.04) |
| |
Cyprus | 14.8 | (0.5) |
| 0.03 | (0.04) |
| 0.04 | (0.04) |
| 0.03 | (0.05) |
| 0.04 | (0.04) |
| |
Dominican Republic | 2.9 | (0.3) |
| -0.29 | (0.14) | † | -0.19 | (0.12) | † | 0.27 | (0.12) | † | 0.21 | (0.10) | † | |
Georgia | 1.4 | (0.2) |
| -0.42 | (0.14) |
| -0.28 | (0.12) |
| 0.23 | (0.21) |
| 0.06 | (0.21) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 37.9 | (1.3) |
| 0.13 | (0.02) |
| 0.22 | (0.02) |
| -0.06 | (0.02) |
| -0.07 | (0.03) |
| |
Indonesia | 0.3 | (0.1) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| 0.01 | (0.31) |
| -0.19 | (0.30) |
| |
Jordan | 11.6 | (0.5) |
| -0.06 | (0.04) |
| -0.11 | (0.04) |
| -0.04 | (0.04) |
| -0.01 | (0.03) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 8.2 | (0.4) |
| 0.00 | (0.03) |
| 0.03 | (0.03) |
| 0.05 | (0.03) |
| 0.00 | (0.03) |
| |
Kosovo | 1.1 | (0.2) |
| -0.04 | (0.11) |
| 0.00 | (0.11) |
| 0.25 | (0.15) |
| 0.18 | (0.14) |
| |
Lebanon | 6.0 | (0.5) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Macao (China) | 62.9 | (0.7) |
| 0.13 | (0.03) |
| 0.10 | (0.03) |
| -0.08 | (0.03) |
| -0.02 | (0.03) |
| |
Malaysia | 1.6 | (0.2) |
| -0.06 | (0.10) |
| 0.00 | (0.09) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Malta | 8.8 | (0.4) |
| -0.02 | (0.07) |
| -0.04 | (0.07) |
| 0.04 | (0.07) |
| 0.02 | (0.07) |
| |
Moldova | 1.4 | (0.2) |
| -0.32 | (0.11) |
| -0.34 | (0.11) |
| -0.11 | (0.12) |
| -0.06 | (0.12) |
| |
Montenegro | 5.8 | (0.3) |
| -0.04 | (0.06) |
| -0.07 | (0.06) |
| -0.02 | (0.06) |
| 0.01 | (0.07) |
| |
Morocco | 0.8 | (0.1) |
| -0.10 | (0.23) |
| -0.02 | (0.21) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
North Macedonia | 1.6 | (0.2) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Panama | 6.0 | (0.7) |
| -0.10 | (0.05) | † | -0.14 | (0.05) | † | -0.05 | (0.06) | † | 0.04 | (0.06) | † | |
Peru | 0.5 | (0.1) |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Philippines | 1.0 | (0.2) |
| -0.51 | (0.12) |
| -0.32 | (0.13) |
| 0.07 | (0.11) |
| -0.19 | (0.11) |
| |
Qatar | 56.8 | (0.4) |
| 0.26 | (0.02) |
| 0.04 | (0.02) |
| -0.26 | (0.02) |
| -0.05 | (0.02) |
| |
Romania | 0.8 | (0.2) | † | c | c | † | c | c | † | c | c | † | c | c | † | |
Russia | 5.8 | (0.3) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| 0.07 | (0.06) |
| 0.05 | (0.06) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 11.9 | (1.1) |
| 0.20 | (0.04) |
| 0.08 | (0.04) |
| -0.04 | (0.04) |
| 0.07 | (0.04) |
| |
Serbia | 9.3 | (0.4) |
| 0.01 | (0.05) |
| -0.01 | (0.05) |
| -0.02 | (0.05) |
| -0.01 | (0.05) |
| |
Singapore | 24.8 | (0.7) |
| 0.12 | (0.03) |
| 0.00 | (0.03) |
| -0.04 | (0.04) |
| 0.03 | (0.03) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | 0.7 | (0.2) |
| -0.13 | (0.14) |
| 0.08 | (0.20) |
| 0.05 | (0.21) |
| -0.12 | (0.14) |
| |
Thailand | 1.1 | (0.4) |
| -0.29 | (0.11) |
| -0.21 | (0.09) |
| -0.05 | (0.11) |
| -0.13 | (0.12) |
| |
Ukraine | 2.3 | (0.2) |
| 0.01 | (0.09) |
| 0.07 | (0.10) |
| -0.13 | (0.11) |
| -0.18 | (0.10) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 55.8 | (0.8) |
| 0.17 | (0.02) |
| -0.01 | (0.02) |
| -0.33 | (0.02) |
| -0.06 | (0.02) |
| |
Uruguay | 1.3 | (0.2) |
| 0.03 | (0.16) |
| 0.12 | (0.14) |
| 0.17 | (0.14) |
| 0.08 | (0.14) |
| |
Viet Nam | 0.1 | (0.0) |
| c | c |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | ||||||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | ||||||||||||||||
Table II.B1.10.2 [3/4]. Students’ attitudes and dispositions, and immigrant background | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||
| Index of motivation to master tasks | Index of learning goals | |||||||||||
Before accounting for any student or school variables | After accounting for gender, students’ and schools’ socio-economic profile, and performance in reading | Before accounting for any student or school variables | After accounting for gender, students’ and schools’ socio-economic profile, and performance in reading | ||||||||||
Dif. | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | ||
OECD | Australia | 0.16 | (0.02) |
| 0.15 | (0.02) |
| 0.21 | (0.02) |
| 0.20 | (0.02) |
|
Austria | 0.03 | (0.04) |
| 0.14 | (0.04) |
| 0.11 | (0.03) |
| 0.15 | (0.04) |
| |
Belgium | m | m |
| m | m |
| 0.18 | (0.03) |
| 0.20 | (0.04) |
| |
Canada | 0.09 | (0.02) |
| 0.11 | (0.02) |
| 0.18 | (0.02) |
| 0.20 | (0.02) |
| |
Chile | 0.09 | (0.08) |
| 0.13 | (0.08) |
| 0.08 | (0.10) |
| 0.06 | (0.10) |
| |
Colombia | 0.03 | (0.24) |
| 0.10 | (0.23) |
| -0.30 | (0.24) |
| -0.30 | (0.23) |
| |
Czech Republic | -0.22 | (0.07) |
| -0.13 | (0.07) |
| -0.19 | (0.10) |
| -0.12 | (0.11) |
| |
Denmark | 0.11 | (0.04) |
| 0.30 | (0.05) |
| 0.10 | (0.04) |
| 0.29 | (0.04) |
| |
Estonia | -0.01 | (0.04) |
| 0.04 | (0.04) |
| -0.35 | (0.04) |
| -0.30 | (0.05) |
| |
Finland | 0.01 | (0.06) |
| 0.29 | (0.06) |
| 0.28 | (0.07) |
| 0.50 | (0.07) |
| |
France | 0.15 | (0.04) |
| 0.22 | (0.04) |
| 0.13 | (0.05) |
| 0.24 | (0.05) |
| |
Germany | 0.11 | (0.04) |
| 0.18 | (0.04) | † | 0.12 | (0.04) | † | 0.19 | (0.04) | † | |
Greece | -0.12 | (0.04) |
| 0.03 | (0.04) |
| -0.08 | (0.04) |
| 0.04 | (0.04) |
| |
Hungary | -0.07 | (0.10) |
| -0.08 | (0.10) |
| -0.02 | (0.13) |
| -0.06 | (0.13) |
| |
Iceland | -0.25 | (0.08) |
| 0.04 | (0.08) |
| -0.14 | (0.10) |
| 0.14 | (0.09) |
| |
Ireland | 0.08 | (0.03) |
| 0.08 | (0.03) |
| 0.16 | (0.04) |
| 0.17 | (0.04) |
| |
Israel | -0.06 | (0.04) |
| -0.04 | (0.04) |
| 0.03 | (0.05) |
| 0.02 | (0.05) |
| |
Italy | -0.20 | (0.05) |
| -0.13 | (0.05) |
| -0.10 | (0.05) |
| -0.06 | (0.05) |
| |
Japan | w | w |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| w | w |
| |
Korea | c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Latvia | -0.22 | (0.07) |
| -0.21 | (0.07) |
| -0.37 | (0.07) |
| -0.36 | (0.07) |
| |
Lithuania | -0.22 | (0.11) |
| -0.18 | (0.12) |
| -0.46 | (0.13) |
| -0.43 | (0.13) |
| |
Luxembourg | 0.02 | (0.03) |
| 0.12 | (0.04) |
| 0.01 | (0.03) |
| 0.09 | (0.04) |
| |
Mexico | -0.57 | (0.20) |
| -0.38 | (0.19) |
| -0.25 | (0.18) | † | -0.22 | (0.18) | † | |
Netherlands* | 0.23 | (0.04) |
| 0.19 | (0.04) |
| 0.46 | (0.04) |
| 0.46 | (0.04) |
| |
New Zealand | 0.18 | (0.03) |
| 0.17 | (0.03) |
| 0.29 | (0.03) |
| 0.29 | (0.03) |
| |
Norway | 0.02 | (0.04) |
| 0.16 | (0.05) |
| 0.12 | (0.04) |
| 0.34 | (0.04) |
| |
Poland | c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Portugal* | -0.07 | (0.07) |
| -0.01 | (0.06) |
| 0.01 | (0.06) |
| 0.06 | (0.05) |
| |
Slovak Republic | -0.25 | (0.16) |
| -0.16 | (0.16) |
| -0.24 | (0.14) |
| -0.14 | (0.14) |
| |
Slovenia | -0.03 | (0.05) |
| 0.12 | (0.05) |
| 0.10 | (0.06) |
| 0.19 | (0.06) |
| |
Spain | -0.08 | (0.02) |
| m | m |
| -0.11 | (0.03) |
| m | m |
| |
Sweden | 0.28 | (0.04) |
| 0.44 | (0.04) |
| 0.49 | (0.04) |
| 0.68 | (0.05) |
| |
Switzerland | 0.13 | (0.03) |
| 0.19 | (0.03) |
| 0.08 | (0.03) |
| 0.14 | (0.04) |
| |
Turkey | -0.17 | (0.17) |
| -0.16 | (0.16) |
| 0.14 | (0.14) |
| 0.15 | (0.15) |
| |
United Kingdom | 0.20 | (0.04) |
| 0.23 | (0.04) |
| 0.38 | (0.04) |
| 0.39 | (0.03) |
| |
United States* | -0.03 | (0.04) |
| 0.01 | (0.04) |
| 0.09 | (0.04) |
| 0.12 | (0.04) |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
OECD average | -0.02 | (0.01) |
| 0.06 | (0.01) |
| 0.03 | (0.01) |
| 0.10 | (0.01) |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
Table II.B1.10.2 [4/4]. Students’ attitudes and dispositions, and immigrant background | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Based on students’ reports | |||||||||||||
| Index of motivation to master tasks | Index of learning goals | |||||||||||
Before accounting for any student or school variables | After accounting for gender, students’ and schools’ socio-economic profile, and performance in reading | Before accounting for any student or school variables | After accounting for gender, students’ and schools’ socio-economic profile, and performance in reading | ||||||||||
Dif. | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | Dif. | S.E. | s | ||
Partners | Albania | -0.18 | (0.21) |
| -0.01 | (0.20) |
| -0.39 | (0.30) |
| -0.29 | (0.29) |
|
Argentina | 0.07 | (0.05) |
| 0.07 | (0.05) |
| 0.02 | (0.06) |
| 0.01 | (0.07) |
| |
Baku (Azerbaijan) | -0.02 | (0.09) | † | 0.01 | (0.09) | † | 0.03 | (0.07) | † | 0.05 | (0.07) | † | |
Belarus | -0.09 | (0.04) |
| -0.05 | (0.05) |
| -0.03 | (0.07) |
| 0.01 | (0.07) |
| |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | -0.04 | (0.11) |
| 0.01 | (0.11) |
| -0.11 | (0.10) |
| -0.09 | (0.10) |
| |
Brazil | -0.27 | (0.22) |
| -0.13 | (0.21) |
| -0.39 | (0.19) |
| -0.30 | (0.18) |
| |
Brunei Darussalam | 0.00 | (0.03) |
| -0.13 | (0.04) |
| -0.05 | (0.04) |
| -0.10 | (0.04) |
| |
B-S-J-Z (China) | c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c |
| |
Bulgaria | -0.91 | (0.13) |
| -0.73 | (0.11) |
| -0.43 | (0.19) |
| -0.37 | (0.19) |
| |
Costa Rica | 0.00 | (0.05) |
| 0.02 | (0.05) |
| -0.07 | (0.04) |
| -0.07 | (0.04) |
| |
Croatia | 0.00 | (0.04) |
| 0.01 | (0.04) |
| 0.05 | (0.05) |
| 0.07 | (0.05) |
| |
Cyprus | -0.01 | (0.04) |
| 0.00 | (0.04) |
| -0.06 | (0.05) |
| -0.03 | (0.05) |
| |
Dominican Republic | -0.25 | (0.18) | † | -0.17 | (0.16) | † | -0.24 | (0.18) | † | -0.19 | (0.17) | † | |
Georgia | -0.27 | (0.19) |
| -0.11 | (0.19) |
| -0.49 | (0.22) |
| -0.40 | (0.21) |
| |
Hong Kong (China)* | 0.02 | (0.03) |
| 0.06 | (0.03) |
| 0.01 | (0.03) |
| 0.08 | (0.03) |
| |
Indonesia | -0.36 | (0.29) |
| 0.01 | (0.27) |
| 0.35 | (0.13) |
| 0.41 | (0.14) |
| |
Jordan | 0.11 | (0.06) |
| 0.05 | (0.05) |
| 0.08 | (0.04) |
| 0.05 | (0.04) |
| |
Kazakhstan | 0.00 | (0.04) |
| 0.03 | (0.04) |
| -0.01 | (0.04) |
| -0.03 | (0.04) |
| |
Kosovo | 0.02 | (0.16) |
| 0.10 | (0.14) |
| -0.03 | (0.13) |
| 0.00 | (0.13) |
| |
Lebanon | -0.23 | (0.08) | † | -0.07 | (0.09) | † | m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Macao (China) | 0.07 | (0.03) |
| 0.06 | (0.03) |
| 0.15 | (0.03) |
| 0.13 | (0.03) |
| |
Malaysia | -0.18 | (0.10) |
| -0.14 | (0.08) |
| -0.06 | (0.11) |
| 0.00 | (0.10) |
| |
Malta | -0.23 | (0.08) |
| -0.22 | (0.07) |
| -0.26 | (0.07) |
| -0.26 | (0.07) |
| |
Moldova | -0.08 | (0.12) |
| -0.10 | (0.11) |
| -0.26 | (0.12) |
| -0.25 | (0.12) |
| |
Montenegro | -0.05 | (0.06) |
| -0.05 | (0.05) |
| -0.11 | (0.08) |
| -0.11 | (0.07) |
| |
Morocco | -0.75 | (0.17) | † | -0.44 | (0.15) | † | -0.49 | (0.18) | † | -0.48 | (0.19) | † | |
North Macedonia | -0.17 | (0.18) |
| -0.17 | (0.19) |
| m | m |
| m | m |
| |
Panama | -0.11 | (0.06) | † | -0.15 | (0.06) | † | -0.32 | (0.09) | † | -0.22 | (0.08) | † | |
Peru | c | c |
| c | c |
| c | c | † | c | c | † | |
Philippines | -0.97 | (0.17) |
| -0.66 | (0.14) |
| -0.76 | (0.11) |
| -0.51 | (0.10) |
| |
Qatar | 0.19 | (0.02) |
| 0.04 | (0.02) |
| 0.10 | (0.02) |
| 0.02 | (0.02) |
| |
Romania | c | c | † | c | c | † | c | c | † | c | c | † | |
Russia | 0.10 | (0.05) |
| 0.13 | (0.05) |
| 0.03 | (0.05) |
| 0.08 | (0.05) |
| |
Saudi Arabia | 0.21 | (0.04) |
| 0.09 | (0.04) |
| 0.21 | (0.04) |
| 0.12 | (0.04) |
| |
Serbia | 0.03 | (0.06) |
| 0.02 | (0.06) |
| 0.08 | (0.05) |
| 0.06 | (0.05) |
| |
Singapore | 0.09 | (0.03) |
| 0.06 | (0.03) |
| 0.08 | (0.02) |
| 0.04 | (0.02) |
| |
Chinese Taipei | -0.20 | (0.21) |
| -0.15 | (0.21) |
| 0.19 | (0.17) |
| 0.30 | (0.15) |
| |
Thailand | -0.35 | (0.20) |
| -0.20 | (0.16) |
| -0.37 | (0.13) |
| -0.31 | (0.13) |
| |
Ukraine | -0.11 | (0.11) |
| -0.09 | (0.11) |
| -0.17 | (0.11) |
| -0.15 | (0.11) |
| |
United Arab Emirates | 0.07 | (0.02) |
| 0.00 | (0.02) |
| 0.04 | (0.02) |
| 0.01 | (0.02) |
| |
Uruguay | 0.26 | (0.17) |
| 0.25 | (0.16) |
| 0.37 | (0.15) | † | 0.38 | (0.14) | † | |
Viet Nam | c | c |
| m | m |
| c | c |
| m | m |
| |
← * Honk Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4). | |||||||||||||
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage. Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3). | |||||||||||||
copy the linklink copied!Annex B1 List of tables available on line
Chapter 2 Students’ socio-economic status and performance
WEB | Table II.B1.2.2 | Reading performance, by international decile of socio-economic status |
WEB | Table II.B1.2.3 | Socio-economic status and reading performance |
WEB | Table II.B1.2.4 | Socio-economic status and mathematics and science performance |
WEB | Table II.B1.2.5 | Reading performance, by national quarter of socio-economic status and changes from 2009 to 2018 |
WEB | Table II.B1.2.6 | Low and top performance in reading, by students' socio-economic status |
Chapter 3 Academic resilience and well-being amongst disadvantaged students
WEB | Table II.B1.3.2 | Percentage of academically resilient students, by quarter of key indices |
WEB | Table II.B1.3.3 | Average of key student attitudes and academic resilience |
WEB | Table II.B1.3.5 | Students' well-being, by academic resilience |
WEB | Table II.B1.3.6 | Factors that are related to students' resilience |
Chapter 4 Social diversity and equity in learning outcomes
WEB | Table II.B1.4.1 | Total variation in reading performance, and variation between and within schools |
WEB | Table II.B1.4.2 | Isolation index of low- and high-achieving students in reading |
WEB | Table II.B1.4.4 | Percentage of students enrolled in general and vocational/modular programmes, by school type |
WEB | Table II.B1.4.5 | Reading performance, by type of programme |
WEB | Table II.B1.4.6 | Between- and within-school variation in students' socio-economic status |
WEB | Table II.B1.4.7 | Isolation index of disadvantaged and advantaged students |
WEB | Table II.B1.4.8 | Isolation of disadvantaged students from high-achieving students in reading |
WEB | Table II.B1.4.9 | School choice, system level |
WEB | Table II.B1.4.10 | Contributions of public and private schools to social segregation across schools |
WEB | Table II.B1.4.11 | Social segregation, by school type |
WEB | Table II.B1.4.12 | Total variation in reading performance, and variation between and within schools (without modal grade restriction) |
WEB | Table II.B1.4.13 | Between- and within-school variation in students' socio-economic status (without modal grade restriction) |
Chapter 5 How do schools compensate for socio-economic disadvantage?
WEB | Table II.B1.5.1 | Variation in Class size, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.2 | Student-teacher ratio, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.3 | Fully certified teachers, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.4 | Teachers with at least a master's degree, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.6 | Teachers and professional development activities, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.8 | Teachers' satisfaction with their current job environment, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.9 | Teachers' satisfaction with teaching profession, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.10 | Teachers' self-efficacy in maintaining positive relations with students, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.11 | Teachers' self-efficacy in classroom management, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.12 | Teachers' self-efficacy in instructional settings, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.13 | Variation in Principals' views on staff shortage, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.14 | Variation in Principals' views on material shortage, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.15 | Principals' views on lack of educational material, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.16 | Principals' views on lack of teaching staff, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.17 | Principals' negative views on educational material, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.18 | Principals' views on lack of physical infrastructure, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.19 | Principals' negative views on teaching staff, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.20 | Principals' views on lack of assisting staff, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.21 | Principals' negative views on assisting staff, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.22 | Principals' negative views on physical infrastructure, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.23 | Teachers not being well prepared for classes, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.24 | Teacher training, by school characteristics |
WEB | Table II.B1.5.25 | Teachers who participated in selected professional development activities, by school characteristics |
Chapter 6 How school systems prepare students for their future
WEB | Table II.B1.6.2 | Career expectations, by skills level of occupation, socio-economic status and school programme orientation |
WEB | Table II.B1.6.3 | Students whose education and career expectations are not aligned, by socio-economic status |
WEB | Table II.B1.6.4 | Students who expect to complete tertiary education, by socio-economic status and school programme orientation |
WEB | Table II.B1.6.6 | Low performers who expect to complete tertiary education, by socio-economic status |
WEB | Table II.B1.6.7 | High performers who do not expect to complete tertiary education, by socio-economic status |
WEB | Table II.B1.6.8 | Students' education expectations and composition of the labour force |
WEB | Table II.B1.6.9 | Students in schools that provide career guidance, by school socio-economic profile and programme orientation |
WEB | Table II.B1.6.10 | Students in schools that provide mandatory career guidance, by school socio-economic profile |
WEB | Table II.B1.6.11 | Learning about future careers, by activity, socio-economic status and school programme orientation |
WEB | Table II.B1.6.12 | Information about labour market, by provider, socio-economic status and school programme orientation |
WEB | Table II.B1.6.13 | Knowing how to find information about student financing |
Chapter 7 Girls’ and boys’ performance in PISA
WEB | Table II.B1.7.1 | Reading performance, by gender (2018) |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.2 | Percentage of students at each proficiency level in reading, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.4 | Percentage of students at each proficiency level in mathematics, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.6 | Percentage of students at each proficiency level in science, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.7 | Mean score and variation in the cognitive process subscale of reading "locate information", by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.8 | Mean score and variation in the cognitive process subscale of reading "understand", by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.9 | Mean score and variation in the cognitive process subscale of reading "evaluate and reflect", by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.10 | Mean score and variation in the text structure subscale of reading "single", by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.11 | Mean score and variation in the text structure subscale of reading "multiple", by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.12 | Percentage of low achievers/top performers in reading, by gender (2018) |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.13 | Percentage of low achievers/top performers in reading, by gender (2015) |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.14 | Percentage of low achievers/top performers in reading, by gender (2009) |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.15 | Change between 2009 and 2018 in the percentage of low achievers/top performers in reading, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.16 | Change between 2015 and 2018 in the percentage of low achievers/top performers in reading, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.17 | Percentage of low achievers/top performers in mathematics, by gender (2018) |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.18 | Percentage of low achievers/top performers in mathematics, by gender (2015) |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.19 | Percentage of low achievers/top performers in mathematics, by gender (2012) |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.20 | Change between 2012 and 2018 in the percentage of low achievers/top performers in mathematics, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.21 | Change between 2015 and 2018 in the percentage of low achievers/top performers in mathematics, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.22 | Percentage of low achievers/top performers in science, by gender (2018) |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.23 | Percentage of low achievers/top performers in science, by gender (2015) |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.24 | Percentage of low achievers/top performers in science, by gender (2006) |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.25 | Change between 2006 and 2018 in the percentage of low achievers/top performers in science, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.26 | Change between 2015 and 2018 in the percentage of low achievers/top performers in science, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.27 | Reading performance, by gender (2015) |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.28 | Reading performance, by gender (2009) |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.29 | Change between 2009 and 2018 in reading performance, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.30 | Change between 2015 and 2018 in reading performance, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.31 | Mathematics performance, by gender (2015) |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.32 | Mathematics performance, by gender (2012) |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.33 | Mathematics performance, by gender (2009) |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.34 | Change between 2009 and 2018 in mathematics performance, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.35 | Change between 2012 and 2018 in mathematics performance, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.36 | Change between 2015 and 2018 in mathematics performance, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.37 | Science performance, by gender (2015) |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.38 | Science performance, by gender (2009) |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.39 | Science performance, by gender (2006) |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.40 | Change between 2006 and 2018 in science performance, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.41 | Change between 2009 and 2018 in science performance, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.42 | Change between 2015 and 2018 in science performance, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.43 | Reading performance, by gender and socio-economic status |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.44 | Mathematics performance, by gender and socio-economic status |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.45 | Science performance, by gender and socio-economic status |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.46 | Percentage of low achievers/top performers in reading, by gender and socio-economic status |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.47 | Percentage of low achievers/top performers in mathematics, by gender and socio-economic status |
WEB | Table II.B1.7.48 | Percentage of low achievers/top performers in science, by gender and socio-economic status |
Chapter 8 Do boys and girls differ in their attitudes towards school and learning?
WEB | Table II.B1.8.1 | Index of enjoyment of reading, by gender (PISA 2018) |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.2 | Time spent reading for enjoyment, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.3 | Index of enjoyment of reading, by gender (PISA 2009) |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.4 | Index of enjoyment of reading, by gender (PISA 2000) |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.5 | Change between 2000, 2009 and 2018 in the percentage of students who read for enjoyment, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.6 | ICT use outside of school for leisure, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.7 | Percentage of students reading e-mails, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.8 | Percentage of students chatting on line (e.g. <WhatsApp>, <Messenger>), by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.9 | Percentage of students reading news on line, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.10 | Percentage of students searching information on line to learn about a particular topic, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.11 | Percentage of students taking part in online group discussions or forums, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.12 | Percentage of students searching the Internet for practical information, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.13 | How much time students spend studying before and after school, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.14 | Index of attitudes towards competition, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.15 | Index of motivation to master tasks, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.16 | Index of perceived competence in reading, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.17 | Index of perceived difficulty in reading, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.18 | Index of fear of failure, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.19 | Expectation to work in science-related occupations, by gender |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.20 | Expectation to work in science-related occupations, by gender (PISA 2015) |
WEB | Table II.B1.8.21 | Change between 2015 and 2018 in the expectation to work in science-related occupations, by gender |
Chapter 9 Performance and academic resilience amongst students with an immigrant background
WEB | Table II.B1.9.1 | Socio-economic status, by immigrant background |
WEB | Table II.B1.9.2 | Language spoken at home, by immigrant background |
WEB | Table II.B1.9.4 | Low performance in reading, by immigrant background |
WEB | Table II.B1.9.5 | Students who expect to complete tertiary education, by immigrant background |
WEB | Table II.B1.9.6 | Percentage of academically resilient immigrant students, by quarter of key indices |
WEB | Table II.B1.9.7 | Average of key student attitudes, by academic resilience |
WEB | Table II.B1.9.8 | Students' well-being, by immigrant background |
WEB | Table II.B1.9.11 | Concentration of immigrant students in schools |
Chapter 10 Immigrant students’ attitudes and dispositions
WEB | Table II.B1.10.3 | Association between students' atittudes and parents' emotional support, by immigrant background |
WEB | Table II.B1.10.4 | Association between students' atittudes and speaking the language of instruction, by immigrant background |
WEB | Table II.B1.10.5 | Association between students' atittudes and teacher support, by immigrant background |
WEB | Table II.B1.10.6 | Association between students' atittudes and disciplinary climate, by immigrant background |
WEB | Table II.B1.10.7 | Association between students' atittudes and student co-operation, by immigrant background |
Disclaimer
This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries.
This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
Note by Turkey
The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no single authority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Turkey shall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”.
Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European Union
The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey. The information in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
Photo credits: Cover © LuminaStock/iStock © Dean Mitchell/iStock © bo1982/iStock © karandaev/iStock © IA98/Shutterstock © Tupungato/Shutterstock.
Corrigenda to publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm.
© OECD 2019
The use of this work, whether digital or print, is governed by the Terms and Conditions to be found at http://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions.
Continue to open the publication page on OECD iLibrary to find:
All available formats
Buy option for print or PDF copies
All publication details?