- Disclaimers
- Foreword
- Reader’s guide
- Executive summary
- COVID-19 has caused around 2.5 million excess deaths in OECD countries and had a major adverse impact on mental health
- Unhealthy lifestyles and poor environmental conditions continue to worsen quality of life, cut lives short and make populations less resilient to health shocks
- Despite universal health coverage in most OECD countries, barriers to access persist, with COVID-19 disrupting health care for people with other needs
- Quality of care is improving in terms of safety and effectiveness, and more attention is being placed on patient-reported outcomes and experiences
- COVID-19 has led to sharp increases in health spending, but health workforce shortages persist
- Key facts and figures (infographic)
- Chapter 1. Indicator overview: Country dashboards and major trends
- Chapter 2. The health impact of COVID-19
- Introduction
- The direct impact of COVID-19
- COVID-19 has disproportionately hit vulnerable populations
- The longer-term impacts of COVID-19 on health systems and society are still emerging
- Eighteen months into the pandemic – where do we stand?
- References
- Annex 2.A. Data on excess mortality and COVID-19 deaths
- Notes
- Chapter 3. Health status
- Trends in life expectancy
- Life expectancy by sex and education level
- Excess mortality
- Main causes of mortality
- Avoidable mortality (preventable and treatable)
- Mortality from circulatory diseases
- Cancer incidence and mortality
- Chronic conditions
- Infant, child and adolescent health
- Mental health
- Self-rated health
- Chapter 4. Risk factors for health
- Smoking among adults
- Alcohol consumption among adults
- Smoking and alcohol consumption among adolescents
- Diet and physical activity among adults
- Diet and physical activity among adolescents
- Overweight and obesity among adults
- Overweight and obesity among adolescents
- Air pollution and environmental degradation
- Chapter 5. Access: Affordability, availability and use of services
- Population coverage for health care
- Unmet needs for health care
- Extent of health care coverage
- Financial hardship and out-of-pocket expenditure
- Consultations with doctors
- Digital health
- Hospital beds and occupancy
- Hospital discharges and average length of stay
- Diagnostic technologies
- Hip and knee replacement
- Ambulatory surgery
- Waiting times for elective surgery
- Chapter 6. Quality and outcomes of care
- Routine vaccinations
- Safe prescribing in primary care
- People-centredness of ambulatory care
- Avoidable hospital admissions
- Diabetes care
- Mortality following acute myocardial infarction (AMI)
- Mortality following ischaemic stroke
- Hip and knee surgery
- Safe acute care – surgical complications and obstetric trauma
- Safe acute care – workplace culture and patient experiences
- Care for people with mental health disorders
- Breast cancer care
- Survival for other major cancers
- Integrated care
- Chapter 7. Health expenditure
- Health expenditure in relation to GDP
- Health expenditure per capita
- Prices in the health sector
- Health expenditure by financing scheme
- Public funding of health spending
- Health expenditure by type of service
- Health expenditure on primary health care
- Health expenditure by provider
- Capital expenditure in the health sector
- Chapter 8. Health workforce
- Health and social care workforce
- Doctors (overall number)
- Doctors (by age, sex and category)
- Geographic distribution of doctors
- Remuneration of doctors (general practitioners and specialists)
- Nurses
- Remuneration of nurses
- Hospital workers
- Medical graduates
- Nursing graduates
- International migration of doctors and nurses
- Chapter 9. Pharmaceutical sector
- Chapter 10. Ageing and long-term care
- Chapter 1. Indicator overview: Country dashboards and major trends
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