Malaysia
Benefit calculation
Employees pay 11% of monthly earnings to the provident fund according to wage classes, when aged up to age 60, and 5.5% between age 60 and 75. Employers pay 13% of monthly earnings according to wage classes for employees up to 60 years of age and earning under MYR 5 000 per month, and 12% for earnings above MYR 5 000 per month. Employer contributions are 6% for those aged 60 to 75 for earnings above MYR 5 000 per month and 6.5% below. There is no ceiling for the contribution. Insured persons can make voluntary additional contributions.
For those aged under 55 the contribution is made to two different accounts: 70% of contribution to Account 1 (funding retirement) and 30% to Account 2 (can be accessed early for education, home purchase, certain critical illness and other approved expenses). Once an EPF member reaches age 55, Accounts 1 and 2 are consolidated into a single account (Akaun 55), and a separate account (Akaun Emas) is created for contributions made after age 55.
It is possible to receive pension in a lump sum, monthly instalments or a combination of both. The minimum total amount to be paid in monthly instalments is MYR 250 with the minimum period being 12 months, with a minimum withdrawal at any time of at least MYR 2 000, or a combination of these options. For comparison with other countries, for replacement rate purposes the pension is shown as a price-indexed annuity based on sex-specific mortality rates.
The guaranteed minimum interest rate is 2.5% a year. If funds remain in the accounts after age 55, fund members continue to earn compound interest until age 100.
A monthly benefit of MYR 350 is paid to those aged 60 and assessed as needy (below poverty line), with no financial support from other family members.
Variant careers
It is possible to make a one-time withdrawal of savings at age 50 from Account 2.
It is possible to defer retirement and continue to make contributions after normal pension age.
Personal income tax and social security contributions
Mandatory and voluntary provident fund contributions up to MYR 6 000 a year are tax deductible.
Individuals have a personal tax allowance of MYR 9 000 per year with additional income taxed as follows:
Social security contributions payable by workers
In addition to the EPF contribution employees below age 55 pay 0.5% of earnings up to MYR 4 000 a month to be covered by social insurance. The insurance does not cover old-age pension, but disability, survivor and other pensions and grants.
There is no additional tax relief for pensioners.
Pension income is tax exempted.
Social security contributions payable by pensioners
Pensioners do not pay any social security contributions.
Note: Real rate of return 3%, real earnings growth 1.25%, inflation 2%, and real discount rate 2%. All systems are modelled and indexed according to what is legislated. Transitional rules apply where relevant. DC conversion rate equal 90%. Labour market entry occurs at age 22 in 2020. Tax system latest available: 2020.
Source: OECD pension model.