(2015 or latest available year*; OECD total values in parentheses)a
Notes: * Values earlier than 2010 are not taken into consideration.
a. OECD value = Where the OECD aggregate is not provided in the source database, a simple OECD average of the latest available
data is calculated where data exist for a significant number of countries.
b. Higher-value inventions that have sought patent protection in at least two jurisdictions. Average of latest three years.
c. Excluding emissions/removals from land use, land-use change and forestry.
Source: Calculations based on data extracted from databases of the OECD, IEA, Eurostat.