Acronyms and abbreviations

ACODECO

Autoridad de Protección al Consumidor y Defensa de la Competencia (Consumer and Competition Protection Authority)

ACP

Autoridad del Canal de Panamá (Panama Canal Authority)

AEOI

Automatic Exchange of Information

ALMP

Active Labour Market Policy

AMPYME

Autoridad de la Micro, Pequeña y Mediana Empresa (Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Authority)

ANTAI

Autoridad Nacional de Transparencia y Acceso a la Información (National Authority of Transparency and Access to Information)

BEPS

Base Erosion and Profit Shifting

BNA

Banco de la Nación Argentina (National Bank of Argentina)

BNP

Banco Nacional de Panamá (National Bank of Panama)

CACM

Central American Common Market

CAF

Development Bank of Latin America

CCND

Consejo de la Concertación Nacional para el Desarrollo (Council of the National Concertation for the Development)

CEDLAS

Center for Distributional, Labor and Social Studies of the University of La Plata

CEPII

Centre d’Études Prospectives et d’Informations Internationales (Center for Prospective Studies and International Information)

CEQ

Commitment to Equity

CFZ

Colón Free Trade Zone

CGRP

Contraloria General de la República de Panamá (Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic of Panama)

CIAT

Inter-American Center of Tax Administrations

CoG

Centre of Government

CONEAUPA

Council for University Evaluation and Accreditation

CPI

Corruption Perceptions Index

ECLAC

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

ENA

Empresa Nacional de Autopistas S.A. (National Highway Company S.A.)

EOIR

Exchange of Information on Request

EPL

Employment Protection Legislation

EVA

Export of Value-Added

FACE

Fondo de Compensación Energética (Electricity Compensation Fund)

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

FAP

Fondo de Ahorro de Panamá (Sovereign Wealth Fund)

FDI

Foreign Direct Investment

FET

Fondo de Estabilización Tarifaria (Tariff Stabilisation Fund)

FSI

Financial Soundness Indicators

FTO

Fondo Tarifario de Occidente (West Tariff Fund)

GDP

Gross Domestic Product

GNI

Gross National Income

GRP

Government of the Republic of Panama

ICT

Information and Communication Technology

IDB

Inter-American Development Bank

ILO

International Labour Organization

IMF

International Monetary Fund

INADEH

Instituto Nacional de Formación Profesional y Capacitación para el Desarrollo Humano (National Training Institute)

INEC

Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censo (National Institute of Statistics and Census)

ITSE

Instituto Técnico Superior del Este (Higher Technical Institute of the East)

LAC

Latin America and the Caribbean

LCR

Liquidity Coverage Ratio

LNG

Liquefied Natural Gas

LOLR

Lender of Last Resort

LPI

Logistics Performance Index

MDCR

Multi-Dimensional Country Review

MEF

Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (Ministry of Economy and Finance)

MIT

Middle Income Trap

NEET

Not in education, employment or training

ODA

Official development Assistance

OECD

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

OPHI

Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative

PCT

Patent Co-operation Treaty

PCW

Panama Canal Watershed

PENCYT

National Strategic Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation

PISA

Programme for International Student Assessment

PIT

Personal Income Tax

PMR

Product Market Regulation

PPP

Purchasing Power Parity

RCA

Revealed Comparative Advantage

RICYT

Red de Indicadores de Ciencia y Tecnología (Network for Science and Technology Indicators)

SDG

Sustainable Development Goals

SEDLAC

Socio-Economic Database for Latin America and the Caribbean

SENACYT

National Secretariat Science, Technology and Innovation

SEZs

Special Economic Zones

SFRL

Social and Fiscal Responsibility Law

SIECA

Central American Economic Integration Secretariat

SME

Small and Medium-sized Enterprises

SOCX

OECD Social Expenditure Database

SSA

Social Security Agency

SSC

Social Security Contributions

TERCE

Third Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study

TFP

Total Factor Productivity

TVET

Technical and Vocational Education and Training

UN

United Nations

UNCTAD

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNESCO

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

UNFCCC

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNICEF

United Nations Children’s Fund

UNODC

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

USD

United States Dollar

VAT

Value Added Tax

VRR

VAT Revenue Ratio

WHO

World Health Organization

WITS/UN

World Integrated Trade Solutions

WTO

World Trade Organization