6. Country Profiles
The OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2021 places a special focus on the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on SMEs and entrepreneurship (SME&E), and how governments responded through crisis and recovery policies. It brings together a new series of standardised country profiles to provide a national perspective on the state of the SME and entrepreneurship sector, as well as to benchmark their vulnerabilities and potential of resilience in the context of a post-COVID-19 recovery.
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2016): OECD SMEE Outlook 2019; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2016): OECD TiVA database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2019), cloud computing (2018): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2010): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2018 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
StatLink https://doi.org/10.1787/888934250421
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2015 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2019): national sources; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2018): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2019), cloud computing (2019): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2019): national sources; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020 and ILOSTAT database 2020; Informal workers: OECD Economic Survey of Colombia 2020 (OECD, 2020); Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2016): OECD TiVA database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: ICT use: OECD Economic Survey of Chile (OECD, 2020); SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2017): OECD Financing SME & Entrepreneurship Scoreboard 2020 based on national sources; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Informal workers (2018): OECD Economic Survey of Colombia 2020 (OECD, 2020); Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2016): OECD TiVA database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2018), e-commerce (2018): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019): GEM 2019 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2017): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020 and ILO ILOSTAT database 2020; Informal workers (2018): OECD Economic Outlook Costa Rica (OECD, 2020); Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2013): OECD TEC database 2021 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Business ICT use: OECD Latin American Economic Outlook 2020 (OECD, 2020); Liquidity support: OECD dedicated report on Costa Rica's public finances (OECD, 2020), country-specific references and definitions; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019): GEM 2014 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Google Community Mobility Report (mobility index, 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2013 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2016): OECD SME&E Outlook 2019; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2014 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2016): OECD SME&E Outlook 2019; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020 and ILO ILOSTAT database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2017 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2016 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2017): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2018 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2017): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2017): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2019), social media (2019), e-commerce (2019), cloud computing (2018): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2017): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2016 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020 and ILO ILOSTAT database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2016): OECD TiVA database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2013), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2014): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2015): OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2015): OECD SME&E Outlook 2019; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): Economic Policy Reforms 2021, Going for Growth - Israel (OECD, 2021); Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2016): OECD TiVA database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: ICT Use by Businesses: (OECD, 2020; 2021); SME profit (2011): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019): GEM 2019, OECD Economic Surveys of Israel 2018 (OECD, 2018) (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2017): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2017): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2016): OECD SME&E Outlook 2019; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills Strategy for Japan (OECD, 2019) (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Report (27 July 2020); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 and 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and TiVA database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: E-commerce (2019), cloud computing (2018): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019): GEM 2019, OECD Investing in Youth: Korea (OECD, 2019) (see country-specific references and definitions).
StatLink https://doi.org/10.1787/888934251504
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2017): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2017): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2017): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2017): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2014 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed regions: Beine, M., et al. (2020), Economic effects of Covid-19 in Luxembourg; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2013): OECD SME&E Outlook 2019; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015): OECD TEC database 2021 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Social media (2012), cloud computing (2012): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2016): OECD TiVA database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: E-commerce (2018): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2015): OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2017): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2017): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2018): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2016): OECD SME&E Outlook 2019; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2017): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2016): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020 and ILO ILOSTAT database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2017): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2016): OECD SDBS database 2021; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (data on trade value refer to 2019, other indicators on GVC exposure refer to 2018): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2017): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2017): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2016): OECD SME&E Outlook 2019; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2020): (IMF, 2021); most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2017): OECD Tourism database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2017), social media (2017), e-commerce (2011), cloud computing (2017): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2019): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; informal activities (2017): OECD Economic Survey of Turkey (OECD, 2021); Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2014): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2020), social media (2019), e-commerce (2020), cloud computing (2020): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2018 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2016): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Broadband (2019), social media (2019), e-commerce (2019), cloud computing (2018): OECD ICT Usage by Businesses database 2021; SME profit (2018): OECD SDBS database 2021; Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2018 and 2019): OECD PMR database 2018 and WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Oxford stringency Index (April 2021); OECD TEI database 2021; and national sources (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Size of the MSME sector (2015): OECD SME&E Outlook 2019; Share of self-employed (2005-19): OECD LFS database 2020; Most exposed sectors (2018): (OECD, 2020), based on OECD ANA data; most exposed regions (2017): OECD Regional Outlook 2021; Tourism employment (2019): OECD Tourism database 2021; GVC exposure (2015 or 2016): OECD TEC database 2021 and Analytical AMNE database 2017 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Source: Digital readiness (2020): OECD E-commerce in the time of COVID-19 (OECD, 2020); Liquidity support (2020): Facebook/OECD/World Bank FBS Survey 2020; Entrepreneurship regulatory framework (2019): WB Doing Business 2020; Innovation skills (2019 and 2015): GEM 2019 and OECD Skills for Jobs database 2018 (see country-specific references and definitions).
Australia
Structural business statistics refer to 2016 instead of 2018. Annual national accounts data refer to 2017 instead of 2018. Regional statistics refer to 2019 instead of 2017. Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019.
For structural business statistics: small enterprises are firms with 1-19 persons employed. Medium enterprises are: for Australia: 20-199; for OECD average: 20-249. Large enterprises: for Australia 200+; for OECD average: 250+.
Data on cloud computing services refer to 2018 instead of 2020. Data on e-commerce refer to 2019 instead of 2020. Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2010 instead of 2018.
Canada
Regional statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2017. Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019. Data on trade by entreprise characteristics refer to 2016 instead of 2015.
Structural business statistics come from national sources (Govenrment of Canada, 2020) and refer to 2019. They present the distribution of private sector employees by business size.
Data on cloud computing services refer to 2019 instead of 2020. Data on e-commerce refer to 2019 instead of 2020.
Chile
Data on business dynamics come from national sources (Superintendencia de Insolvencia y Reemprendimiento, 2021).
Structural business statistics come from Chile's Internal Revenue Service (2019) Estadísticas de Empresa and refer to 2018. The definition is the dependant workers informed by employers to the IRS. Size classes are defined by net annual turnover.
Data on self-employed come from the International Labour Organisation ILOSTAT database 2020. OECD LFS statistics on self-employed follows the ILO guidelines.
Data on informal workers come from the OECD Economic Survey of Colombia 2020 (OECD, 2020), based on the Inter-American Development Bank SIMs database.
Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2016 instead of 2018.
Data on ICT use come from the OECD Economic Survey of Chile (OECD, 2020). They are drawn from the national ICT survey 2019 (Ministry of Economy) for Chile and refer to 2018. The total OECD is calculated based the OECD ICT Access and Usage by Businesses database and refer to 2019.
Colombia
Data on business dynamics come from national sources (Confederación Colombiana de Cámaras de Comercio, 2020).
Structural business statistics come from the OECD Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs 2020. An OECD Scoreboard (OECD, 2020).
Data on informal workers come from the OECD Economic Survey of Colombia 2020 (OECD, 2020), based on the Inter-American Development Bank SIMs database.
Data on broadband connection refer to 2018 instead of 2020. Data on e-commerce refer to 2018 instead of 2020. Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2017 instead of 2018
Costa Rica
Data on business dynamics come from national sources (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos, 2021).
Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019. Data on trade by enterprise characteristics refer to 2013 instead of 2015.
National business statistics on employment come from national sources (MEIC, 2019).
Data on self-employed for Costa Rica come from the International Labour Organisation ILOSTAT database 2020. OECD LFS statistics on self-employed follows the ILO guidelines.
Data on informal workers come from the OECD Economic Survey of Colombia 2020 (OECD, 2020), based on the Inter-American Development Bank SIMs database.
Data on economic exposure come from Costa Rica's profile of the OECD Economic Outlook, Volume 2020 Issue 1 (OECD, 2020).
Data on digital uptake in Costa Rica come from the OECD Latin American Economic Outlook 2020 (OECD et al., 2020).
Data on liquidity support are based on an own elaboration of national data from the National Development Bank (Banca de Desarollo, 2021)
Data on government support come from a dedicated OECD report on Costa Rica's public finances (OECD, 2020).
Global entrepreneurship monitor's data refer to 2014 instead of 2019.
Czech Republic
The Google mobility index is drawn from the OECD Economic Surveys of the Czech Republic 2020 (OECD, 2020), based on Google Community Mobility Report. The level during the baseline period was established based on the median value of the volume of visits for each day of the week during the period January 3–February 6, 2020.
Data on bankruptcies come from national sources (Czech Credit Bureau, 2020).
Global entrepreneurship monitor's data refer to 2013 instead of 2019.
Estonia
Data on self-employed for Estonia come from the International Labour Organisation ILOSTAT database 2020. OECD LFS statistics on self-employed follows the ILO guidelines.
Structural business statistics come from the OECD SME&E Outlook 2019 and refer to 2016.
Global entrepreneurship monitor's data refer to 2017 instead of 2019.
Israel
Structural business statistics come from the OECD SME&E Outlook 2019 and refer to 2015.
Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2011 instead of 2018.
Information on digital uptake come from a dedicated OECD report on blockchain in Israel (Bianchini and Kwon, 2020).
Information on skills mismatches come from the OECD Economic Surveys of Israel 2018 (OECD, 2018).
Japan
Structural business statistics come from the OECD SMEs and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2019 and refer to 2016.
Data on digital uptake refer to medium-sized firms, unlike other country profiles where they refer to small firms. Data for Japan are for 2019 for coud computing and 2018 for e-commerce and social media (instead of 2019).
PIAAC data on problem solving skills come from the OECD Skills Strategy for Japan (OECD, 2019).
Korea
Mobility trends come from the OECD Economic Surveys of Korea 2020 (OECD, 2020), based on Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Report (27 July 2020), and refer to trends for places like restaurants, cafes, shopping centers, theme parks, museums, libraries, and movie theaters.
Data on cloud computing services refer to 2018 instead of 2020. Data on e-commerce refer to 2019 instead of 2020. Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2016 instead of 2018.
Information on skills mismatches come from a dedicated OECD report on "Investing in Youth in Korea" (OECD, 2019).
Luxembourg
Mexico
Data on business dynamics come from national sources (INEGI, 2020).
Data on social media refer to 2012 instead of 2019. Data on cloud computing services refer to 2012 instead of 2020. Structural business statistics (profit) refer to 2013 instead of 2018. Data on digital uptake during the COVID-19 crisis are drawn from (ECLAC, 2021).
Slovak Republic
Switzerland
Tourism statistics refer to 2018 instead of 2019. Structural business statistics come from the OECD SME&E Outlook 2019 and refer to 2016. Data on economic exposure come from the International Monetary Fund (IMF, 2021). Data on trade come from national sources (FDF, 2020).
Data on broadband connection refer to 2017 instead of 2020. Data on social media refer to 2017 instead of 2019. Data on cloud computing services refer to 2017 instead of 2020. Data on e-commerce refer to 2011 instead of 2020.
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Australian Taxation Office (2020), JobKeeper Payment, https://www.ato.gov.au/general/jobkeeper-payment.
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Parliament of Australia (2020), Coronavirus Economic Response Package Omnibus Bill 2020, https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r6521
Federal Ministry (2020), KMU im Fokus 2020, https://www.bmdw.gv.at/Themen/Wirtschaftsstandort-Oesterreich/KMU/KMU-im-Fokus.html.
Oesterreich (2021), EU-Aufbauplan, https://www.oesterreich.gv.at/nachrichten/allgemein/EU-Aufbauplan.html.
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Belgian Government (2020), What are the current measures ?, https://www.info-coronavirus.be/en/faq.
Service public fédéral Economie, P.M.E., Classes moyennes et Energie (2021), Coronavirus : réduction des pertes économiques pour les entreprises, https://economie.fgov.be/fr/themes/entreprises/coronavirus/informations-pour-les/coronavirus-reduction-des.
Service public fédéral Economie, P.M.E., Classes moyennes et Energie (2021), Le coronavirus et ses conséquences, https://economie.fgov.be/fr/themes/entreprises/le-coronavirus-et-ses
Government of Canada (2020). Key Small Business Statistics, https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/061.nsf/eng/h_03126.html.
Banca de Desarrollo (2021). SBD en Cifras del Sistema de Banca de Desarrollo. Reporte realizado el 27 de mayo del 2021.
Chequeo Digital - ¿Qué tan digital es su PYME? (2021), available at : https://www.pyme.go.cr/chequeodigital
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (2021), https://www.ine.es.
International Labour Organization (2021), ILOSTAT, https://ilostat.ilo.org.
Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Comercio de Costa Rica (2020), Política Nacional de Empresariedad al 2030, http://reventazon.meic.go.cr/informacion/pyme/MEIC_PNE_2030.pdf
Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Comercio de Costa Rica (2019), Estudio Situacional de la PYME – Serie 2012-2017, http://reventazon.meic.go.cr/informacion/estudios/2019/pyme/INF-012-19.pdf.
OECD (2020), OECD Economic Surveys: Costa Rica 2020, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/2e0fea6c-en.
OECD et al. (2020), “Costa Rica”, in Latin American Economic Outlook 2020: Digital Transformation for Building Back Better, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/29f1597e-en.
OECD (2018), "Costa Rica" in SMEs in Public Procurement: Practices and Strategies for Shared Benefits, OECD Public Governance Reviews, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264307476-en.
OECD (2017), “Participation in global value chains”, in OECD Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2017: The digital transformation, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/sti_scoreboard-2017-33-en.
Czech Credit Bureau (2020), Number of bankruptcies in Czech Republic down in October, https://bbj.hu/economy/statistics/figures/number-of-bankruptcies-in-czech-republic-down-in-october.
Czech Government (2021), Measures adopted by the Czech Government against the coronavirus, https://www.vlada.cz/en/media-centrum/aktualne/measures-adopted-by-the-czech-government-against-coronavirus-180545.
Národní Plán Obnovy (2021), https://www.planobnovycr.cz.
OECD (2020), OECD Economic Surveys: Czech Republic 2020, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/1b180a5a-en.
https://em.dk/publikationer/2021/redegoerelse-om-erhvervsfremme-mv-2021/
https://fm.dk/nyheder/nyhedsarkiv/2021/marts/nyt-digitaliseringspartnerskab-skal-bringe-danmark-og-danske-virksomheder-ud-af-coronakrisen-og-staerkere-ind-i-fremtiden/
https://erhvervsfremmebestyrelsen.dk/Erhvervsfremme-i-Danmark-2020-2023
Estonia
Enterprise Estonia, https://www.eas.ee/covid-19-moju-eesti-majandusele/
Estonian Government (2021), COVID-19 Crisis Webpage, https://www.kriis.ee/en.
Labour Force Statistics (2021), Self-Employment | International Labour Organization (ILOSTAT), https://ilostat.ilo.org.
OECD (2019), “Estonia”, in OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2019, OECD Publishing, Paris,
Business Finland (2021), Information on the coronavirus outbreak provided by Business Finland for companies, https://www.businessfinland.fi/en/for-finnish-customers/coronavirus.
Finnvera (2021), Current news for SMEs, https://www.finnvera.fi/eng/growth/current-news-for-smes.
Tax Administration (2020), Corona situation, https://www.vero.fi/en/About-us/newsroom/corona-situation.
Tulli (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Customs activity, https://tulli.fi/en/coronavirus.
Gouvernement français (2021), Protéger, accompagner, développer : Au cœur des missions des DREETS, https://dreets.gouv.fr.
Ministère de l’Economie, des Finances et de la Relance (2021), Coronavirus COVID-19 : Soutien aux entreprises, https://www.economie.gouv.fr/covid19-soutien-entreprises.
Ministère de l’Economie, des Finances et de la Relance (2021), France Relance, https://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/fr/france-relance.
Ministère du Travail, de l’Emploi et de l’Insertion (2021), France Relance, plan de relance de l’activité, https://travail-emploi.gouv.fr/le-ministere-en-action/relance-activite.
Federal Ministry of Education and Research (2021), SME Innovative: Resource Efficiency, https://www.fona.de/en/measures/funding-measures/sme-innovative-resource-efficiency.php.
Federal Ministry of Finance (2021), A stimulus package for everyone in Germany, https://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Web/EN/Issues/Priority-Issues/stimulus-package-for-everyone/stimulus-package-for-everyone.html.
KfW Bankengruppe (2021), KfW coronavirus aid: loans for companies, https://www.kfw.de/inlandsfoerderung/Companies/KfW-Corona-Hilfe.
Hellenic Statistical Authority (2020), Business Demography: Start-Ups and Closures of Enterprises 2019-2020 (Experimental Statistics Series), https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/3608b5df-66f8-2776-bf84-85fbee199962.
Ministry of Finance (2021), Recovery & Resilience Fund - National Recovery and Resilience Plan, https://www.minfin.gr/web/guest/tameio-anakampses.
Hungarian Central Statistical Office (2021), Number of newly registered business units by legal forms (monthly data, 2015-2021), https://www.ksh.hu/stadat_infra_3_2.
Hungarian Government (2021), Pályázati Közlemények, https://www.palyazat.gov.hu/helyreallitasi-es-ellenallokepessegi-eszkoz-rrf.
European Investment Fund (2020), European Union backs Byggðastofnun to support small businesses in Iceland, https://www.eif.org/what_we_do/guarantees/news/2020/european-union-backs-byggoastofnun-to-support-small-businesses-in-iceland.htm?media=rss&language=en.
Government of Iceland (2021), Icelandic Government announces 1.6bn USD response package to the COVID-19 crisis, https://www.government.is/news/article/2020/03/21/Icelandic-Government-announces-1.6bn-USD-response-package-to-the-COVID-19-crisis.
OECD (2021). R&D Tax Incentives: Iceland, 2020, www.oecd.org/sti/rd-tax-statsiceland.pdf, Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation, March 2021.
Companies Registration Office (2021), Firm entries, https://www.cro.ie/en-ie.
Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment (2020), Government supports for COVID-19 impacted businesses, https://enterprise.gov.ie/en/What-We-Do/Supports-for-SMEs/COVID-19-supports/Government-supports-to-COVID-19-impacted-businesses.html.
Insolvency Service of Ireland (2021), Firm bankruptcies, https://www.isi.gov.ie.
Irish Government (2021), Public Consultation on Ireland’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan, https://www.gov.ie/en/consultation/6760e-public-consultation-on-irelands-national-recovery-and-resilience-plan.
Irish Government (2020), Government agrees next phase of Ireland’s COVID-19 response, https://www.gov.ie/en/news/72ecf5-government-agrees-next-phase-of-irelands-covid-19-response.
Irish Tax and Customs (2020), COVID-19 information and advice for taxpayers and agents, https://www.revenue.ie/en/corporate/communications/covid19/index.aspx.
Bianchini, M. et I. Kwon (2020), Blockchain for SMEs and entrepreneurs in Israel, OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Papers, n° 18, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/b6d380ed-en.
OECD (2018), OECD Economic Surveys: Israel 2018, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-isr-2018-en.
OECD (2021), Going Digital Toolkit - Israel, https://goingdigital.oecd.org/countries/isr.
OECD (2021), “Israel” in Economic Policy Reforms 2021: Going for Growth, https://www.oecd.org/economy/growth/Israel-country-note-going-for-growth-2021.pdf.
Governo dell'Italia (2021). Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza – Italia Domani, https://www.governo.it/sites/governo.it/files/PNRR.pdf.
Informazioni Parlamentari (2021). Obiettivo Innovazione Digitale : Il Next Gen EU per Transformare le PMI Italiane – Convegno Innovazione Digitale nelle PMI, http://www.infoparlamento.it/eventi/eventi-infoparlamento/obiettivo-innovazione-digitale-il-next-gen-eu-per-trasformare-le-pmi-italiane-convegno-innovazione-digitale-nelle-pmi.
Solidarietà Digitale (2020), Solidarietà Digitale al servizio di studenti e commercianti, https://solidarietadigitale.agid.gov.it/iniziative/#/.
Bank of Japan (2021), Monetary Policy, https://www.boj.or.jp/en/mopo/mpmsche_minu/index.htm.
Prime Minister of Japan and his Cabinet (2021), Ongoing Topics, http://japan.kantei.go.jp/ongoingtopics/index.html.
OECD (2021), “Changing skill needs in the Japanese labour market”, in Creating Responsive Adult Learning Opportunities in Japan, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/8f7fecd9-en.
OECD (2019), “Japan”, in OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook 2019, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/50f7a540-en.
OECD (2019), 'Japan", in OECD Skills Strategy 2019: Skills to Shape a Better Future, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264313835-en.
OECD (2018), Working Better with Age: Japan, Ageing and Employment Policies, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264201996-en.
IMF (2021), Mountains after Mountains: Korea is Containing COVID-19 and Looking Ahead - IMF Country Focus, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/04/29/na042921-mountains-after-mountains-korea-is-containing-covid-19-and-looking-ahead.
Ministry of SMEs and Startups (2021), https://www.mss.go.kr/site/eng/main.do.
OECD (2020), OECD Economic Surveys: Korea 2020, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/2dde9480-en.
OECD (2019), Investing in Youth: Korea, Investing in Youth, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/4bf4a6d2-en.
OECD (2019), “Reducing the gap between skill supply and demand in Korea”, in Investing in Youth: Korea, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/dfe47455-en.
Government of the Republic of Lithuania (2020), EUR 5 billion for public health and the national economy, https://lrv.lt/en/news/eur-5-billion-for-public-health-and-the-national-economy.
Lithuania Ministry of Finance (2021), Naujos Kartos Lietuva, https://finmin.lrv.lt/uploads/finmin/documents/files/Naujos%20kartos%20Lietuva_2021_05_14.pdf.
Beine, M., & al. (2020), Economic effects of Covid-19 in Luxembourg, https://www.liser.lu/documents/RECOVID/RECOVid_working-note_full-1.pdf.
Guichet en ligne du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg (2020), Exceptional measures regarding teleworking for cross-border workers, https://guichet.public.lu/en/actualites/2020/mars/19-teletravail-frontaliers.html.
Ministère des Finances (2021), Plan pour la Reprise et la Résilience, https://mfin.gouvernement.lu/fr/dossiers/2021/planderelance.html.
Ministère de l’Economie (2020), Coronavirus – Informations pour les entreprises, https://meco.gouvernement.lu/fr/dossiers/2020/coronoavirus-entreprises.html.
Peroni, C., & al. (2020), Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Luxembourg 2019/2020, STATEC, https://statistiques.public.lu/catalogue-publications/LuxGEM/2020/PDF-GEM-2019-20.pdf.
Portail des statistiques du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg (2021), Strong increase in liquidations in March. The number of bankruptcies is back to its level before the health crisis, https://statistiques.public.lu/en/news/enterprises/enterprises/2021/04/20210428/index.html?from=rss.
Startup Luxembourg (2020), Support measures for startups, https://www.startupluxembourg.com/support-measures-startups.
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL) (2021), “Datos y hechos sobre la transformación digital”, Documentos de proyectos (LC/TS.2021/20), Santiago, Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), available at : https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/46766-datos-hechos-la-transformacion-digital-informe-principales-indicadores-adopcion
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI) (2020), COMUNICADO DE PRENSA NÚM. 617/2 2 DE DICIEMBRE DE 2020, available at : https://inegi.org.mx/contenidos/saladeprensa/boletines/2020/OtrTemEcon/ECOVID-IE_DEMOGNEG.pdf
OECD et al. (2020), "Mexico" in Latin American Economic Outlook 2020: Digital Transformation for Building Back Better, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/e6e864fb-en.
New Zealand Insolvency and Trustee Service (2021), Monthly Bankruptcy Figures, https://www.insolvency.govt.nz/support/about/statistics/insolvency-procedure-statistics/monthly-bankruptcy-figures.
New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation & Employment (2021), COVID-19: Information for businesses, https://www.business.govt.nz/covid-19.
New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2021), Trade Recovery Strategy, https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/trade/trade-recovery-strategy/trade-recovery-strategy-overview/#:~:text=The%20Trade%20Recovery%20Strategy%20helps%20put%20New%20Zealand,strong%20tradeable%20sector%20can%20help%20drive%20our%20recovery.
New Zealand Treasury (2020), COVID-19 Economic Package updated, https://www.treasury.govt.nz/news-and-events/news/covid-19-economic-package-updated.
Reserve Bank of New Zealand (2020). Financial system sound, and Reserve Bank providing additional support, https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/news/2020/03/financial-system-sound-and-reserve-bank-providing-additional-supportData on e-commerce refer to 2018 instead of 2020.
Poland
Government of Poland (2021), KPO wysłany do Komisji Europejskiej, https://www.gov.pl/web/planodbudowy/kpo-wyslany-do-komisji-europejskiej.
Government of Poland (2021), GovTech Poland, Polityka rozwoju AI w Polsce przyjęta przez Radę Ministrów – co dalej?, https://www.gov.pl/web/govtech/polityka-rozwoju-ai-w-polsce-przyjeta-przez-rade-ministrow--co-dalej
Government of Poland (2021), Ministry of Development, Labor and Technology, Konsultacje publiczne projektu Strategii produktywności 2030, https://www.gov.pl/web/rozwoj-praca-technologia/konsultacje-publiczne-projektu-strategii-produktywnosci-2031
Government of Poland (2021), Ministry of Development, Labor and Technology, Polityka Nowej Szansy, https://www.gov.pl/web/rozwoj-praca-technologia/polityka-nowej-szansy).
Government of Poland (2021), Ministry of Development, Labor and Technology, Polityka Przemysłowa Polski, https://www.gov.pl/web/rozwoj-praca-technologia/polityka-przemyslowa-polski
Industrial Development Agency Poland (2021), Polityka Nowej Szansy, https://www.arp.pl/uslugi-finansowe/polityka-nowej-szansy
Government of Portugal (2021), Portugal 2030, https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc21/governo/programa/portugal-2030.aspx.
Government of Portugal (2021), Recuperar Portugal, Construindo o futuro – Plano de Recuperação e Resiliência, https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc22/comunicacao/documento?i=recuperar-portugal-construindo-o-futuro-plano-de-recuperacao-e-resiliencia.
Portal Diplomático do Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros (2021), Approval of the 2030 Economic Internationalisation Programme, https://www.portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/en/communication-and-media/press-releases/approval-of-the-2030-economic-internationalisation-programme.
Portugal Digital (2021), Action Plan for Portugal Digital Transition, https://portugaldigital.gov.pt/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Presentation-Action-Plan-For-Digital-Transtion.pdf.
EU Skali (2021), Načrta za okrevanje in odpornost (NOO), https://www.eu-skladi.si/sl/po-2020/nacrt-za-okrevanje-in-krepitev-odpornosti.
España Puede, available at : https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/presidente/actividades/Paginas/2020/espana-puede.aspx
Estrategia Espana Nación Emprendedora, available at : https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/presidente/actividades/Documents/2021/110221-Estrategia_Espana_Nacion_Emprendedora.pdf
Foreign Trade Data by characteristics of the company, available at: https://www.agenciatributaria.es/AEAT.internet/Inicio/La_Agencia_Tributaria/Memorias_y_estadisticas_tributarias/Estadisticas/_Comercio_exterior_/Datos_estadisticos/Descarga_de_Datos_Estadisticos/Datos_de_Comercio_Exterior_por_caracteristicas_de_la_empresa/Datos_de_Comercio_Exterior_por_caracteristicas_de_la_empresa.shtml
Guía de empresas, available at : https://portal.mineco.gob.es/es-es/ministerio/covid19/Paginas/Medidas_para_empresas.aspx
Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital (2021), Medidas adoptadas COVID-19. Medidas para autónomos, available at : https://portal.mineco.gob.es/es-es/ministerio/covid19/Paginas/Medidas_para_autonomos.aspx
Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital (2021), Medidas adoptadas COVID-19. Medidas para empresas, available at : https://portal.mineco.gob.es/es-es/ministerio/covid19/Paginas/Medidas_para_empresas.aspx
Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital (2021), Plan de recuperación, transformación y resiliencia, https://portal.mineco.gob.es/es-es/ministerio/areas-prioritarias/Paginas/PlanRecuperacion.aspx.
Plan de Acción para la Internacionalización de la Economía Española 2021-2022, available at : https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/consejodeministros/resumenes/Documents/2021/110521-Plan-de-Accion-para-la-Internacionalizacion-de-la-Economia-Espanola-2021-2022.pdf
Plan de Digitalización de PYMES 2021-2025, available at https://portal.mineco.gob.es/RecursosArticulo/mineco/ministerio/ficheros/210127_plan_digitalizacion_pymes.pdf
Plan Nacional de Competencias Digitales, available at : https://portal.mineco.gob.es/RecursosArticulo/mineco/ministerio/ficheros/210127_plan_nacional_de_competencias_digitales.pdf
Programa Acelera PYME (2021), available at : https://www.acelerapyme.gob.es/programa-acelera-pyme
Real Decreto-ley 8/2020, de 17 de marzo, de medidas urgentes extraordinarias para hacer frente al impacto económico y social del COVID-19, available at : https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2020/BOE-A-2020-3824-consolidado.pdf
Real Decreto-ley 25/2020, de 3 de julio, de medidas urgentes para apoyar la reactivación económica y el empleo, available at : https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2020/BOE-A-2020-7311-consolidado.pdf
Real Decreto-ley 5/2021, de 12 de marzo, de medidas extraordinarias de apoyo a la solvencia empresarial en respuesta a la pandemia de la COVID-19, available at : https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2021/BOE-A-2021-3946-consolidado.pdf.
Government Offices of Sweden (2021), EU Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF), https://www.government.se/articles/2020/12/eu-recovery-and-resilience-facility-rrf.
Government Offices of Sweden (2020), The Government’s work in response to the virus responsible for COVID-19, https://www.government.se/government-policy/the-governments-work-in-response-to-the-virus-responsible-for-covid-1.
Sveriges Riksbank (2020), Riksbank lends up to SEK 500 billion to safeguard credit supply, https://www.riksbank.se/en-gb/press-and-published/notices-and-press-releases/press-releases/2020/riksbank-lends-up-to-sek-500-billion-to--safeguard-credit-supply
Federal Department of Finance FDF (2020), Swiss foreign trade 2019 - Annual Report, https://www.ezv.admin.ch/ezv/fr/home/themes/statistique-du-commerce-exterieur-suisse/publications/rapports-annuels.html.
IMF (2021), Switzerland: Staff Concluding Statement of the 2021 Article IV Mission (April 7, 2021), https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/04/06/mcs040621-switzerland-staff-concluding-statement-of-the-2021-article-iv-mission.
Institute for Young Enterprises (2020), National Analysis of Swiss Incorporations in 2020, https://www.ifj.ch/National-Analysis-of-Swiss-Incorporations-in-2020.
State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO (2021), SME Policy, https://www.seco.admin.ch/seco/en/home/Standortfoerderung/KMU-Politik.html
Swiss Federal Statistical Office (2020), Bankruptcy Statistics 2020, https://www.bfs.admin.ch/news/en/2021-0412.
Medina, L. and F. Schneider (2018), “Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years?”, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3124402.
OECD (2021). Economic Surveys - Turkey. Executive Summary, January 2021, https://www.oecd.org/economy/surveys/TURKEY-2021-OECD-economic-survey-overview.pdf
OECD (2018), OECD Economic Surveys: Turkey 2018, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-tur-2018-en
Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (2021), Tübitak SME R&D Start-Up Support Programme, https://www.tubitak.gov.tr/en/funds/industry/national-support-programmes/content-1507-tubitak-sme-rd-start-up-support-programmehttps://www.insolvency.govt.nz/support/about/statistics/insolvency-procedure-statistics/monthly-bankruptcy-figures.
Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization of Turkey (2021), SME Finance Supports, https://en.kosgeb.gov.tr/site/tr/genel/destekler/6311/sme-finance-supportshttps://www.insolvency.govt.nz/support/about/statistics/insolvency-procedure-statistics/monthly-bankruptcy-figures.
US Small Business Administration (2021), American Rescue Plan Act Elevates Small Business Support in Response to COVID-19 Pandemic, March 12, 2021 | Release Number 21-19 – available at: https://www.sba.gov/article/2021/mar/11/american-rescue-plan-act-elevates-small-business-support-response-covid-19-pandemic
References
Facebook, OECD and World Bank (2020), Global State of Small Business Report, https://dataforgood.fb.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/GlobalStateofSmallBusinessReport.pdf.
OECD (2021), SDBS Structural Business Statistics (ISIC Rev. 4), http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SSIS_BSC_ISIC4.
OECD (2021), The Digital Transformation of SMEs, OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/bdb9256a-en.
OECD (2021), The Digital Transformation of SMEs, OECD Studies on SMEs and Entrepreneurship, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/bdb9256a-en.
OECD (2021), Timely Indicators of Entrepreneurship (ISIC4), http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TIMELY_BDS_ISIC4.
OECD (2020), ““The territorial impact of COVID-19: Managing the crisis across levels of government””, OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/the-territorial-impact-of-covid-19-managing-the-crisis-across-levels-of-government-d3e314e1/.
OECD (2020), “Tourism Policy Responses to the coronavirus (COVID-19)”, OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/6466aa20-en.
OECD (2020), ““Youth and COVID-19: Response, recovery and resilience””, OECD Policy Responses to Coronavirus (COVID-19), http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/youth-and-covid-19-response-recovery-and-resilience-c40e61c6/ (accessed 07 March 2021).
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