Turning Science into Business
Patenting and Licensing at Public Research Organisations

This report presents the results of the first international survey on the patenting and licensing activities of public research organisations in OECD countries. It includes data on the stock and number of patents and licenses, the amount of licensing revenue, the size and activities of technology transfer offices, the types of licensing agreements concluded with firms, as well as information on the government and institutional policies for owning and exploiting intellectual property. In addition to the survey results, policy makers, business managers and university and research administrators will find several case studies on how OECD countries are moving to unlock the social and economic benefits of public research. These case studies will also provide insight into how research institutions deal with issues such as whether to license a patent or create a spin-off, how to create technology transfer programmes and how to license IP to firms while preserving access for future research and discovery.
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Technology Transfer Structures and Public Research Organisations
The transfer of ownership of intellectual property (IP) from governments or researchers to institutions has given PROs incentives to develop technology transfer or licensing offices (TTOs or TLOs) to manage the transfer or sale of IP from universities to third parties, mainly firms. For the purpose of the OECD survey, technology transfer offices were defined as “those organisations or parts of an organisation which help staff at PROs to identify, protect, exploit and defend intellectual property”. This chapter presents the main results of the survey on the characteristics of TTOs in OECD countries, their organisation, activities and functions, and discusses the role of government in supporting TTO operations...
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