Information and communication technologies (ICTs), new data storage infrastructure and large-scale computing are modifying the way science is conducted and the way the results of research are disseminated. They offer new opportunities to organise and publish the inputs and outputs of research, whether scientific publications or large datasets, to make it available for free, or at extremely low marginal cost, to other scientists and researchers and potential users in the business community and society. Furthermore, even though fields such as physics and medicine have long been data-intensive, ICTs make it possible to collect large amounts of data that can be the basis of scientific experiments and research and help make science more data-driven. This transformation of science into a more open and data-driven enterprise is often known as open science.It is enabled by public policies that encourage greater access to the results of publicly funded research, including publications and data.