This report summarises the conclusions of a project on innovation in energy technology organised by the OECD Working Party on Innovation and Technology Policy. It forms part of a larger effort to compare innovation processes in different industry sectors to both provide guidance to policy makers on development of innovation policy and to more fully elaborate the national innovation systems approach to policy making. The report focuses primarily on innovation in hydrogen fuel cell technology, which was the subject of country studies prepared by experts from nine countries: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Korea, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States. It also addresses innovation in oil and gas technologies, drawing on work done in France, Norway and the United States, which allows some ability for comparative analysis across national innovation systems and among innovation systems for different energy technologies.